Used in 20-25% of homes in the United States, on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are widespread and can be an efficient and cost-effective alternative to conventional centralized systems if cared for properly. However, poor design and inconsistent maintenance can lead to system failure and negative impacts on nearby water resources. Unfortunately, no federal regulations or uniform standards for the operation and maintenance of these systems currently exist. As such, regional and local governments looking to ensure public health and water quality through system functionality are left to develop and implement management programs.

Over the past decades, many municipalities and regional governments, along with the US Environ- mental Protection Agency (EPA), have worked to develop information and guidance on best man- agement and administrative practices with respect to OWTS. Management programs differ according to local regulations and legal structures, stakeholder needs and values, as well as other environ- mental, economic, and social factors. Regardless, learning from past management attempts can be a valuable step for municipalities looking to create their own management system. To help with this process, the Water Resources Institute created the following document containing a collection of case studies from around the US.