Menisci exist between the femoral condyle and tibial plateau in the knee joint and play important roles, such as load transmission, shock absorption, lubrication, and stability of the knee joint. Soft tissue-to-bone regions of menisci, called entheses, are necessary for the functions of the menisci. Menisci and entheses have distinct gradients in cell phenotypes, vascularity, collagen fiber organization, and mineral contents. The physiological functions of menisci are attributed to these gradients. Meniscal injuries are one of the most common causes for the knee surgeries in the United States and often result in osteoarthritis. Treatment options for meniscal injuries are limited, especially for tears in the avascular region of the meniscus. Currently, meniscus allograft transplantation is the sole option after total meniscectomy. Thus, there has been a great amount of attention towards tissue-engineered menisci. Thus, the overall goal of this study is to develop tissue-engineered menisci with native tissue-like gradients to enhance the mechanics.Collagen is the major extracellular matrix molecule of the meniscus and thus has been widely used a scaffold material due to its excellent biocompatibility. However, weak mechanical properties of collagen-based scaffolds have been considered as a critical limitation for clinical use. Furthermore, many previous studies mostly focus on the main body of menisci, and thus meniscal entheses are often overlooked in the design of tissue-engineered menisci. Recapitulating gradients in meniscal entheses still remains challenging. In order to create a tissue-engineered meniscus with desired features, it is important to understand the structure and functions of native meniscus and previous tissue-engineering approaches (Chapter 1). Collagen fiber structure of native menisci gives rise to mechanical properties of native tissue. Moreover, the enhancement of collagen fiber organization in collagen-based scaffolds has shown to increase mechanical properties of the scaffolds. Glucose and transforming growth factor-β1 affect collagen fiber structure of collagen-based scaffolds; however, their combinational effects have not yet been studied. Thus, the effects of glucose and transforming growth factor-β1 in the presence of mechanical anchoring on collagen fiber structure and mechanical properties of tissue-engineered were investigated (Chapter 2). The incorporation of meniscal entheses into the design of tissue-engineered menisci needs to be taken into account to generate a full-sized replacement. Before combining these two components, creation of a functional tissue-engineered enthesis should be addressed. Therefore, recapitulating native enthesis-like collagen fiber structure with mineral gradients was investigated (Chapter 3). Collagen gel properties are dependent on fabrication parameters including gelation pH. Gelation pH has been studied with regard to initial properties of collagen gel, often without cells. The short- and long-term effects of gelation pH on fibrochondrocyte-seeded tissue-engineered menisci were evaluated (Chapter 4). In conclusion, this dissertation demonstrates that native collagen fiber structure of a meniscal body can be recapitulated within tissue-engineered meniscal constructs by regulating glucose media concentration, transforming growth factor-β1 media concentration, and mechanical boundary conditions (Chapter 2). Further, this strategy can also be utilized to mimic bio-compositional and mechanical gradients, seen in native tissue, within tissue-engineered enthesis constructs (Chapter 3). Lastly, this thesis work also shows that gelation pH significantly influences cellular metabolic activity, collagen fiber structure, and mechanical properties of collagen-based constructs in both short- and long-terms (Chapter 4).