1 00:00:05,830 --> 00:00:09,990 Right OK here we start Cattle Tick: biology ecology, distribution, and control and by 2 00:00:09,990 --> 00:00:12,990 cattle tick I'm talking about Haemaphysalis longicornis. 3 00:00:15,111 --> 00:00:15,611 Just. 4 00:00:16,941 --> 00:00:22,281 Which you've all seen and it's large engorged female self. Well the basics 5 00:00:22,281 --> 00:00:26,671 here of this particular tick, it's parthenogenetic in New Zealand and 6 00:00:26,671 --> 00:00:29,301 Australia with bisexual 7 00:00:30,511 --> 00:00:35,831 races in Japan and the souther part of Japan. 8 00:00:37,021 --> 00:00:41,801 Don't dwell too long on some of the information. it's a three host check as you can see there 9 00:00:41,801 --> 00:00:46,551 the life cycle in New Zealand is completed about in 12 months and it is possible in some 10 00:00:46,551 --> 00:00:50,561 years and in some localities to have more than one generation annually. 11 00:00:52,223 --> 00:00:56,003 Most of these northern hemisphere populations have a 2 to 3 year life cycle ect. 12 00:00:56,003 --> 00:01:00,684 This is just a quick map of 13 00:01:00,684 --> 00:01:05,334 the Western Pacific region where the tick actually is found and 14 00:01:05,334 --> 00:01:10,274 here currently anyway the various places where it's 15 00:01:10,274 --> 00:01:14,494 found in the western Pacific through Japan, China, australia,the Pacific Islands. 16 00:01:15,575 --> 00:01:20,575 This is what we found in New Zealand way back in 1924 when someone 1st maped it, you 17 00:01:20,575 --> 00:01:26,075 can see the sort of distribution was fairly localized and then it gradually 18 00:01:26,075 --> 00:01:30,975 spread throughout the country by 2014 in the red areas where it sort of most 19 00:01:30,975 --> 00:01:36,087 common, the green areas where it's least common but still widespread. 20 00:01:36,087 --> 00:01:41,577 And then by 2018 we had a few more spots in the South Island here but 21 00:01:41,577 --> 00:01:45,307 the overall distribution hadn't changed much so it shows to fairly, 22 00:01:46,497 --> 00:01:50,217 it's moved probably to every area that it was going to be 23 00:01:51,420 --> 00:01:52,350 happy. 24 00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:56,850 We were looking a little bit of modeling and 25 00:01:56,850 --> 00:02:00,380 wondering what might have effected the distribution. 26 00:02:01,400 --> 00:02:05,690 We found that in fact the median march average vapor pressure probably 27 00:02:05,690 --> 00:02:10,080 suited the actual distribution pattern. You can see here the dark orange and 28 00:02:10,080 --> 00:02:15,060 the dark brown this way allows you where the with tick is in the North Island and 29 00:02:15,060 --> 00:02:19,080 it match very closely with the a pattern that we 30 00:02:20,820 --> 00:02:25,041 actually currently have throughout the country. Giben Lawrence and 31 00:02:25,041 --> 00:02:29,061 I did, he did the modeling ,and I helped with the ecology and 32 00:02:29,061 --> 00:02:34,061 he was able to show just what other areas 33 00:02:34,061 --> 00:02:39,151 may in fact be more prone to the ticks expansion. 34 00:02:42,631 --> 00:02:47,243 OK now one of 35 00:02:47,243 --> 00:02:51,613 the important things I suppose is to work out how this ranges is achieved and 36 00:02:51,613 --> 00:02:56,494 defined, obviously it has to be favorable temperatures favorable humidity/soil 37 00:02:56,494 --> 00:03:00,814 moisture level, suitable host, suitable vegetation and 38 00:03:00,814 --> 00:03:04,534 farming systems which suit the ticks proclivities. 39 00:03:06,686 --> 00:03:11,136 There's a lot of free ranging hosts in New Zealand particularly deer which can 40 00:03:11,136 --> 00:03:13,476 move the the beast further around. 41 00:03:16,926 --> 00:03:22,586 Feeding times, three to nine days most this data is available in published form but 42 00:03:22,586 --> 00:03:28,006 this is to give you just an outline so you can see it's anywhere from 43 00:03:28,006 --> 00:03:33,206 a half a week to a fortnight largely depending on the size of the stage, 44 00:03:33,206 --> 00:03:38,216 the larger the stage the longer it takes to get to heaven but a blood meal. 45 00:03:39,796 --> 00:03:43,166 Blood in ticks or blood feeding in ticks requires a lot of 46 00:03:44,560 --> 00:03:46,440 concentration of the blood meal so 47 00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:51,690 it's not any sort of amount of blood that they take, is not reflected in the 48 00:03:52,780 --> 00:03:56,270 in the volume of the tick as as you see it but its feeding for 49 00:03:56,270 --> 00:04:01,500 a week it's probably taking 10, 15 maybe 20 times more blood that the size 50 00:04:01,500 --> 00:04:07,993 would appear to indicate. Hosts havea 51 00:04:07,993 --> 00:04:12,943 very wide range of hosts for longicornis in New Zealand as you can 52 00:04:12,943 --> 00:04:16,853 see the whole classes of livestock, any companion animal, wild and 53 00:04:16,853 --> 00:04:21,633 feral mammals, this is what makes it such a successful beast, and we've even had 54 00:04:21,633 --> 00:04:28,164 human infestations I think you have in the US as well. As the sort of 55 00:04:28,164 --> 00:04:33,544 effect you get you can see a hare here with ticks around its head and 56 00:04:33,544 --> 00:04:37,904 deer particularly get a lot of the bugs got them around the ears and 57 00:04:37,904 --> 00:04:42,834 young forms are very badly affected sometimes they're killed as a result 58 00:04:42,834 --> 00:04:47,565 of the heavy tick infestation. Each stage 59 00:04:47,565 --> 00:04:52,455 in New Zealand shows a relatively discrete synchronized activity and 60 00:04:52,455 --> 00:04:57,336 I'll show you a diagram in a minute which will illustrate that there's obviously 61 00:04:57,336 --> 00:05:02,636 always some overlap I mean there's going to be some individuals which don't feed 62 00:05:02,636 --> 00:05:06,796 and stay in the pasture and the others which feed and drop off in hey've got 63 00:05:06,796 --> 00:05:08,916 time to molt and so forth. 64 00:05:11,090 --> 00:05:15,670 Development can be delayed the cooler it gets the longer it takes between 65 00:05:15,670 --> 00:05:20,850 the various inter-stadia and the other thing that affects the 66 00:05:22,050 --> 00:05:26,420 seasonal pattern is that the newly molted nymphs and some of the young fed 67 00:05:26,420 --> 00:05:30,760 females that pasture when the day length gets a little short 68 00:05:30,760 --> 00:05:35,180 in the southern hemisphere in mid March they go into behavioral diapause 69 00:05:35,180 --> 00:05:38,990 they can be and that means they can be sort of woken up I mean you can breathe 70 00:05:38,990 --> 00:05:43,180 on them and they become active but they refused to feed and 71 00:05:43,180 --> 00:05:48,630 it's only when the day length gets longer in the light winter early spring 72 00:05:48,630 --> 00:05:53,290 that they then start to to want to feed again. 