, and the production of unmarketable fruit. Early recognition of the disease, especially in greenhouse crops, is essential if the disease is to be contained. The organism is seedborne and can survive for short periods in soil, greenhouse structures, and equipment...
organism into transplant production fields in southern Georgia originated on commercial seed. If seeds are harvested by either the acetic acid extraction method or by the fermentation process, the threat of seedborne inoculum is greatly reduced...

-apply them. Filipjev (NY04) mixture can enhance biological control of soil-dwelling pests in turfgrass production systems. Do EPNs pose risks to you, your pets, Biocontrol Science and Technology. 2018;28(4):388-403. or other organisms? Bélair G, Koppenhöfer...
, Entomology, Cornell University What’s biological control? white grubs in your lawn, look for one or both of the following species: Biological control (biocontrol for short) uses living organisms—natural enemies—to keep pests in check. • Heterorhabditis...

. The disease can be a major production problem. Yields are reduced because of a decrease in the size or number of fruit, or a shortened harvest period. Premature senescence of infected leaves can result in lower market quality because fruit become sunburned...

Viruses are the most common causes of diseases affecting cucurbits in New York. These diseases result in losses through reduction in growth and yield and are responsible for distortion and mottling of fruit , making the product unmarketable. A...

-causing organism, it is responsible for crop loss in a wide variety of unrelated crops. Botrytis bunch rot is especially severe in grape cultivars with tight, closely packed clusters of fruit. Botrytis is also responsible for storage losses of grapes picked...

The two principal fly pests of confined livestock are house flies and stable flies. House flies, Musca domestica (fig. 1), are non biting insects that breed in animal droppings, manure piles, decaying silage, spilled feed, bedding, and other organic matter...
at each meal. Cows’ stomping of feet is a good indication that stable flies are present because they normally attack legs and bellies (fig. 4). Production performance declines in infested herds because of the painful bites the cows sustain and the animals...

organisms. Epidemiology and disease development The following comments address pepper Phytophthora blight (P. capsict), and in general also apply for diseases of crops listed in the table. The fungus occurs naturally in most soils and can infect Fig. 5...
(two-tailed) motile zoospores. These spores produce germ tubes that penetrate plant tissue. The cycle is repeated with the production of more sporangiophores and sporangia. When the humidity is high, the sporangia can survive for long periods. During...

). Infected berries that fall to the ground become pumpkin-shaped as they continue to shrivel and finally turn dark brown . Causal Organism and Disease Cycle Mummyberry disease is caused by the fungus Monilinia vacciniicorymbosi, which infects only cultivated...
is to prevent these shoot blight infections by interfering with the production of ascospores and applying appropriate fungicides when needed. Cultivation of the ground beneath infected bushes before bud break will greatly inhibit the production...

horizontal distribution of nematodes, it is critical to take several composite soil samples from each field or production unit. Obviously, the higher number of soil samples taken per field, the higher accuracy will be obtained in assessing the nematode...
from these sections. A minimum of 4 composite samples is suggested per production unit, preferably < 2 to 3 acres per sample. Plant-parasitic nematodes are unevenly distributed in infested fields and particularly during the early years after...

as disease appears, using a fixed copper plus maneb 80 WP or maneb plus zinc product to prevent secondary spread of the bacterium. The combination of copper and maneb has been shown to be more effective in controlling strains of the organism that are either...
of lesions can occur on leaf margins and tips where moisture accumulates (fig . 1). Eventually the leaves yellow and drop off, increasing the chance for sunscald (fig. 2). Spots on fruits become raised, scablike areas that make the product unmarketable (fig...