A Symposium in Honor of Professor Emeritus Anthony R. Ingraffea
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A Symposium in Honor of Professor Emeritus Anthony R. Ingraffea
Computer Simulation and Physical Testing of Complex Fracturing Processes
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, September 27, 2014
Ingraffea Symposium Directory with Abstracts and URLs.pdf
Ingraffea Symposium Background Resources
Session 1: John Abel, Session Chair
Welcome Remarks by Phillip L. Liu and John Abel
- A Concrete Damage Plasticity Model For Ancient Roman Pozzolanic Concrete Vaulted
Structures by Renato Perucchio
- State-Based Peridynamic Lattice Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Structures by Walter Gerstle
- Thunderhead Engineering – Continuing the Rand Hall Ethos by Daniel Swenson
Session 2: Bruce Carter, Session Chair
- Working with Tony is everything it's cracked up to be by Keshav Pingali
- Non-manifold Geometric Modeling as a Framework for Computational Mechanics
Simulations by Luiz Fernando Martha
- A Short History of Crack Growth Simulation Software Developed at Cornell University by Paul Wawrzynek
Session 3: Paul Wawrzynek, Session Chair
- 3D Characterization and Modeling of Fatigue Cracks by Anthony D. Rollett
- Multiscale Materials Modeling by Chuin-Shan David Chen
- On the Virtual Crack Extension for Calculating the Energy Release Rate and Its
Derivatives by Changyu Hwang
Session 4: Derek Warner, Session Chair
- Methane Emissions Make Shale Gas a Bridge to Nowhere by Robert Howarth
- X-Ray Micro Computed Tomography Based Study of the Effects of Copper-Rich
Segregation Structures on Microstructurally-Small Fatigue-Crack Propagation in Al-Cu
Alloys by Jacob Hochhalter
- Toward High-Fidelity Multi-Scale Modeling of 3D Crack Evolution by Ashley Spear
Closing Remarks by John F. Abel
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Item (28) Resource: Anthony R. Ingraffea – Background ResourcesCornell University (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)Item (29) Resource: Anthony R. Ingraffea – Curriculum VitaeIngraffea, Anthony R. (2014-09-27)Item (26) Resource: Anthony R. Ingraffea – A Brief BiographyCornell University (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)Anthony Ingraffea, known to most as “Tony,” retired on June 30, 2014. He enjoyed two years as a structural engineer with the Grumman Aerospace Corporation and two years as a county engineer with the Peace Corps in Venezuela before earning his doctorate at the University of Colorado in 1977. Since then, he has taught structural mechanics, structural engineering, and fracture mechanics at Cornell as a member of the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering.Item (31) Resource: Anthony R. Ingraffea – Symposium Group Photo with IdentificationsCornell University (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)Item (24) Toward High-Fidelity Multi-Scale Modeling of 3D Crack Evolution (slides)Spear, Ashley (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)In the ultimate quest to achieve predictive capabilities for crack evolution across multiple length scales, the final generation of Prof. Ingraffea’s graduate students stood on the shoulders of their predecessors, leveraging some of the most advanced materials-characterization and modeling techniques to capture crack geometries and environments with utmost fidelity. The first part of this talk highlights two novel, numerical toolsets that were developed to enable the prediction of 3D crack propagation at the structural or component length scale. The first toolset is one that uses material-state mapping along with FRANC3D-inspired adaptive remeshing to predict propagation of 3D cracks in ductile materials. The second toolset was developed to predict 3D crack-shape evolution by calculating local increments of crack extension, Δai, using energy-release-rate principles. The second part of the talk highlights novel characterization and modeling efforts that were carried out to understand (and eventually to predict) the formation and early propagation of 3D cracks at the microstructural length scale. In one effort, 3D characterization of fatigue-crack nucleation in a Ni-base superalloy microstructure was reconstructed using 3D crystal-plastic finite-element (CPFE) modeling. “Big data” concepts were utilized to discover quantitative correlations between the underlying microstructure and fatigue indicator parameters computed from the CPFE results. In another effort, the propagation of a microstructurally small fatigue crack in an aluminum alloy was characterized in 3D for the first time. The 3D measurements were converted to a 3D CPFE model that explicitly represented the history-dependent shape of the 3D fatigue crack as well as the surrounding grain structure. The talk concludes with important lessons learned in the Cornell Fracture Group and a look to the future.Item (22) X-Ray Micro Computed Tomography Based Study of the Effects of Copper-Rich Segregation Structures on Microstructurally-Small Fatigue-Crack Propagation in Al-Cu Alloys (slides)Hochhalter, Jacob (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)Microstructural features significantly influence fatigue crack