73 00:05:53,290 --> 00:05:56,820 This gives you an idea of the sort of seasonal activity that you see on the 74 00:05:58,162 --> 00:06:03,212 goats we followed them over 3 or 4 years there you notice 75 00:06:03,212 --> 00:06:08,722 that larvae, the larval peaks which will then followed by 76 00:06:08,722 --> 00:06:14,062 peaks of the nymphs in the 2nd figure with adults in between. 77 00:06:15,252 --> 00:06:19,332 The problem with the goats is they're just largish animal but they're not that 78 00:06:22,473 --> 00:06:24,843 preferred I suppose by the adult stage. 79 00:06:26,530 --> 00:06:31,750 I mentioned earlier diagram which shows the sort of discrete patterns of stages 80 00:06:31,750 --> 00:06:38,750 here notice in B, yhat's where you get the mean nymphal peak 81 00:06:38,750 --> 00:06:43,510 that's our late winter early spring in the southern hemisphere. 82 00:06:45,320 --> 00:06:51,360 These feed and eventually molt and then you get an adult peak here in E 83 00:06:52,810 --> 00:06:57,280 which lay the eggs, the eggs eventually hatch you get a larval peak in F. 84 00:06:58,590 --> 00:07:00,490 Sometimes you get a secondary 85 00:07:01,920 --> 00:07:06,710 nymphal peak at G and you can see there's a relatively discreet series of 86 00:07:07,770 --> 00:07:13,320 activity periods here they actually can be a little further apart in cooler areas and 87 00:07:13,320 --> 00:07:17,560 they can have a little bit more overlap in warmer areas where the tick 88 00:07:17,560 --> 00:07:21,070 has a much more preferred bio-climatic environment. 89 00:07:23,852 --> 00:07:27,692 Preffered temperature range goes there's an estimated threshold for 90 00:07:27,692 --> 00:07:32,232 development of all stages around about 9-12 degrees centigrade so 91 00:07:32,232 --> 00:07:38,402 I felt that eggs wont actually hatch around 12 or less and nymph stages won't 92 00:07:38,402 --> 00:07:44,074 molt at less than 15 degrees centigrade so you've got 93 00:07:44,074 --> 00:07:48,824 inter-stadial development incubation between 15-38 degrees and 94 00:07:48,824 --> 00:07:52,404 obviously as a consequence the rate of development slower 95 00:07:52,404 --> 00:07:56,054 at low temperatures but it's not as linear as most of would know. 96 00:07:58,106 --> 00:08:02,486 Well I'll just go back there and show you can see the reproductive potential of 97 00:08:02,486 --> 00:08:07,126 this tick around about 2000 eggs are layed and they're all fertile so 98 00:08:07,126 --> 00:08:11,456 you can see there's a great potential here for a population increase. 99 00:08:15,018 --> 00:08:19,328 Mean pre-oviposition period that's the time before she is ready to lay eggs 100 00:08:20,548 --> 00:08:24,818 around about 16 days at 18 degrees and at shorter at 101 00:08:24,818 --> 00:08:28,918 higher temperatures these are all probably ensured of figures for you people. 102 00:08:30,891 --> 00:08:36,171 She can take up to 2 weeks to get rid of every eggs that she's got inside her and 103 00:08:36,171 --> 00:08:39,761 then once they're all out there incubation period varys from 104 00:08:39,761 --> 00:08:43,561 with a low temperature 15 degrees or round about 3 months 105 00:08:45,491 --> 00:08:50,351 to a short 22 days at higher temperatures so 106 00:08:50,351 --> 00:08:52,431 there's actually it's got a very 107 00:08:53,481 --> 00:08:58,641 plastic ability to withstand quite a range of environmental conditions. 108 00:09:03,784 --> 00:09:08,344 As far as the larvae goes once again at lower temperatures about 109 00:09:08,344 --> 00:09:12,044 a month in it's pre-moult phase thats from feeding and dropping and 110 00:09:12,044 --> 00:09:18,014 then moulting to becoming a nymph down to 9 days at 28 degrees so 111 00:09:18,014 --> 00:09:22,884 there's once again a good range of times they're. The nymph is 112 00:09:22,884 --> 00:09:27,954 very similar 34 days at lower temperatures and down to 12 days at higher ones 113 00:09:29,184 --> 00:09:33,044 and as I say here the sub-threshold temperatures they are not necessarily lethal but 114 00:09:33,044 --> 00:09:34,544 they just prolonged the development and 115 00:09:34,544 --> 00:09:39,304 that exposes the ticks to diminishing food reserves and a risk of dehydration. 116 00:09:43,565 --> 00:09:47,275 I mentioned earlier about the behavior diapause or that mid March 117 00:09:47,275 --> 00:09:51,835 you see that turnover from long days to short days you get the behavioural diapause and 118 00:09:51,835 --> 00:09:56,667 the tick doesn't release the nymphs do not quest again until July. 119 00:09:56,667 --> 00:10:00,457 In low temperatures in fact my break their diapause which is interesting. 120 00:10:01,978 --> 00:10:06,868 Northern Hemisphere populations we've read that other stages 121 00:10:06,868 --> 00:10:11,668 larvae and un-fed adults also will diapause and 122 00:10:11,668 --> 00:10:15,128 I found that un-fed females may actually diapause in New Zealand as well. 123 00:10:17,358 --> 00:10:20,968 Maintaining waterbalance in ticks is very important probably it more so 124 00:10:20,968 --> 00:10:26,408 than in the temperature effects although a tick can regain water and survive 125 00:10:26,408 --> 00:10:30,318 you know as long as it's no more than about 35 percent of its weight is lost. 126 00:10:32,151 --> 00:10:37,041 And these fed and un-fed stages can absorb water from the air, its the un-fed 127 00:10:37,041 --> 00:10:38,511 ones that are more able to do so. 128 00:10:40,582 --> 00:10:44,792 What they often do the active questing tick will move up and down 129 00:10:46,152 --> 00:10:52,102 vegetation either to go down into the pasture to absorb water and 130 00:10:52,102 --> 00:10:57,822 when its got enough it would a balance has been reestablished it'll climb back 131 00:10:57,822 --> 00:11:03,012 up again and the stock keep on questing until that water balance is reduced. 132 00:11:04,503 --> 00:11:10,213 The eggs in the fed stages always lose water more slowly than the un-fed stages. 133 00:11:10,213 --> 00:11:14,743 Now the problem with eggs, eggs cannot reverse the water loss as active stages 134 00:11:14,743 --> 00:11:18,743 can and generally the un-fed nymph is the most 135 00:11:21,113 --> 00:11:26,343 resistant to dehydration followed by the larvae, followed 136 00:11:26,343 --> 00:11:30,303 by the female. Then when you get the fed stages there's a little difference once again 137 00:11:30,303 --> 00:11:34,213 the fed nymph is more resistant with the larvae least resistance and 138 00:11:34,213 --> 00:11:36,923 so each of these stages has its own 139 00:11:38,443 --> 00:11:45,344 potential to be affected by environmental conditions. Just a quick 140 00:11:46,554 --> 00:11:50,324 program here that relative humidity being that percentage of maximum 141 00:11:50,324 --> 00:11:55,274 water content and here and the problem with relative humidity values if you want 142 00:11:55,274 --> 00:11:58,834 to do some sort of comparative work with ticks is you don't get 143 00:11:58,834 --> 00:12:03,164 identical atmospheric moisture conditions on this, the temperature is the same and 144 00:12:03,164 --> 00:12:07,684 the best way to actually make this measurement is you set your saturation deficit 145 00:12:07,684 --> 00:12:11,994 because the same saturation deficit applies across a range of temperatures 146 00:12:11,994 --> 00:12:13,264 that makes them comparable. 