Learned communication requires both accurate processing of sensory feedback and precise coordination of motor systems that generate communicative signals. However, the neural mechanisms supporting these processes across sensory and motor domains remain incompletely understood. In this dissertation, I investigate how individual neurons represent and control learned communicative behaviors using avian model systems.In the first study, I examined how neural processing of auditory feedback in singing birds is sensitive to the social context in which the song is produced. Recordings from Field L in zebra finches revealed that many neurons exhibit singing-related activity that differs between undirected practice of the song and performance of the song directed to a female, even when acoustic feedback is similar. Using syllable-targeted auditory feedback, I further show that auditory error responses can be heterogeneously modulated by the courtship context. Therefore, single neurons in a primary sensory area process feedback from self-produced actions differently during practice and performance. In the second study, I investigated the neural activity in the cortical output of the parrot song system while parrots performed learned vocal-gestural displays to one another. Interestingly, neural representations of vocalizations and gestural displays were intermixed, including mixed selectivity at the level of single neurons. Therefore, the output of the parrot ‘song system’ may be a more generalized ‘communication system’, similar to Broca’s area in humans. Together, these findings reveal neural representations supporting both sensory feedback and multimodal motor coordination in learned communication. This work provides insight into neural principles that may extend to the neural perception and control of complex communicative behaviors, including human speech and gesture.