There are advantages to plant-made pharmaceuticals: overall economy of production, lack of need for major capital investment (e.g. in fermentation bioreactors), ease and economy of scale-up, lack of risk of contamination with human pathogens, etc. However, significant markets for plant-made proteins failed to develop. Concerns about contamination of existing crops with compounds from the corresponding transgenic crop would be moot if pharmaceuticals, for example, were synthesized with “vehicle” plants that so far have not been developed for food or feed such as tobacco and related Nicotiana species.