Traces the emergence of redistributive and participatory policy from 1946 through the 1980s. Main features include neighborhood councils and services like municipal pharmacies, and management with local economic development under a “Leninist Keynesian” strategy. The Bolognese communist party, having established leadership during the WW2 resistance period, forged a social democratic policy alliance with other parties, establishing a municipal version of what they saw as a model for European nations.