147 00:12:16,660 --> 00:12:21,190 So if we take the saturation deficit as millimeters of mercury military the sort of range of 148 00:12:21,190 --> 00:12:26,150 suitable humidity conditions for longicornis as you can see there 1-8 149 00:12:26,150 --> 00:12:31,170 millimeters for the egg, 2-10 for the fed larva 150 00:12:31,170 --> 00:12:36,340 2-20 for the fed nymph, 2-20 for the fed adult. 20 mm of mercury 151 00:12:36,340 --> 00:12:43,100 saturation deficit is a very very dry and 1-2 millimeters as a moist level. 152 00:12:45,053 --> 00:12:49,003 To say here any given temperature the nymph can withstand more dehydration than 153 00:12:49,003 --> 00:12:52,513 can the egg and lava, and yet strangely enough the female actually 154 00:12:53,573 --> 00:12:55,693 oviposits at humidities that are lethal to eggs and 155 00:12:55,693 --> 00:13:01,235 that's rather difficult to understand. Now some of these 156 00:13:01,235 --> 00:13:06,355 responses to dryness are quite interesting and at the near upper survival were limit, 157 00:13:08,316 --> 00:13:13,286 9 percent of eggs hatch at 8 millimeters which is you know is pretty dry for an egg. 158 00:13:14,626 --> 00:13:21,336 With the fed larva 24 percent survive to moult after 12 days, and the fed nymph 159 00:13:21,336 --> 00:13:26,266 about 15 percent survive to moult after 15 days at very high 160 00:13:27,286 --> 00:13:30,966 dryness levels at 20 millimeters of mercury saturation deficit and so 161 00:13:30,966 --> 00:13:31,556 you can see 162 00:13:32,976 --> 00:13:36,827 the relative resistance, pardon me, 163 00:13:36,827 --> 00:13:40,467 the relative resistance of the nymph to dryness as compared with the fed larva. 164 00:13:43,659 --> 00:13:47,739 Here is a relationship between larval survival and vapor pressure deficit you can 165 00:13:47,739 --> 00:13:52,679 see the much higher survival up here the larval vapor pressures and 166 00:13:52,679 --> 00:13:55,259 the lower survival of the higher vapor pressures. 167 00:14:01,641 --> 00:14:06,361 Once again just a few more figures here the un-fed larva we did the fed ones 168 00:14:06,361 --> 00:14:10,981 before, the un-fed ones lost about 11 percent right after 4 hours 169 00:14:10,981 --> 00:14:15,201 at very very dry conditions. The nymph 6-8 days or so 170 00:14:15,201 --> 00:14:20,241 when placed in a slightly moist environment they still lost more weight but 171 00:14:20,241 --> 00:14:24,331 when at even more moist environment 2-3 millimeters of 172 00:14:24,331 --> 00:14:28,263 mercury saturation deficit they regain weight and 173 00:14:28,263 --> 00:14:33,613 the un-fed nymph it lost 11-17 percent weight and 174 00:14:33,613 --> 00:14:38,713 regained it ever at a moisture level so it just shows you the way in which they are 175 00:14:38,713 --> 00:14:43,763 able to regain or reestablish their water balance. 176 00:14:45,274 --> 00:14:49,634 The un-fed female once again 9 percent over 48 hours but 177 00:14:49,634 --> 00:14:54,184 they all died after about a week or so when later placed at 6 millimeters 178 00:14:54,184 --> 00:14:58,454 of mercury saturation deficit when other stages would have survived. 179 00:15:01,317 --> 00:15:04,317 So these un-fed stages as I mentioned earlier can seek favorable 180 00:15:04,317 --> 00:15:10,577 moisture levels in the eggs and feed stage they are hostage to fluctuating humidities. 181 00:15:10,577 --> 00:15:15,168 The pasture mat offers hihger humidity than the air above so 182 00:15:15,168 --> 00:15:19,538 the more moisture requirements of the larva and ist realitvely poor water retention capability 183 00:15:19,538 --> 00:15:23,198 than actually limits where H. longicornis can survive and flourish. 184 00:15:27,279 --> 00:15:32,542 So one of the questions we asked is how likely is seasonal exposure to water 185 00:15:32,542 --> 00:15:39,232 stress? Well in New Zealand the nymph diapause unfed in winter the grass mat so 186 00:15:39,232 --> 00:15:43,902 the metabolic rate slowed; the conditions are moist when it is active, for 187 00:15:43,902 --> 00:15:48,052 the adult she's active at warm, moist times of the year so she is not exposed 188 00:15:48,052 --> 00:15:52,622 to severe water stress anyway which means even though she susceptible to dryness 189 00:15:52,622 --> 00:15:56,492 she's actually active at a time when she's not really at great risk. 190 00:15:58,301 --> 00:16:03,641 The egg is less able than the adult nymph to survive dehydration but 191 00:16:03,641 --> 00:16:06,271 there are exposed to the same conditions as the female but 192 00:16:06,271 --> 00:16:10,623 they lose water slowly because of the yolk and the cuticle and 193 00:16:10,623 --> 00:16:15,133 it's the larva which we found was the sort of the most susceptible to dehydration and 194 00:16:15,133 --> 00:16:19,393 that's the sort of limiting stage if you like when it comes to deciding 195 00:16:19,393 --> 00:16:24,643 what a suitable conditions and where perhaps the tick might actually 196 00:16:24,643 --> 00:16:27,283 spread its distribution particular simulate the U.S. 197 00:16:27,283 --> 00:16:32,095 where it's nearly established. And of course periods of drought are the biggest 198 00:16:32,095 --> 00:16:37,746 threat. We did about matching the distribution of climate there's actually 199 00:16:37,746 --> 00:16:42,066 there is a paper that's currently in press and I don't think I am not at liberty to 200 00:16:43,078 --> 00:16:47,128 to divulge it, I don't think I couldn't get the senior author's 201 00:16:47,128 --> 00:16:51,918 permission because he didn't reply to my you emails but some work has been done 202 00:16:51,918 --> 00:16:56,938 predicting where the tick might expand its range within the U.S. 203 00:16:56,938 --> 00:17:00,988 and hopefully that paper will be out soon some of you may actually be doing it yourselve's. 204 00:17:03,009 --> 00:17:07,019 You saw this map before the New Zealand one I mean here on the left hand side is 205 00:17:07,019 --> 00:17:10,159 the current distribution of the tick in the north and part of the South 206 00:17:10,159 --> 00:17:14,559 islands of New Zealand and you can see there's a fairly close link with 207 00:17:14,559 --> 00:17:18,149 median March average vapor pressure which was one of the climatic or 208 00:17:18,149 --> 00:17:21,989 weather parameters we looked at to see if we could feed into our model. 