This dissertation consists of three essays on labor markets in Brazil. The first essay examines how unequal domestic time allocation shapes gender gaps in employment, hours, and earnings. Using PNADC (2012–2024) and PNS (2019), I estimate a structural model in which individuals allocate time across domestic work, job search, and market work in self- and wage employment. Reducing women's time cost of household production narrows gender gaps and raises aggregate output through higher human capital investment by women. The second essay studies how parental job type shapes teenage labor and schooling. Using PNADC (2012–2025) and an event study around parental job loss, I show that informal wage households bear the largest attendance cost, while self-employed households absorb the labor response through age-grade distortion. A household model rationalizes these patterns and shows that attendance and quality margins call for distinct policy instruments. The third essay (joint with Niklas Engbom, Gustavo Gonzaga, and Christian Moser) documents earnings inequality and dynamics using RAIS and PME data (1985–2018). It characterizes how formal and informal sectors differ in cross-sectional distributions and dynamics, and decomposes earnings volatility into between- and within-sector components. Together, these essays show how household structure, parental employment, and informality shape inequality in Brazil, with implications for labor and social policy in developing economies.