Matcha tea (Camellia sinensis), a traditional and historical tea, has gained worldwide popularity due to its particular fragrance and potential health benefits. Matcha tea contains various nutrients, such as catechins, caffeine, polyphenols, protein, vitamins, minerals, chlorophyll, fibers, etc. These nutrients bring multiple benefits such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, etc. Phenolic acids, as the main components in Matcha tea, can modulate or impact the gut microbiome to prevent or treat gut-related diseases. This review researched gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, ellagic acid, and caffeic acid and their therapeutic effects on the gut microbiome. Gallic acid can modulate the abundance of H.pylori to improve gastric cancer. In addition, Gallic acid can inhibit the biofilm formation of E. coli to show antimicrobial properties. Gallic acid ameliorates colitis by fecal microbiota transplantation. Chlorogenic acid prevents gut aging by reducing colon inflammation and modulating microbiome composition. Moreover, chlorogenic acid benefits post infections-IBS by impacting Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and another microbiome. Ferulic acid can treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by impacting the Prevotella, Alloprevotella, Faecalibacterium, and other microbiomes. Ferulic acid also enhances the colonic intestinal barrier. Sinapic acid provides anti-inflammatory effects and alleviates oxidative stress. Ellagic acid prevents IBD by decreasing E.coli abundance and increasing other beneficial bacteria. Ellagic acid modulates the gut microbiome to treat ALD as well.