A translation of a study by the Dutch scholar, L. W. C. van den Berg (1845-1927), which provides a detailed description of Islamic officialdom, mosques, religious practices, the administration of Islamic religious law, the relationship of religious staff to village administrators and residents, the administration and character of ecclesiastical property, and other aspects of Islam as it was practiced in Madura and Java, Indonesia, during the 1860s and 1870s.