Can Firms Afford to be Green? - Financial Performance and Corporate Emission Reductions
This paper examines whether corporate financial performance (CFP) drives greenhouse gas emission reductions using a panel of firm-year observations from 2010 to 2024 and two-way fixed effects regressions across five CFP measures and three emission scopes. Accounting-based measures are negatively associated with contemporaneous emission changes, consistent with slack resource theory, though effects dissipate over longer horizons. Cash flow margin is the most robust predictor across specifications and macroeconomic conditions. Tobin's Q exhibits a contrasting pattern: positively associated with absolute emissions yet negatively associated with emission intensity, pointing to a scale-versus-efficiency distinction. Combined with prior evidence that environmental performance improves financial outcomes, the results point to a reinforcing cycle in which financial strength enables emission reductions, which in turn strengthens financial performance, suggesting that relaxing financial constraints may allow more firms to enter and sustain this dynamic.