This paper is about biological diversity and agriculture. It is one of a series of papers written by the Ceres2030 project team on issues that are critical to the project’s overall ambition but that are complex and not easy to do justice to with the tools the project relies upon—namely, an economic cost model and syntheses of available published evidence on the effectiveness of agricultural interventions. For the economic cost model, there is a dearth of data about biodiversity, making the issue difficult to incorporate. On the evidence synthesis side, the published literature tends to highlight Ending Hunger Sustainably: Biodiversity2 knowledge gaps mostly focused on small-scale producers’ livelihoods and well-being. Biodiversity, as with many environmental dimensions of food systems, is not yet a well-integrated dimension in interventions to end hunger and raise agricultural productivity.