209 00:17:24,120 --> 00:17:27,340 One of the things we worried about was about climate change and 210 00:17:27,340 --> 00:17:32,520 global warming etc etc and in New Zealand it could produce wetter western areas and 211 00:17:32,520 --> 00:17:36,730 drier easter and northern areas as well as warmer southern areas and 212 00:17:36,730 --> 00:17:42,170 things like irrigation which is becoming a much more common feature in New Zealand as 213 00:17:42,170 --> 00:17:44,650 areas of land that otherwise would be to dry for 214 00:17:44,650 --> 00:17:49,690 dairying are being made moist by the introduction of irrigation 215 00:17:49,690 --> 00:17:54,370 they would open up areas make them more moist and more favorable for the tick. 216 00:17:55,481 --> 00:18:00,041 Deer farming, particularly, is an activity which seems to 217 00:18:00,041 --> 00:18:05,061 favor the tick because release deer farmers in New Zealand liked their long grass in 218 00:18:05,061 --> 00:18:10,091 the pasture up to almost a meter high and the aims for the 219 00:18:10,091 --> 00:18:14,051 doe to be able to hide her fawn, the fawn just sit still and 220 00:18:14,051 --> 00:18:18,831 off course a still fawn is going to be a great target for any ticks in 221 00:18:18,831 --> 00:18:23,321 that area and the longer the grass the moister it is and 222 00:18:23,321 --> 00:18:28,242 the more ticks survive and the other things is that the unfettered movements 223 00:18:28,242 --> 00:18:32,612 of tick -infested stock and any other infested host provide invasion 224 00:18:32,612 --> 00:18:37,552 opportunities into previously tick free areas. 225 00:18:37,552 --> 00:18:41,982 This was just a map of deer farm density that probably doesn't help you much but 226 00:18:41,982 --> 00:18:45,152 it showed that in fact wherever deer could occur 227 00:18:46,402 --> 00:18:49,162 then the tick could possibly occur which suggests that 228 00:18:49,162 --> 00:18:52,582 some areas in the south island off New Zealand here in the Canterbury and 229 00:18:52,582 --> 00:18:55,302 further south could all be opened up 230 00:18:56,342 --> 00:19:02,583 to tick establishment. Here we go, current tick distribution can be matched adequately 231 00:19:02,583 --> 00:19:06,423 with some averaged climate parameters as I said some fit better than others, 232 00:19:06,423 --> 00:19:10,583 the physiological needs of the larva is the best indicator of tick's limits and 233 00:19:10,583 --> 00:19:13,823 it's possible to predict the potential increase in the range of the tick today 234 00:19:13,823 --> 00:19:18,503 and with future climate change. Just a couple of slides here 235 00:19:18,503 --> 00:19:22,783 which I brought in from another talk I gave just to give you an outline of sort 236 00:19:22,783 --> 00:19:27,695 of the control aspect that we've been thinking about, my own view is that 237 00:19:27,695 --> 00:19:31,675 control is actually more of a misnomer and it's I think population suppression or 238 00:19:31,675 --> 00:19:36,055 dimunition is more accurate because of the sort of reproductive potential of this 239 00:19:36,055 --> 00:19:38,865 tick and how widely spread it can become. 240 00:19:41,447 --> 00:19:45,757 Repeated high rotation of acaricide use can reduce the numbers of larvae 241 00:19:45,757 --> 00:19:48,957 which in the most susceptible stage to acaricides and 242 00:19:48,957 --> 00:19:52,827 of course if you're a larvae can or should mean fewe infected nymphs. 243 00:19:54,641 --> 00:19:57,691 And you can maintain this acaricide pressure throughout the nymph and 244 00:19:57,691 --> 00:20:02,561 adult acitivity phases and that reduces the risk to naive stock and 245 00:20:02,561 --> 00:20:05,541 also reduce the number of females that eventually lay eggs. 246 00:20:07,022 --> 00:20:11,672 Unfitted acaricide use the sort of environmental 247 00:20:11,672 --> 00:20:16,252 concerns we have these days is probably not something one should press too hard. 248 00:20:17,642 --> 00:20:21,762 We found that in New Zealand there's not much that's available for use against ticks 249 00:20:21,762 --> 00:20:27,733 on the animals on livestock, which I don't think was the case in the US for 250 00:20:27,733 --> 00:20:33,204 methadone a pyrethroid it was said to sterilize ticks but 251 00:20:33,204 --> 00:20:37,984 it actually doesn't, at least not for Haemaphysalis. One of the methods we've 252 00:20:39,104 --> 00:20:43,314 promoted here is what we call vacuum cleaner or mopping up ticks from past year 253 00:20:43,314 --> 00:20:47,074 using low value stock that can be saturation-dipped 254 00:20:47,074 --> 00:20:51,584 by saturation-dipped I mean putting into a bath a dipped bath or a shower dip. 255 00:20:53,106 --> 00:20:56,936 The idea is that you pick parts of a farm that are very heavily 256 00:20:58,106 --> 00:21:03,926 infected or infested with ticks you let loose some animals that are probably not 257 00:21:05,056 --> 00:21:10,946 very valuable, large cattle or old sheep leave them in for 2 or 3 days so 258 00:21:10,946 --> 00:21:15,386 that any ticks that are there are going to climb on to them but you don't leave them so 259 00:21:15,386 --> 00:21:20,206 long that those ticks and feed drop off you bring the animals out dip them. 260 00:21:20,206 --> 00:21:24,846 kill those partially engorged ticks and reintroduce some clean 261 00:21:24,846 --> 00:21:29,486 animals back into the same pasture and you do this in a sequential pattern 262 00:21:29,486 --> 00:21:34,026 around the farm till eventually you reduced tick numbers substantially and 263 00:21:34,026 --> 00:21:37,396 you're using a sort of targeted approach to picking up anything that's questioning. 264 00:21:39,057 --> 00:21:43,737 The only problem is that these wild mobile and wide ranging host such as hare and 265 00:21:43,737 --> 00:21:48,807 birds and other unrestrained mammals, off course are going to move 266 00:21:48,807 --> 00:21:52,457 ticks around anyway, that's just one of the problems with this particular beast. 267 00:21:53,941 --> 00:21:56,861 You can use cattle resistant or refractory to ticks but 268 00:21:56,861 --> 00:22:00,961 you're going to need a selective breeding program of some sort and 269 00:22:00,961 --> 00:22:04,091 there's always withing a population of livestock there is always going to be some that 270 00:22:04,091 --> 00:22:07,871 are more or less susceptible or more resistant than others and there their starting 271 00:22:08,981 --> 00:22:15,471 point that these can take a few years.Pasture spelling may have very limited value 272 00:22:15,471 --> 00:22:20,271 because the ticks themselves can survive starvation for 12-15 months. 273 00:22:21,471 --> 00:22:25,871 And it's very unlikely that a farmer is going to be able to close up pasture for 274 00:22:25,871 --> 00:22:31,643 that period of time. And so there we have it just a series of acknowledgements. 