This thesis aims to understand childhood health in the Andean Late Intermediate Period (LIP, AD 1000–1450) by analyzing porotic hyperostosis (PH) and cribra orbitalia (CO) in a sample of subadults (n = 68) and adults (n = 163) from the elite cemetery sites of Yuraq Qaqa and Sahuara in Peru’s Colca Valley. Results show that subadults whose heads were modified shortly after birth have a higher rate of PH compared to the children who were not subjected to this practice (p = 0.0048). Adults do not exhibit this pattern. CO data shows a similar trend, although the difference is not statistically significant (p = 0.1994). Drawing on previous research, this thesis contends that modified children experienced chronic or respiratory infections to a greater degree as an unintended outcome of their mobile lifestyles. These results show that childhood experience varied socially and environmentally during the Andean LIP. They further emphasize that privilege is not an all-encompassing label and being an “elite” with access to specific resources does not immediately confer the best outcomes.