Sooty blotch and fly speck are the two most common “summer diseases” of apples in the Northeast; they are also problems on pears. Although caused by two different organisms, the diseases often occur together since both are confined to the fruit...

are favorable for its development. The disease causes economic losses not only by reducing marketable yields but also by destroying the quality of processed products containing even a few infected berries. This is a particularly important consideration for pick...

, but is not generally as damaging on these crops. Successful long-term production of peaches is seldom possible if the disease is not controlled....

losses and detract from the appearance of the processed product. The occurrence of scab and its severity varies by season and from field to field. Cropping history, soil moisture, and soil texture are largely responsible for this variability. Potato scab...

. The disease can be a major production problem. Yields are reduced because of a decrease in the size or number of fruit, or a shortened harvest period. Premature senescence of infected leaves can result in lower market quality because fruit become sunburned...

The two principal fly pests of confined livestock are house flies and stable flies. House flies, Musca domestica (fig. 1), are non biting insects that breed in animal droppings, manure piles, decaying silage, spilled feed, bedding, and other organic matter...
at each meal. Cows’ stomping of feet is a good indication that stable flies are present because they normally attack legs and bellies (fig. 4). Production performance declines in infested herds because of the painful bites the cows sustain and the animals...

). Infected berries that fall to the ground become pumpkin-shaped as they continue to shrivel and finally turn dark brown . Causal Organism and Disease Cycle Mummyberry disease is caused by the fungus Monilinia vacciniicorymbosi, which infects only cultivated...
is to prevent these shoot blight infections by interfering with the production of ascospores and applying appropriate fungicides when needed. Cultivation of the ground beneath infected bushes before bud break will greatly inhibit the production...

of the western United States. Since moisture is required by these pathogens for reproduction and spread, seeds are more likely to become contaminated with bacteria when seed production fields have been exposed to summer thunderstorms, cool autumn temperatures...
, follow a minimum 2-year rotation out of beans. Good rotation will also help reduce buildup of root-rotting organisms, white and gray molds, and anthracnose. Chemical Control Seed treatment with the antibiotic streptomycin can help reduce contamination...

years once it has become established, even if no strawberries are grown during that time. The organism that causes red stele of strawberry is not known to cause disease on any other crop, with the possible exception of loganberry. P. fragariae persists...
are released into the soil when the roots decay, thus completing the disease cycle. Control Since significant production and movement of infective zoospores occurs only during periods when the soil is completely saturated, the key to control is drainage...

as required. When powdery-mil dew-resistant (PMR) cucurbits are released, the losses from black rot may be reduced. Anthracnose Although this disease is more often a foliar and fruit-infecting problem for watermelon and muskmelon, the organism can also infect...
-60 50 50-70 50-70 60 60 50-70 60 60 60-70 50-70 8-12 weeks Varies with variety 4 weeks 4-7 weeks 13 weeks 7 weeks 8-11 weeks* 27 weeks 13 weeks *Storage for 4 months or more is possible if all production, curing, and storage recommendations...