There has been an upsurge of interest in supersonic passenger aircraft and in soaring the skies even faster with scramjets. Turbulence plays a critical role in the mixing of air and fuel within the combustors of these vehicles, and has a direct impact on their performance. Previous research has found that flow compressibility reduces mixing, while also increasing noise and modifying dissipation. The importance of compressible turbulence in many other natural and engineered settings, including astrophysical flows and fusion reactors, suggests a broad utility for an understanding of its universal aspects. To date, the influence of compressibility on the fundamental turbulence structure and on the transfer and dissipation of energy is not fully understood. The scarcity of empirical and theoretical information about compressible turbulence can be explained by the increased mathematical difficulty, complexity of energy exchange mechanisms, and the larger parameter space. In this dissertation, we perform a detailed experimental study of the turbulence found within a novel compressible turbulence facility using hot-wire anemometry. In the first part of this work, we characterize the Variable Density and Speed of Sound Vessel (VDSSV), which produces compressible subsonic turbulent flows. By switching between working fluids with different speeds of sound (air and sulfur hexafluoride SF$_{6}$), we isolate the influence of the Mach number on turbulence statistics from the influence of the Reynolds number and boundary conditions. A ducted fan generates a turbulent jet whose mean velocity profiles approach a self-similar state. We find that the jet spreads more slowly with increasing Mach number, and that the integral length scale and Kolmogorov constant remain approximately invariant with respect to changes in either Reynolds or Mach numbers. In the second part of this work, we explore the influence of compressibility on the spatial structure of turbulence by analyzing statistics of velocity increments at inertial scales. We use Extended Self-Similarity (ESS) methods to, for instance, characterize the intermittency of the turbulence and compare our data with previous literature. Additionally, structure functions up to thirteenth-order suggest a universal behavior of turbulent fluctuations at small inertial scales in response to increases in Mach number. In the final part of this work, we use an array of loudspeakers that surround the jet to provide additional compressible motions to the turbulence. Following a brief characterization of the sound generated by these loudspeakers, we report on energy spectra and low-order structure functions, and find that the former are sensitive to the acoustic forcing when the ratio of estimated dilatational motion to solenoidal motion exceeds 0.1.