, including insecticides that may be approved for organic production: veg-guidelines.cce.cornell.edu. 5 Boivin, G. and D. L. Benoit. 1987. Predicting onion maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) flights in southwestern Québec using degree-days and common weeds...
entry points for bacterial pathogens that can cause bulbs to rot. Feeding by third-generation larvae on mature onion bulbs can result in an unmarketable product (Fig. 4). Even after onions are undercut, windrowed, and left to dry in the field, bulbs may...

) , Colletotrichum can cause severe rotting of below-ground plant parts and early plant decline leading to discolored tubers and reduce~ yields. The same black dot organism causes anthracnose or npe-fru1t disease of tomato, and can occur on other solanaceous crops...
, the organism does not penetrate intact tuber skin, but can grow and sporulate on damaged tissue. This limited growth, however, does not appear to provide entry sites for secondary fungal or bacterial invaders in stored tubers. In a three-month greenhouse test...

blight,, black mold and Botrytis neck rot. 3) Do not plant deeper than 1/4 inch to avoid smut unless soil is very dry. 4) If using transplants make sure they are free of pink root, damping off organisms and downy mildew or virus diseases. C. Nutrient...
) Chose effective labeled pesticides with the least environmental and beneficial organism impact (EIQ). 8) Calibrate sprayer at least once per season 9) Keep complete records of soil tests, fertilizer applications, cultural practices, weed maps, scouting...

that has maneb, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, or fixed copper as an active ingredient AND has tomato and potato late blight on the label. Of these fungicides, only some of the fixed copper products are approved for organic production. Contact your Cornell...
or were forced to emigrate. Entire potato crops rotted in the field or in storage because of late blight infection. Late blight is caused by an oomycete pathogen that survives from one season to the next in infected potato tubers. This organism is well...

rot develops slowly and may not be severe until quite late into the storage period. This decay may allow the entry of secondary organisms such as Fusarium fungi and soft rot bacteria. �CONTROL The following measures will help prevent the occurrence...
. Surface tubers infected by conidia washed from leaves. ~,'~'~:~~"~:,~~:~~,-'".~"~~~~"'~",~",~~~ ~~~~~' ~~"~ "Target" spots Early Blight Disease Cycle Adapted in part from North Dakota State University Extension Bulletin 26, 1976, 'Potato Production...

-green, yellowish to brownish areas of irregular size and shape (oval tocylindrical) on infected leaves or seed stalks (Fig. 1). These areas may consist of alternating yellow and green layers of tissue. The causal organism of DM produces fruiting bodies and spores...
the night and morning hours. Secondary Spread The mycelium of DM in leaves of infected onion plants in commercial bulb production fields produces a new crop of spores called conidia in cycles of approximately 11-15 days. As the upper portions of a leaf...

of the western United States. Since moisture is required by these pathogens for reproduction and spread, seeds are more likely to become contaminated with bacteria when seed production fields have been exposed to summer thunderstorms, cool autumn temperatures...
, follow a minimum 2-year rotation out of beans. Good rotation will also help reduce buildup of root-rotting organisms, white and gray molds, and anthracnose. Chemical Control Seed treatment with the antibiotic streptomycin can help reduce contamination...

seeking hibernation sites in the fall may become a nuisance on the walls and at doorways and windows where they congregate. Control Numerous natural control organisms exist in the field. Both parasites and predators are useful. A fungus Beauveria bassiana...
for maximum potato production. In many areas of the Northeast the Colorado potato beetle has become resistant to most pesticides. Control is further complicated by the ability of the species to produce thousands of new eggs per acre. Consult your local...

was attributed to a physiological disorder; evidence of other workers in the United States supports this conclusion. Fungal organisms such as Botrytis, Alternaria, and Rhizoctonia may cause spotting and speckling of the outer leaves of cabbage heads...
and production fields. This should be coupled with early aphid control on the crop and bordering areas. Quantity discount available. Cooperative Extension, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, New York State College of Human Ecology, and New...

to $40/ sample, which can be costly since at least four or more samples are recommended per production unit. Thus, a simple and visual on-farm soil bioassay was developed for assessing the level of lesion nematode infestation. This brochure describes how...
? In some cases, the scoring for root-lesion nematode can be difficult to interpret due to the potential interactions with other fungal pathogens and rootrotting soil organisms. However even in such cases, this bioassay can still be used to detect the presence...