growth, particularly during the early stages of initiation and growth, which can account for the majority of life. In the present study, high-resolution X-Ray micro computed tomography (uCT) is used to study the influence that individual copper-rich segregation (CRS) structures have on microstructurally-small fatigue-crack (MSFC) propagation. Several single-crystal specimens of Al-Cu are fabricated and heat-treated to produce specific CRS structures, where their density and distribution are varied. By observing the crack propagation path and interaction with the CRS structures periodically using X-Ray uCT, the mechanisms governing how such features influence the early stages of crack growth are examined. With the capability to control the density and distribution of the copper segregation structures relative to loading direction, design of optimal copper segregation structures to decelerate MSFC growth rates by producing tortuous crack paths to maximize closure is proposed.Item (20) Methane Emissions Make Shale Gas a Bridge to Nowhere (slides)Howarth, Robert (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)Only in the past decade of so have two technologies (high-volume hydraulic fracturing and precision directional drilling) combined to allow extracting natural gas from shale, and half of all shale gas ever developed has been produced only in the past 3-4 years. Consequently, the scientific study of the environmental consequences is also quite new. Nonetheless, these consequences are large and diverse, including contaminating groundwater and surface waters and polluting the air. One of the greatest concerns is with the climatic effects: shale gas is widely promoted as a bridge fuel that allows society to continue to rely on fossil fuels while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, my research with Prof. Ingraffea indicates that when emissions of methane as well as carbon dioxide are considered, shale gas has perhaps the largest greenhouse gas footprint of any fossil fuel. Even before the shale gas boom, the natural gas industry was the largest source of methane pollution in the US and one of the two largest sources globally (together with animal agriculture). Without large reductions in emissions of both methane and carbon dioxide, the average temperature of the Earth will reach 1.5°C to 2°C above the 20th Century baseline within the next few decades, creating a risk of runaway feedbacks in the climate system leading to even more rapid warming and climate disruption. To reduce this risk, society should move away from all fossil fuels – but particularly shale gas – as rapidly as possible.Item (18) On the Virtual Crack Extension for Calculating the Energy Release Rate and Its (slides)Hwang, Changyu (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)This presentation introduces a numerical method for calculating the energy release rates and their higher order derivatives for a multiply cracked body under general mixed-node conditions in two and three dimensions. This work generalizes the analytical virtual crack extension method for linear elastic fracture mechanics presented by Lin and Abel, who introduced the direct integral forms of the energy release rate and its derivatives for a structure containing a two dimensional single crack. Here Lin and Abel’s method is generalized and derivations are provided for verification of the following: extension to the general case of a system of interacting cracks in two dimensions, extension to the axisymmetric case, extension to three-dimensional crack with an arbitrarily curved front under general mixed-mode loading conditions, inclusion of non-uniform crack-face pressure and thermal loading, and an evaluation of the second order derivative of the energy release rate. The method provides the direct integral forms of stiffness derivatives, and thus there is no need for the analyst to specify a finite length of virtual crack extension. The salient feature of this method is that the energy release rates and their higher derivatives for multiple cracks in two and three dimensions can be computed in a single analysis. It is shown that the number of rings of elements surrounding the crack tip that are involved in the mesh perturbation due to the virtual crack extension has an effect on the solution accuracy.Item (16) Multiscale Materials Modeling (slides)Chen, Chuin-Shan David (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)Fracturing processes occur at different materials length scales and naturally call for multiscale modeling. In this talk, I will present my journey on multiscale materials modeling, descended from my Ph.D. and Postdoc research association with Professor Anthony R. Ingraffea. Two critical length scales and modeling techniques will be addressed: one at the dislocation level and the other at the materials grain level. At the dislocation level, I will emphasize on the large-scale atomistic simulation: a new paradigm to study mechanics of materials in which mechanisms and properties are emerged directly from the fundamental evolution of atoms. At the grain level, a micromechanics model to simulate inter-granular fracture will be addressed.Item (14) 3D Characterization and Modeling