The research conducted in this work developed dynamic (i.e., time-varying) sediment–discharge rating curves for the Esopus Creek, a tributary in the Hudson River Estuary Basin and a major source of water supply for New York City (NYC). These dynamic rating curves were created to help the NYC Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) understand 1) how sediment yield per unit of streamflow has changed over time at multiple temporal scales (daily-decadal), 2) what aspects of climate variability are responsible for these fluctuations, and 3) how these fluctuations could be modeled under future climate scenarios. The analysis emphasized the lasting impact of major floods on the flow-sediment relationship. This information is critically important because high suspended sediment following major floods threatens the ability of DEP to meet the requirements of NYC’s Filtration Avoidance Determination, which saves the city billions of dollars in avoided infrastructure costs for drinking water filtration. These events also disturb creek-side communities and aquatic ecosystems downstream on the Esopus Creek in Ulster County. This work will better enable NYC DEP to accurately generate and plan for scenarios of sedimentation under future climate with intensifying extreme events.