Possessions of Citizenship: State-Constructed Housing and Neoliberal Frictions in Singapore
My dissertation, Possessions of Citizenship: State-Constructed Housing and Neoliberal Frictions in Singapore, examines how state-constructed housing gives rise to everyday norms and understandings of citizenship in Singapore. Housing & Development Board (HDB) apartments house three-quarters of the city-state’s population, and are largely purchased and owned by residents. I examine how HDB housing serves as everyday spaces of racialization and sexual discipline, especially in relation to queer and migrant bodies. Possessions of Citizenship draws on 28 months of ethnographic and archival fieldwork in Singapore over 2018 to 2023. I hung out with HDB homeowners, aspiring homeowners, and tenants in the HDB neighborhoods of Singapore; I also consulted archival sources at the National Archives and National Library of Singapore. I argue that the neoliberal transition since the 1990s has necessitated that HDB housing perform new kinds of economic and ideological work. While previous iterations of HDB housing were only made available to heteronormative families who were Singapore citizens or permanent residents, HDB housing since the 1990s has incorporated queer and migrant people as buyers of second-hand HDB apartments, or as tenants of HDB owners. I hence situate queerness, migration and racialization in Singapore in a national teleology of upgrading to a better home, within a larger chain of extraction of real estate and rental value. Further, I explore how HDB neighborhoods began to signify a new, egalitarian ethos of moral citizenship that dissimulated class differences since the late 1980s, and became recast as conservative, quintessentially Singaporean spaces that called upon everyday residents to impose moralized forms of racialization and sexual discipline. I demonstrate how the social and cultural resignification of HDB was contested and reshaped at each stage by actors such as everyday HDB residents, mass media and the state, rather than simply a top-down project of the authoritarian Singapore state. My dissertation hence illuminates the economic and ideological stakes of the racialization and sexual discipline of queer and migrant bodies, and centers HDB housing as an everyday site for the contestation of citizenship in Singapore.