of Fatigue Cracks (slides)Rollett, Anthony D. (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)Enormous strides have been made in quantifying the growth of fatigue cracks over the years and incorporating that understanding in predictions of component lifetime. Nevertheless, it is clear that the behavior of short cracks is less well quantified, where short is relative to the length scale(s) found in materials microstructure, e.g. grain size. Ultimately, materials science seeks to predict the location and growth of fatigue cracks in order to design materials microstructure to maximize fatigue lifetime. Towards that end, it is interesting to study the relationship between cracks and microstructure near the initiation point. Short fatigue cracks in nickel-based superalloys have been characterized using conventional SEM and orientation mapping. 3D characterization used High Energy Diffraction Microscopy (HEDM), and computed tomography (CT) to map out the crack positions within their embedding grain structure. The main finding is that cracks develop most readily along long twin boundaries with high resolved shear stress on the slip systems parallel to the twin plane. Also, both halves of a different superalloy, fully fractured sample have been fully characterized in 3D using the same tools. The HEDM and CT were performed with high energy x-rays on beamline 1ID at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The 3D orientation maps are used as input to computations of the full field stress-strain response. The fracture surface is analyzed with respect to local orientation and inter- versus trans-granular character. The likely origins of fatigue crack initiation in these cases are discussed.Item (12) A Short History of Crack Growth Simulation Software Developed at Cornell University (slides)Wawrzynek, Paul (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)During his 37 years at Cornell University, Dr. Anthony Ingraffea has inspired his graduate students to create a series of computer programs for simulating fracture propagation for a wide variety of engineering materials and applications. Each of these programs represented the most advanced and capable fracture simulation programs of their time. On the occasion of his retirement, this talk will review this sequence of programs and highlight their features and the insights they brought to the small, yet important, area of computational mechanics.Item (10) Non-manifold Geometric Modeling as a Framework for Computational Mechanics (slides)Martha, Luiz Fernando (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)Geometric modeling is an area of computer graphics that deals with creation, manipulation, maintenance, and analysis of representations of geometric forms of two and three-dimensional objects. It is applied in several fields, such as movie production, design of industrial mechanical parts, scientific visualization, and reproduction of objects for analysis in engineering. Historically, geometric modeling has evolved from wireframe modeling to surface modeling, solid modeling, and non-manifold modeling. Non-manifold geometric modeling allows the representation of multiregion objects, of internal or dangling structures, and of lower dimensions degenerated parts. Many application areas of geometric modeling take advantage of the additional features of non-manifold representation. In computational mechanics, for example, it is common the analysis of idealized structures such as shells combined with solids and beams. Another application is the representation of heterogeneous objects with regions with common volumes, coincident faces, internal structures, and solids consisting of different materials. This lecture illustrates the use of topological data structures for non-manifold representations as a framework for numerical simulations in computational mechanics. The main focus here is on the development of strategies for mesh generation for modeling heterogeneous objects such as subsurface geological models.Item (30) Resource: Anthony R. Ingraffea – Directory with Abstracts and URLsCornell University (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)Item (08) Working with Tony is everything it's cracked up to be (slides)Pingali, Keshav (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-11-03)Back in 2000, NSF awarded a consortium of universities, led by Cornell, one of the first large Information Technology Research (ITR) grants for a project titled "Adaptive Software for Field-driven Simulations." As the Computer Science PI of this multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional project, I knew nothing about partial differential equations, finiteelements, Delaunay mesh generation, h- and p-refinement, or singularities at crack-tips, and I knew even less about how to inspire and lead large teams of researchers. Over the next 5 years and at the cost of 10 million dollars to US taxpayers, I learned these things (and fly-fishing) from Tony Ingraffea. The experience literally changed my life. I will try to convince you that it was for the better.Item (06) Thunderhead Engineering – Continuing the Rand Hall Ethos (slides)Swenson, Daniel (he Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)Tony