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Developmental Immunotoxicity, Perinatal Programming, and Noncommunicable Diseases: Focus on Human Studies

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dc.contributor.authorDietert, Rodney R.
dc.date.accessioned2014-01-27T18:59:40Z
dc.date.available2014-01-27T18:59:40Z
dc.date.issued2014-01-23
dc.description.abstractDevelopmental immunotoxicity (DIT) is a term given to encompass the environmentally induced disruption of normal immune development resulting in adverse outcomes. A myriad of chemical, physical, and psychological factors can all contribute to DIT. As a core component of the developmental origins of adult disease, DIT is interlinked with three important concepts surrounding health risks across a lifetime: (1) the Barker Hypothesis, which connects prenatal development to later-life diseases, (2) the hygiene hypothesis, which connects newborns and infants to risk of later-life diseases and, (3) fetal programming and epigenetic alterations, which may exert effects both in later life and across future generations.This review of DIT considers: (1) the history and context of DIT research, (2) the fundamental features of DIT, (3) the emerging role of DIT in risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and (4) the range of risk factors that have been investigated through human research.The emphasis on the human DIT-related literature is significant since most prior reviews ofDIT have largely focused on animal research and considerations of specific categories of risk factors (e.g., heavy metals). Risk factors considered in this review include air pollution, aluminum, antibiotics, arsenic, bisphenol A, ethanol, lead (Pb),maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke, paracetamol (acetaminophen), pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polyfluorinated compounds.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1813/35785
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.publisherHindawi Publishing Corporationen_US
dc.subjectnon-communicable diseasesen_US
dc.subjectdevelopmental immunotoxicityen_US
dc.subjecthuman studiesen_US
dc.subjectdisease risken_US
dc.subjectchemicalsen_US
dc.subjectdrugsen_US
dc.subjectmaternal stressorsen_US
dc.subjectfetal programmingen_US
dc.subjectepigeneticsen_US
dc.subjectepidemiologyen_US
dc.subjectCaesarian deliveryen_US
dc.subjectformula feedingen_US
dc.subjectbreastfeedingen_US
dc.subjecthygiene hypothesisen_US
dc.subjectBarker hypothesisen_US
dc.subjectendocrine disrupting chemicalsen_US
dc.subjectcritical windows of vulnerabilityen_US
dc.subjectage-related susceptibilityen_US
dc.subjectgender differencesen_US
dc.titleDevelopmental Immunotoxicity, Perinatal Programming, and Noncommunicable Diseases: Focus on Human Studiesen_US
dc.typearticleen_US

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