Johnson, S.R.Melkonian, T.A.2017-05-222017-05-221999https://hdl.handle.net/1813/49895A major instrument for the industry policy on biotechnology is large public investment in research and development. A second instrument is the expanded scope for patents and licensing. There will continue to be strong incentives for consolidation. Not yet widely researched are the implications of consolidation for developed versus developing nations, which have relatively low public investments.en-USAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 InternationalAgricultural biotechnologyconsolidationfactory farmingorganic farmingfood insecurityIPMglobalizationenviromental protectionhuman healthnutritionpatentsbook chapter