This dissertation examines contemporary agrarian transformation in rural China through the intersecting lens of gendered labor, migration, and social reproduction. Since the beginning of the reform era in early 1980s, internal migration has played a large role in the political-economic upheavals that have occurred in China. While existing scholarship has focused largely on rural–urban migration and its effects on rural spaces and livelihoods, this dissertation pays attention not only to how rural-urban migration has changed rural spaces and livelihood, but also to increasingly significant rural-rural flows of capital, labor, knowledge, and care and how such flows are reshaping land relations, rural life-making, and agrarian development. Such rural-rural flows of migration have not received nearly as much scholarly attention, and I argue that they are a crucial component for understanding today’s rural transformations in China and beyond.Drawing on multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Yunnan and Hebei provinces, this dissertation examines three groups of rural producers and laborers whose rural-rural migration is transforming local agriculture landscape and China’s agrarian futures while their lives are profoundly reshaped by family and community power relations produced through rural-urban migration. First, I document the rapid expansion of greenhouse horticulture farming in Yunnan Province driven by migrant farmers from Henan Province. I thus analyze how rural-rural flows of capital, materials, knowledge, and care, mediated particularly through kinship ties, have facilitated the rise of small-investor-driven agrarian capitalism. Second, I examine gendered processes of semi-proletarianization by asking why middle aged and elderly women in Yunnan are increasingly entering into agriculture wage labor even as their household maintain land in their home villages. I argue that the rise of a gendered and generational labor regime in the region is driven by intensifying social reproductive pressures as families seek to mitigate growing urban and rural precarities. Third, I highlight that although uneven development in China has left some remote rural communities with space to sustain seed saving and traditional agroecological farming, translocal household arrangements produced through rural labor outmigration have reconfigured family power relations and labor priorities, generating a dilemma between “seeds and sons”.