Much has been written in recent years about the need for unions and managements in the United States to move beyond traditional collective bargaining and begin working together cooperatively to establish creative new programs which will increase productivity and improve the quality of working life. In this context, many authors have criticized union leaders for being hostile toward cooperative efforts, intimidated by prospects of increased productivity, and indifferent toward workers’ needs for greater psychic satisfaction from their work. Some of these criticisms have been directed toward national union leaders who, it is said, are seriously out of touch with their constituencies’ opinions and needs.