Burden Pond Dam is a small old dam located on the Wynants Kill Creek, a tributary of the Lower Hudson River in New York. For safety concern and to connect the upstream and downstream aquatic habitats, removal of this dam may be considered as one of the management plans. The present project aimed to assess the quantity and quality of sediments filled in the impoundment of Burden Pond Dam. Cross-sections were surveyed and sediment core and grab samples were collected, to quantify the sediment deposit amount and analyze the deposit size compositions and the associated chemicals. The data show that the lake sediments consist of gravels and sands in the upper end of the lake, and sand, silt and clay in the area close to the dam. It is estimated that about 28.8 acre-feet sediment deposits will likely be eroded and transported to the downstream if the dam is removed or failed. PCBs and pesticides are not abundant in the lake sediments. However, the lake sediments are enriched with nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as metals including Al (Aluminum), K (Potassium), Mg (Magnesium), Mn (Manganese), Ba (Barium) and Fe (Iron). These data and results are useful for the dam removal feasibility and impact studies in terms of the potential hazards the sediments may pose if reintroduced into the environment.