Ingraffea inspired us. In me, he reinforced the love of programming and amazement at the ability of applied mathematics to represent the real world. At some level, we all want people to recognize and appreciate what we are doing. If you are developing fundamental engineering concepts, you write papers and pursue research. If you are writing software, you want people to use and apply your programs. Thunderhead Engineering grew out of that desire. As a result of research we were doing at Kansas State, Brian Hardeman and I decided that we wanted to commercialize some of our work. In 1998, we were fortunate to obtain a Small Business Innovative Research that supported development of our first product, PetraSim, a user interface for the TOUGH2 code from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. TOUGH2 solves the problem of multi-phase flow in porous media. The development we did for PetraSim has made it possible for us to develop two more products, PyroSim -- that model fires in buildings, and Pathfinder -- that models emergency evacuation. At this time we are completely self-sustaining from software sales and have six fulltime employees. I will discuss how a company can be a long-term approach to ensuring that the work you start will be continued and some of the challenges we face as we look to the future.Item (04) State-Based Peridynamic Lattice Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Structures (slides)Gerstle, Walter (Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)Continuum peridynamics provides an alternative to continuum mechanics. However, peridynamics is more general because it allows cracks to emerge. However, peridynamics requires further discretization to be implemented on a computer. Peridynamics assumes the material space is a continuous Cartesian real space. In contrast, in this paper we assume the material space is a discrete Cartesian integer space, defining a regular lattice of material particles, and proceed to develop the state-based peridynamic lattice model (SPLM). With the SPLM, the forces between neighboring particles are characterized by the force state, T, and the stretches between particles are characterized by the deformation state, Y. The material model arises from a peridynamic function relating the force state to the deformation state. With the SPLM, continuous deformations, elasticity, damage, plasticity, cracks, and fragments can be simulated in a coherent and simple manner. With the ongoing increase in computational storage capacity and processing power, the SPLM becomes increasingly competitive with more traditional continuum approaches like the finite element method.Item (02) A Concrete Damage Plasticity Model For Ancient Roman Pozzolanic Concrete Vaulted (slides)Perucchio, Renato (2014-09-27)The invention of pozzolanic concrete (opus caementicium) provided ancient Roman engineers with an extraordinarily versatile and durable building material, which made possible the construction of some of the largest and most complex vaulted structures built in antiquity. In 2010, in collaboration with Ingraffea, we conducted an experimental study on Mode-I fracture properties of reproduced Imperial Roman pozzolanic mortar using an ad-hoc arc shaped bending test. In the present study we use these data in conjunction with post-critical compressive response data available from the literature to construct a non-linear damage plasticity formulation for opus caementicium suitable for 3D implementation in Abaqus Explicit. We use this FE formulation to evaluate how the structural design of the vault supporting system of Diocletian’s Frigidarium (298-306 AD), consisting of flanking shear walls and monolithic granite columns, affects the development and propagation of fractures and ultimately the static and seismic stability of the vault.Item (21) X-Ray Micro Computed Tomography Based Study of the Effects of Copper-Rich Segregation Structures on Microstructurally-Small Fatigue-Crack Propagation in Al-Cu AlloysHochhalter, Jacob (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)Microstructural features significantly influence fatigue crack growth, particularly during the early stages of initiation and growth, which can account for the majority of life. In the present study, high-resolution X-Ray micro computed tomography (uCT) is used to study the influence that individual copper-rich segregation (CRS) structures have on microstructurally-small fatigue-crack (MSFC) propagation. Several single-crystal specimens of Al-Cu are fabricated and heat-treated to produce specific CRS structures, where their density and distribution are varied. By observing the crack propagation path and interaction with the CRS structures periodically using X-Ray uCT, the mechanisms governing how such features influence the early stages of crack growth are examined. With the capability to control the density and distribution of the copper segregation structures relative to loading direction, design of optimal copper segregation structures to decelerate MSFC growth rates by producing tortuous crack paths to maximize closure is proposed.Item (25) Closing RemarksAbel, John F. (The Internet-First University Press, 2014-09-27)