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Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Causes and consequences

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dc.contributor.authorVitousek, P.M.
dc.contributor.authorAber, J.
dc.contributor.authorBayley, S. E.
dc.contributor.authorHowarth, R. W.
dc.contributor.authorLikens, G. E.
dc.contributor.authorMatson, P. A.
dc.contributor.authorSchindler, D. W.
dc.contributor.authorSchlesinger, W. H.
dc.contributor.authorTilman, G. D.
dc.date.accessioned2019-01-17T14:44:38Z
dc.date.available2019-01-17T14:44:38Z
dc.date.issued1997-08-01
dc.description.abstractNitrogen is a key element controlling the species composition, diversity, dynamics, and functioning of many terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. Many of the original plant species living in these ecosystems are adapted to, and function optimally in, soils and solutions with low levels of available nitrogen. The growth and dynamics of herbivore populations, and ultimately those of their predators, also are affected by N. Agriculture, combustion of fossil fuels, and other human activities have altered the global cycle of N substantially, generally increasing both the availability and the mobility of N over large regions of Earth. The mobility of N means that while most deliberate applications of N occur locally, their influence spreads regionally and even globally. Moreover, many of the mobile forms of N themselves have environmental consequences. Although most nitrogen inputs serve human needs such as agricultural production, their environmental consequences are serious and long term. Based on our review of available scientific evidence, we are certain that human alterations of the nitrogen cycle have: approximately doubled the rate of nitrogen input into the terrestrial nitrogen cycle, with these rates still increasing; increased concentrations of the potent greenhouse gas N2O globally, and increased concentrations of other oxides of nitrogen that drive the formation of photochemical smog over large regions of Earth; caused losses of soil nutrients, such as calcium and potassium, that are essential for the long?term maintenance of soil fertility; contributed substantially to the acidification of soils, streams, and lakes in several regions; and greatly increased the transfer of nitrogen through rivers to estuaries and coastal oceans. In addition, based on our review of available scientific evidence we are confident that human alterations of the nitrogen cycle have: increased the quantity of organic carbon stored within terrestrial ecosystems; accelerated losses of biological diversity, especially losses of plants adapted to efficient use of nitrogen, and losses of the animals and microorganisms that depend on them; and caused changes in the composition and functioning of estuarine and nearshore ecosystems, and contributed to long?term declines in coastal marine fisheries.
dc.description.sponsorshipWe thank the Pew Charitable Trusts for financial support provided through a Pew Scholars Fellowship to David Tilman.
dc.identifier.citationEcological Applications, 7(3): 737-750.
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1813/60830
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWiley
dc.relation.doihttps://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0737:HAOTGN]2.0.CO;2
dc.subjectagriculture and the global N cycle
dc.subjectanthropogenic global change
dc.subjectbiological diversity and the nitrogen cycle
dc.subjectecosystem functioning, control by N
dc.subjecteutrophication of estuaries
dc.subjectglobal N-cycle alteration, scientific consensus on
dc.subjectnitrogen-containing trace gases
dc.subjectnitrogen cycle, global
dc.subjectnitrogen deposition and nitrogen loss
dc.subjectnitrogen and land–water interactions
dc.titleHuman alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Causes and consequences
dc.typearticle
dcterms.licensehttps://hdl.handle.net/1813/60288

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