275 00:22:35,274 --> 00:22:38,414 Thank you, gonna jump right in becuase ive got a lot to say. 276 00:22:40,441 --> 00:22:45,231 So just to give a bit of background on how this all started in New Jersey most of you 277 00:22:45,231 --> 00:22:49,421 probably know this by now but it all started with this resident that brought in his sheep 278 00:22:49,421 --> 00:22:53,421 covered in ticks and brought them into Tod at the Hunterdon County 279 00:22:53,421 --> 00:22:59,381 Health Department last August 2017 this is H Hannah the sheep here on the left and 280 00:22:59,381 --> 00:23:02,501 she had a huge infestation of ticks, all life stages as you can 281 00:23:02,501 --> 00:23:06,451 see on the right from a photo og her ear, she lived alone in the pasture and 282 00:23:06,451 --> 00:23:11,641 did not travel. In early November 2017 I identified the tick as Haemaphysalis longicornis, 283 00:23:11,641 --> 00:23:14,951 the asian longhorn tick using DNA barcoding, 284 00:23:14,951 --> 00:23:19,861 a set of chromo-oxidase 1-CO-1. This is confirmed by expert ID at 285 00:23:19,861 --> 00:23:23,941 USDA, national veterinary services laboratory later that month and 286 00:23:23,941 --> 00:23:26,631 things kind of settle down for the winter at this point we didn't know 287 00:23:26,631 --> 00:23:30,261 if this was the only property in the US that had these ticks and we were waiting for 288 00:23:30,261 --> 00:23:34,191 spring to find out. In April 2018, it happen to be Friday 289 00:23:34,191 --> 00:23:39,341 the 13th it was confirmed that they overwintered at the site in Hunterdon 290 00:23:39,341 --> 00:23:44,611 as well as a 2nd detation in Union County. In May 2018 as 291 00:23:44,611 --> 00:23:48,731 part of an unrelated project some limited surveillance was done across New Jersey 292 00:23:48,731 --> 00:23:52,251 it was called "New Jersey tick blitz" and even though it wasn't aimed at H. longicornis of 293 00:23:52,251 --> 00:23:57,091 course we were able to detect it in 2 additional counties the Mercer County and 294 00:23:57,091 --> 00:24:00,631 then from July through September we found in 3 more counties 295 00:24:00,631 --> 00:24:04,821 bring it to a total of 7 where we are now and the website I have linked 296 00:24:04,821 --> 00:24:08,841 at the bottom here is keeping track of all the press releases in the different 297 00:24:08,841 --> 00:24:11,971 counties and states if you're interested. 298 00:24:11,971 --> 00:24:17,071 So moving on this is the current status in New Jersey, you can see it's mostly central 299 00:24:17,071 --> 00:24:22,291 New Jersey found on livestock, wildlife,dogs and the environment and 300 00:24:22,291 --> 00:24:26,981 a re-examination of some historical samples identified that H. longicornis 301 00:24:26,981 --> 00:24:31,521 was collected from a dog in Union County thats the dark, 302 00:24:31,521 --> 00:24:36,901 green star right there in 2013 ths back-dates the 303 00:24:36,901 --> 00:24:42,001 known date of introduction quite a bit and real quick on the bottom, New Jersey 304 00:24:42,001 --> 00:24:45,721 Department of Agriculture has created a website with resources and a hotline for 305 00:24:45,721 --> 00:24:50,791 residents to call the hotline named 1-833 NEW TICKand in collaboration with 306 00:24:50,791 --> 00:24:55,351 U.S.D.A. arrange for drop off locations in each New Jersey County where residents 307 00:24:55,351 --> 00:25:00,661 can drop off suspected ticks that are then collected and sent to N.B.S.L. for ID and 308 00:25:00,661 --> 00:25:03,881 I believe the drop box have been working well I think the most recent county added to 309 00:25:03,881 --> 00:25:09,353 the list, Somerset, was a result of the drop-box submission. 310 00:25:09,353 --> 00:25:12,583 So, the whole time the new detections have been occurring in New Jersey and in another state 311 00:25:12,583 --> 00:25:16,323 they have been collecting and barcoding the samples, firstly to confirm they are H. longicornis and 312 00:25:16,323 --> 00:25:21,073 then to do a spatial comparison, using genetics. This is a close up of the New Jersey area, I 313 00:25:21,073 --> 00:25:25,733 have sample from farther south to Virginia, West Virginia area, but I'm zooming into 314 00:25:25,733 --> 00:25:30,573 New Jersey for the talk. So far I have found 3 haplotypes across all the US and all 315 00:25:30,573 --> 00:25:35,513 3 are represented in this New Jersey area right, here the yellow, the red, the blue and 316 00:25:35,513 --> 00:25:37,483 you can see some interesting spatial differences for 317 00:25:37,483 --> 00:25:42,983 example, Bergen County, New Jersey that where 38 the numbers are the sample 318 00:25:42,983 --> 00:25:47,913 size matches neighboring Westchester and Rockland NY counties while for 319 00:25:47,913 --> 00:25:51,613 example Staten Island which the high was 69 320 00:25:51,613 --> 00:25:55,713 matches the other New Jersey counties qoute one quote across the river so 321 00:25:55,713 --> 00:25:59,783 I'm working on a manuscript with this data plus additional U.S. 322 00:25:59,783 --> 00:26:02,893 states and comparisons to data available in genbank from Australia and 323 00:26:02,893 --> 00:26:07,083 China. I'm developing some A.B.C. models to evaluate the likelihood of different 324 00:26:07,083 --> 00:26:09,893 introduction pathways, hoping to submit this by the end of the year. 325 00:26:11,260 --> 00:26:16,030 Lookig at field surveys after detecting a population at Cook campus at 326 00:26:16,030 --> 00:26:19,870 Rutgers we develop the campus surveys indicated on this map here, the yellow sites 327 00:26:19,870 --> 00:26:23,620 are where they were first detected in a patch of unmowed grass, nex to a goat enclosure, 328 00:26:23,620 --> 00:26:27,270 the blue circles indicate lifestock locations on campus, it's an agricultural 329 00:26:27,270 --> 00:26:31,660 campus so it has all kinds of horses, cows, goats, sheep, ect, but 330 00:26:31,660 --> 00:26:35,170 its important to note that while it has this things an its a nice green space, its nestled 331 00:26:35,170 --> 00:26:39,470 right up against the city of New Brunswick. If you can see here on the map in the upper 332 00:26:39,470 --> 00:26:44,600 left hand corner it starts to get more urban. The whole part of central New Jersey 333 00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:49,951 in fact a pretty its pretty developed. So for a short survey we chose 12 sites and 334 00:26:49,951 --> 00:26:54,101 300 feet transected each site note, these are relatively small transect less than 100 335 00:26:54,101 --> 00:26:59,921 meters and this was done in May 2018. Pink sites where we found it and in green sites 336 00:26:59,921 --> 00:27:04,471 we did not and then we chose a subset of 3 pink and 3 greens to continue sampling 337 00:27:04,471 --> 00:27:09,961 monthly to get an idea of phenology. So the top graph is the 338 00:27:09,961 --> 00:27:13,241 site where we found it the "" positive site in May and 339 00:27:13,241 --> 00:27:17,421 the bottom graph is the "" negative site for the site we did not find it in may. 340 00:27:17,421 --> 00:27:20,131 And the first thing to jumped out is the explosion of larvae in August and 341 00:27:20,131 --> 00:27:23,901 September and the "" negative didn't remain negative but 342 00:27:23,901 --> 00:27:26,121 actually had Larvae showing up in September and 343 00:27:26,121 --> 00:27:30,891 October, though if you look at the scale bar, much lower numbers than the positive site. 344 00:27:32,262 --> 00:27:35,232 So ticks and larval numbers kind of overwhelm things, I am going 345 00:27:35,232 --> 00:27:38,022 to switch to a log axis so you can see what's going on and 346 00:27:38,022 --> 00:27:42,762 we've got nymphs in May and June in the spring early summer. 