Under the row weed management in Lake Erie vineyards have traditionally relied on the use of a pre-emergence herbicide application in the spring followed by an application of a post-emergence herbicide in June (or around grape bloom). Concerns over the potential for ground water contamination through the use of pre-emergence herbicides applied directly to the soil, the persistence of these herbicides in the soil and the need to increase the rates of these herbicides to achieve reliable weed management caused researchers to examine other weed management options.