This dissertation explores the welfare status of China's 114 million ethnic minority people (Sixth National Census 2010) in three chapters. Chapter 1 finds that empirical analyses are strongly needed in order to understand the well-being of China's ethnic minority population, as debate over this topic has turned into a war of wildly differing visions yet few visions are based on micro data. Using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), Chapter 2 and 3 explore, respectively, health and education inequalities between China's ethnic minority and majority populations during the period of 1989-2006. Chapter 2 finds statistically significant health inequalities against minority Chinese of all age groups; whereas Chapter 3 finds little empirical evidence that minority Chinese below 19 years of age are worse off than their majority counterparts in terms of years of schooling received at formal schools, though it does find moderate and persistent education gap disfavoring minority adults aged above 19. Both analyses find the observed disparities to be related to inequalities in endowments such as location of residence, water and sanitation, education, and household wealth; but only analysis in Chapter 3 suggests that differences in the effects of endowments are also associated with the observed education gap between the two groups.