347 00:27:43,812 --> 00:27:48,792 We've got adults in July and August and larvae kind of in August 348 00:27:48,792 --> 00:27:52,372 through October starting to trail off then towards the end of October, but 349 00:27:52,372 --> 00:27:57,382 we also had some larvae that showed up in May. We have another survey planned for 350 00:27:57,382 --> 00:28:00,992 next week and crossing our fingers that we're done for the season. 351 00:28:02,740 --> 00:28:05,660 Just to give you an idea some places we've been collecting them, the top left is 352 00:28:05,660 --> 00:28:09,430 the original place we found them on Cook campus, its a patch of unmowed grass next to 353 00:28:09,430 --> 00:28:14,230 a goat pen, you can see the sign on the right in the pic and with a relatively large slab 354 00:28:14,230 --> 00:28:18,570 of wood behind it's hard to tell that the grass is rather high in this patch 355 00:28:18,570 --> 00:28:23,910 maybe, knee high-ish and anecdotally after detection this area was mowed and 356 00:28:23,910 --> 00:28:27,840 we no longer found ticks in the immediate area but we continue to collect 357 00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:32,160 them in grass in occasionally large numbers from further back along the wood 358 00:28:32,160 --> 00:28:36,460 line you can see in the back of the image there. So the woods edges are in fact a great 359 00:28:36,460 --> 00:28:41,340 place to collect longicornis on campus we finding them in brush and talk grass, 360 00:28:41,340 --> 00:28:46,170 that border bush and fields like you can see in the bottom two photos, one outlier was the top right this 361 00:28:46,170 --> 00:28:51,120 was some short sparse vegetation a kind of next to a road and 362 00:28:51,120 --> 00:28:54,520 we're collecting them even from here and it wasn't in huge numbers compared to 363 00:28:54,520 --> 00:29:00,551 the other locations but it was still interesting and kind of unexpected. 364 00:29:00,551 --> 00:29:04,621 So, just summing up the field surveys we did see some overlap in life stages but 365 00:29:04,621 --> 00:29:09,611 there were certain time of year that was more prevalent for each stage, many different 366 00:29:09,611 --> 00:29:14,121 vegetation types although not found iin large numbers in well mainteind frequently mowed 367 00:29:14,121 --> 00:29:17,761 grass. They can be found there for example in the negative sites where they showed up in 368 00:29:17,761 --> 00:29:21,971 August and September but not in that large numbers as the fields or wood edges so 369 00:29:21,971 --> 00:29:25,581 it's not known whether the larvae would have survived in those locations and 370 00:29:25,581 --> 00:29:29,071 had a continous population, my guess is that there's some kind of spillover and 371 00:29:29,071 --> 00:29:31,881 probably would not have a continuous population but 372 00:29:31,881 --> 00:29:35,951 I don't have data on that. 373 00:29:37,861 --> 00:29:41,331 Also we saw an association with deer presence so 374 00:29:41,331 --> 00:29:44,841 anytime we saw got trails or visual sightings of deer 375 00:29:44,841 --> 00:29:49,831 it was sure to have a lot of longicornis although again it's not been formally tested. 376 00:29:51,101 --> 00:29:54,171 We have plans to continue and expand the surveys next year to 377 00:29:54,171 --> 00:29:56,561 test some of these hypothesis and 378 00:29:56,561 --> 00:30:00,471 just as an annecdote, dispite collecting in areas of lots of longicornis and 379 00:30:00,471 --> 00:30:05,701 even occasionally finding some of them on us none attached and fed. So meanwhile 380 00:30:05,701 --> 00:30:10,361 we had a bunch of Lone Star bites specially larvae in August and September so even 381 00:30:10,361 --> 00:30:14,531 though lone star's we're not as abundant in the transect as H. longicornis so 382 00:30:14,531 --> 00:30:17,651 the lone stars were still finding us but the H. longicornis were not as interested. 383 00:30:19,653 --> 00:30:24,523 So just to give a little bit about experience of control before I begin I just want 384 00:30:24,523 --> 00:30:28,403 to emphasize these are not formal experiments just anecdotal experience and 385 00:30:28,403 --> 00:30:31,333 I did not do any of these things myself so if you any questions please reach 386 00:30:31,333 --> 00:30:35,763 out to the folks in red at the bottom of the slide who were involved in the work. 387 00:30:35,763 --> 00:30:40,153 So 1st reported in our journal of medical entomology paper earlier this year 388 00:30:40,153 --> 00:30:43,453 the original sheep Hannah was treated with a Permanone wash and was 389 00:30:43,453 --> 00:30:48,313 determined to be free of ticks after the treatment. Tadhgh Rainey from the Hunterdon 390 00:30:48,313 --> 00:30:51,083 county health departments and Scott Crans from the New Jersey office of 391 00:30:51,083 --> 00:30:55,543 Mosquitoe control coordination have tested different formulations of product on known 392 00:30:55,543 --> 00:31:00,313 areas infested with H. longicornis. So the areas are moed, the products were 393 00:31:00,313 --> 00:31:03,993 applied following high-end label rate and then subsequently checked for 394 00:31:03,993 --> 00:31:09,573 ticks by flagging/dragging. So something to note both the granular and 395 00:31:09,573 --> 00:31:13,893 liquid formulation that they tested appeared to successfully kill H. longiconris 396 00:31:13,893 --> 00:31:17,143 ticks and the ticks were not found after apliction. 397 00:31:17,143 --> 00:31:20,223 They note that the liquid formulation is easier to apply evenly but 398 00:31:20,223 --> 00:31:25,035 the granular carbarrel has fewer label restrictions. 