, decaying vegetation 20 to 30 days > 20 miles Remarks: Blood feedi ng results in decreased performance production. Foot stomping is good indication of fly presence. Horse fly, Tabanus atratus several species 4, 5 (on front) 1 to 3 years Margins...
species to one year Remarks: Transmit bluetongue and encephalitis; feed in evening and at night. Mosquitoes, Culex spp. 11 7 to 30 days several species Aedes spp. water-filled holes, animal wastes, swamps Stagnant water containing organic matter...

of cattle. Insect and mite pest activity results in lowered milk production levels and reduced feed conversion efficiency. It exposes cattle to pathogenic microorganisms and causes blood loss and hide damage. It can lead to public health–public nuisance...
concerns. Moreover, insect and mite pest pressure can add to stresses on young replacement animals, delaying their entry into production and adversely affecting lifelong production performance. As herd sizes increase on modern farms, pest pressures often...

The two principal fly pests of confined livestock are house flies and stable flies. House flies, Musca domestica (fig. 1), are non biting insects that breed in animal droppings, manure piles, decaying silage, spilled feed, bedding, and other organic matter...
at each meal. Cows’ stomping of feet is a good indication that stable flies are present because they normally attack legs and bellies (fig. 4). Production performance declines in infested herds because of the painful bites the cows sustain and the animals...