production and the biology of weeds, diseases, and insects, collectively known as pests. IPM encourages use of compatible crop production and crop protection tactics to keep pest populations below those causing economic injury while protecting against hazards...
contributes to optimal crop health and improved net-profitability of crop production. Healthy crops, in addition to producing more harvestable product, use fertilizer more efficiently leaving less residual (especially nitrate) in the soil profile after harvest...

How to balance control of pests with profitable crop production and environmental protection....

The two principal fly pests of confined livestock are house flies and stable flies. House flies, Musca domestica (fig. 1), are non biting insects that breed in animal droppings, manure piles, decaying silage, spilled feed, bedding, and other organic matter...
at each meal. Cows’ stomping of feet is a good indication that stable flies are present because they normally attack legs and bellies (fig. 4). Production performance declines in infested herds because of the painful bites the cows sustain and the animals...