399 00:31:25,035 --> 00:31:28,165 So again if you have any questions these are the folks to email at the bottom here. 400 00:31:29,520 --> 00:31:33,640 With our experience at Rutgers once it was detected on campus, 401 00:31:34,900 --> 00:31:39,720 there needed to be a plan in place to allow transport off campus because as 402 00:31:39,720 --> 00:31:43,720 the ticks were being found on animals on campus and so 403 00:31:43,720 --> 00:31:48,400 a plan was developed that involves treating monthly with Permitherin following 404 00:31:48,400 --> 00:31:53,330 the product label, animals being transported off campus needed to be treated 5-10 days 405 00:31:53,330 --> 00:31:58,280 prior to shipping and all the animals were scratched for ticks 2-3 times a year and 406 00:31:58,280 --> 00:32:02,140 any ticks found are sent to the NJDA or Rutgers CVB por proper 407 00:32:02,140 --> 00:32:05,380 identification and I am assuming this plan is working because 408 00:32:05,380 --> 00:32:09,380 I work very closely with CVB and I have not heard any reports of ticks being found in 409 00:32:09,380 --> 00:32:13,750 the animal since the plan was started. Outside of the animals, the plan includes 410 00:32:13,750 --> 00:32:17,460 keeping pasture mowed, less than 8 inches in height as well the 25 ft 411 00:32:17,460 --> 00:32:22,050 buffer zone that keeps areas adjacent to pastures mowed also and currently there 412 00:32:22,050 --> 00:32:26,140 are no plans to treat on campus with traditional acaricdes for a number of reasons 413 00:32:26,140 --> 00:32:30,030 student traffic, dobies of water, environmental concerns but 414 00:32:30,030 --> 00:32:34,470 they are investigating plans with fungal acaricides next year. 415 00:32:34,470 --> 00:32:40,582 Again the contact information is for these folks at the bottom here. 416 00:32:40,582 --> 00:32:44,542 So that was a lot, got a lot of acknowledgments, lots of folks, it has been a very 417 00:32:44,542 --> 00:32:48,822 collaborative effort and I also wanted to thank you all also for your attention. 418 00:32:52,184 --> 00:32:55,334 I'm going to talk a little bit about the New York experience and 419 00:32:58,324 --> 00:33:03,704 I can say that the prior to 2018 we really only had 4 species 420 00:33:03,704 --> 00:33:09,154 of ticks that we had to worry about until, this tick presented istself, 421 00:33:09,154 --> 00:33:12,514 that all changed with the with the presentation of the stick which was 422 00:33:12,514 --> 00:33:17,354 found attached to a person in Westcheser County in June and up 423 00:33:17,354 --> 00:33:21,344 to this point H. longicornis had never been reported in the New York State before. 424 00:33:23,780 --> 00:33:28,400 We found this tick as a result of a long running project with Dr Gary Wormser and 425 00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:32,960 his group at the New York Medical College. While the focus of this tick bite study is I. scapularis 426 00:33:32,960 --> 00:33:36,860 we get other ticks species that come off 427 00:33:38,270 --> 00:33:43,550 patients. This particular tick came in on June 4th, when a patient 428 00:33:43,550 --> 00:33:48,420 visited doctor Wormser at the Lyme disease diagnostic center, we've got the tick for 429 00:33:48,420 --> 00:33:53,650 identification, obtained the history of the victim. We identify 430 00:33:53,650 --> 00:33:58,460 the tickets as Haemoaphysalis but after being in contact with our colleagues at Rutgers 431 00:33:59,620 --> 00:34:04,710 realized it could be H. longicornis. We sent it to Andrea and Dena at Rutgers for 432 00:34:04,710 --> 00:34:10,340 D.N.A. barcoding it was confirmed as H. longcornis. We then sent it to the U.S.D.A. 433 00:34:10,340 --> 00:34:15,340 for confirmation, we reinterviewed the patient regarding his exposure history and 434 00:34:15,340 --> 00:34:20,070 then sample the patient's yard for ticks. To our knowledge this was the 1st reported 435 00:34:20,070 --> 00:34:24,430 human bite of this tick in the US and certainly it was the 1st in the New York State. 436 00:34:25,789 --> 00:34:30,769 The patient resided in Yonkers which is the 4th largest city in New York State 437 00:34:30,769 --> 00:34:35,719 Patient had no travel history other than work in Westchester County, residence 438 00:34:35,719 --> 00:34:40,139 was a private house in a largely suburban neighborhood surrounded by grass on 3 439 00:34:40,139 --> 00:34:47,449 sides as you can see here and a patio out back. Across the street was a municipal park. 440 00:34:47,449 --> 00:34:51,599 It was a relatively small, property was relatively small and given the size and 441 00:34:51,599 --> 00:34:55,569 nature of the property we were really pessimistic about finding H. longicornis 442 00:34:55,569 --> 00:35:00,029 you know for the 1st time on this property. We use both dragging and 443 00:35:00,029 --> 00:35:05,739 flagging, ragging is a one metre square piece of 444 00:35:05,739 --> 00:35:11,139 of corduroy cloth dragged over the vegetation, flagging is used by some groups to collect 445 00:35:11,139 --> 00:35:16,749 this tick, it's a shorter cloth different motion. We use both methods but 446 00:35:16,749 --> 00:35:20,159 we eventually abandon the flag and went sowly to dragging. 447 00:35:21,259 --> 00:35:26,149 We did find for our amazement, 4 H. longicornis on the property. 448 00:35:27,609 --> 00:35:33,290 3 nymphs right here, all on grass, 2 out in the open sun and 449 00:35:33,290 --> 00:35:36,650 an adult (female) out in the open sun. 450 00:35:36,650 --> 00:35:39,340 We sample almost 100 percent of the property. 451 00:35:40,490 --> 00:35:45,190 This was one of the sites where we found a nymphal tick, out in the open, in the short 452 00:35:45,190 --> 00:35:50,310 grass out in the sun. This is where we found the adult tick which is again an out 453 00:35:50,310 --> 00:35:55,160 in the grass, short grass, in the public area right next to the sidewalk 454 00:35:57,481 --> 00:36:02,711 We then went across the street to the municipal park, I'm sorry this was, 455 00:36:02,711 --> 00:36:07,801 yeah we want to cross the street to the municipal park and we collected 456 00:36:07,801 --> 00:36:12,681 on the July 9th and July 18th we found 11 H. longicornis at 457 00:36:12,681 --> 00:36:18,850 the park. The 1st sampling effort 14 and next both nymphs and females. 458 00:36:18,850 --> 00:36:21,380 This is the habitat of the park we found 459 00:36:22,420 --> 00:36:27,020 a lot of H. longicornis out on this open field in the grass, also found that 460 00:36:27,020 --> 00:36:32,862 along the grass along the edge. This was a hot spot for 461 00:36:32,862 --> 00:36:38,172 H. longicornis females at the park, next to the woods,a little longer grass 462 00:36:38,172 --> 00:36:47,515 next to the wood lot. Now behind the 463 00:36:49,545 --> 00:36:53,835 patients residence there was a trail, that was 26 464 00:36:53,835 --> 00:36:58,415 miles long, which extended from Yonkers all the way up to crowdent. 