The Effect Of Temperature On The Texture Transformation In Silver Thin Films
It is well-established that certain FCC thin films undergo a thickness dependent (111)to-(100) texture transformation. This phenomenon has been attributed to a competition between strain and surface energies, but this model fails to acknowledge the presence of stable mixed texture films, and is found to be insensitive to annealing temperature. Grain boundary grooving is considered as a mechanism for these stable mixed textures. We investigated the role of annealing temperature in the (111)-to-(100) texture transformation over a range of film thicknesses. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the transformation rate and the surface evolution over time. The extent of texture transformation and grain boundary grooving both exhibited a temperature dependence; high temperatures induced less transformation and more grooving than lower temperatures. Slow thermal cycling yielded the maximum extent of transformation, suggesting low annealing temperatures and heating rates as necessary conditions to produce groove-free, large-grained stable microstructures.