The findings presented here are based on a set of comprehensive and long-term research programs and partnerships among a large international research community3 to identify high-impact, cost-effective interventions that can address the challenges of SDG 2 and the related targets. This policy brief builds on findings from two costing exercises: the marginal abatement cost curves (MACC) approach, and the computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling approach. The purpose of the use of different research approaches and methodologies is to identify levels of coherence and consistencies of results that may lend credibility to proposed policy actions and investments. Conceptually, the two approaches have complementarities as both envision sustainable development, and both aim at one or more SDG2 core target (Box 1). Also, differences of findings between a modeling approach (that in this research is constrained by environmental targets and the doubling of incomes of smallscale producers), and using a Marginal Abatement Cost Curve approach (without capturing synergies or tradeoffs) are presented. As shown below, both approaches show results that are consistent.