Scribal Technics in the Early Middle Ages
In the wake of shifting Latin orthography and pronunciation, scribes and scholars in the early medieval West faced the daunting task of creating a standardized and regulated Latinity. Under the reign of Charlemagne, scholars including Alcuin of York and Peter of Pisa undertook an ambitious program of educational reform to realize this goal. This dissertation investigates how scribes, scholars, and educators in the late eighth to the early eleventh century conceptualized an ideal grammatical regularity in Latin rooted in writing rather than speech and how they implemented manuscript technologies and what I call “scribal technics” to achieve this ideal. Latin grammarians working in the early Middle Ages created new pedagogical tools by editing, excerpting, and commenting on Late Antique grammatical texts such as the Ars minor of Donatus and the Ars grammatica of Priscian. The marginalia, scribal interventions, and editing practices found in eighth, ninth, and tenth century grammatical manuscripts bear witness to the intellectual activity and pedagogical innovation of scribes, teachers, and students, who created and used them. One exemplary product of scribal technics is an anonymous commentary on the Ars minor of Donatus found in Valenciennes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 413, partially edited and commented on for the first time. Old Irish and Old English grammatical writings employ their own scribal technics, drawn from the Latin tradition. The Old Irish glosses of the St Gall Priscian (St Gall, Stiftsbibliothek, MS 904) attest to early efforts to conform a vernacular to a grammatical standard exemplified by Latin. The Latin-Old English Grammar of Ælfric of Eynsham, based on the Excerptiones de Prisciano itself a product of the scribal technics of the early Middle Ages, represents a systematic effort to provide Old English the same standardization and structure as the Latin language upon which it is based.