465 00:36:59,695 --> 00:37:04,905 We sampled this trail from July 10th to July 31st. 466 00:37:09,107 --> 00:37:10,447 And this was a 467 00:37:11,787 --> 00:37:16,497 some of the habitat from this trail, this trail went right up against 468 00:37:16,497 --> 00:37:21,948 houses, very residential in some spots wood in other spots and 469 00:37:21,948 --> 00:37:27,018 again we're finding picks along this trail in the grassy areas, 470 00:37:27,018 --> 00:37:31,138 we did see deer on a number of occasions on this trail so 471 00:37:31,138 --> 00:37:37,168 we know deer were were getting down. We did take this trail and 472 00:37:37,168 --> 00:37:42,598 broke it up into 7 quadrats, in each quadrats we 473 00:37:42,598 --> 00:37:47,558 sampled, we had one sampling point, each sampling point was a 1000 meters 474 00:37:49,399 --> 00:37:54,199 of drag sampling. We wound up finding H. longicornis on every side of 475 00:37:54,199 --> 00:37:58,769 the trail, numbers ranged from 67 nymphs and females per 476 00:37:58,769 --> 00:38:05,249 1000 meters at one site in the southern part of the trail to 1 per 1000 m 477 00:38:05,249 --> 00:38:10,169 in the northern part of the trail. With then took one of the quadrats 478 00:38:11,429 --> 00:38:16,109 and sampled it every week, from July 10th to November 12t,h for a total of 479 00:38:16,109 --> 00:38:21,039 18 sample days, our goal was to try to get some idea of the seasonal activity patterns 480 00:38:21,039 --> 00:38:22,529 for all 3 stages of the tick. 481 00:38:25,721 --> 00:38:30,391 We can see here this is the activity curve that we generated from our sampling at 482 00:38:30,391 --> 00:38:35,821 this one site along this trail, females peaked in late July to mid August maxing 483 00:38:35,821 --> 00:38:41,981 out at about 73 females per 1000 meters on August 10th. We did have 484 00:38:41,981 --> 00:38:47,121 a mowing event, Andrea wwas talking about her experiences with mowing 485 00:38:47,121 --> 00:38:51,981 we did have a mowing event sometime between 8/10-8/16.81 486 00:38:51,981 --> 00:38:56,441 August 10 - Aug 16th that could account for the steep drop but 487 00:38:56,441 --> 00:39:01,801 they never really never recovered and then they started to disappear. So 488 00:39:01,801 --> 00:39:06,121 again we don't quite know what would have happened here without the mowing but 489 00:39:06,121 --> 00:39:09,051 we think it did have an effect, but certainly the adults 490 00:39:09,051 --> 00:39:13,551 did peak at this point here. For the nymphs we thought we were coming off of peak when 491 00:39:13,551 --> 00:39:17,541 we 1st started sampling again we didn't start sampling until July 10th. 492 00:39:18,631 --> 00:39:23,581 But the numbers increased again as we got later in the season to a maximum of 33 493 00:39:23,581 --> 00:39:28,441 nymphs per 1000 meters on September 17th so it'll be interesting to see. I mean 494 00:39:28,441 --> 00:39:33,041 we thought we maybe we might be having 2 peaks coming off of a peak here before we 495 00:39:33,041 --> 00:39:37,021 start sampling and then another one in September be interesting to go back to 496 00:39:37,021 --> 00:39:42,041 the site next year when we have a full season sampling 497 00:39:43,351 --> 00:39:48,511 to see what we get. Larvae were a whole different story as far as just sheer 498 00:39:48,511 --> 00:39:53,491 numbers the larval activity peaked in early September with a staggering 499 00:39:53,491 --> 00:39:59,641 27,500 larvae per 1000 meters collected on September 6th. 500 00:40:03,481 --> 00:40:09,011 Larvae were difficult to collect and count often clumping up on the cloth 501 00:40:09,011 --> 00:40:12,431 we use a lint roller to collect them and 502 00:40:12,431 --> 00:40:17,221 then we would take the lint roller sheets and put them in plastic bags. 503 00:40:17,221 --> 00:40:20,341 This was a typical sampling day in August, 504 00:40:21,781 --> 00:40:26,551 where after we put the put the sheets in the bags, it generally 505 00:40:26,551 --> 00:40:31,351 took 3 days of counting for each sample da, so this tick involved 506 00:40:31,351 --> 00:40:36,201 a lot, a lot of work. We're trying to automate this process but we figured 507 00:40:37,311 --> 00:40:40,741 Because this was the 1st time we're finding this tick we wanted to do actual 508 00:40:40,741 --> 00:40:45,281 counts this year we'll see if we can do something different next year. 509 00:40:46,650 --> 00:40:48,290 Just to give you some perspective. 510 00:40:49,480 --> 00:40:56,260 On how these larval numbers compare to I. scapulari in our area. 511 00:40:56,260 --> 00:41:01,250 I took this larval curve that we just talked about and 512 00:41:01,250 --> 00:41:08,130 put on it the 2018 I. scapularis numbers that we generated 513 00:41:08,130 --> 00:41:13,560 from a study site about 20 miles from the H. longicornis site. THis study site, 514 00:41:13,560 --> 00:41:18,800 the I. scapularis study site, we sample every week throughout most of the year so 515 00:41:18,800 --> 00:41:22,760 we get a pretty good handle on the tick numbers at that site that are weekly 516 00:41:22,760 --> 00:41:28,340 numbered. In the red here, you can see this is the 2018 larval curve and 517 00:41:28,340 --> 00:41:34,160 we peaked at a little over 2000 larvae in about mid August compare that 518 00:41:34,160 --> 00:41:40,520 to the 27,500 larvae for H. longicornis. We had 13 times more larvae, 519 00:41:40,520 --> 00:41:46,440 more H. longicornis larvae at peak than I. scapularis. We then went back and 520 00:41:46,440 --> 00:41:50,830 well went back 10 years and took the highest larval number year for 521 00:41:50,830 --> 00:41:54,480 the last 10 years which turned out to be 2008 and 522 00:41:54,480 --> 00:42:00,300 in 2008 we collected, at peak, a little over 7,000 523 00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:05,580 I. scapularis larvae. And agian compare that to the 27,000 524 00:42:06,590 --> 00:42:11,530 H. longiconris, then we about 4 times more H. longicornis this year than 525 00:42:11,530 --> 00:42:16,040 one of the highest I. scapularisl years that we have on record. 526 00:42:17,950 --> 00:42:20,140 All in all we've detected H. longicornis 527 00:42:20,140 --> 00:42:25,620 in 7 towns in Westchester County from a total of 12 sites. 528 00:42:29,500 --> 00:42:33,710 State wide there's evidence of H. longicornis in Westchester County, 529 00:42:33,710 --> 00:42:35,750 these are the sites that I just talked about, 530 00:42:36,830 --> 00:42:41,920 as well as in Rockland County, Amy Album from Cooperative Extension 531 00:42:41,920 --> 00:42:46,320 has a site in Rockland County that she collected the H. longicornis from. 532 00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:51,830 Scott Campbell from Suffolk County has a site and Maria Dayak and 533 00:42:51,830 --> 00:42:56,870 her group at Columbia have collected it in pretty good numbers in Staten Island. 534 00:42:59,710 --> 00:43:01,870 What we know or what we think we know about H. longicornis 535 00:43:01,870 --> 00:43:05,430 in New York State, you know it's confirmed from 3 counties and 536 00:43:05,430 --> 00:43:09,690 plus the New York City, its found in multiple sites in Westchester County including 537 00:43:09,690 --> 00:43:13,860 the LL center where we do our a lot of I. scapularis work. 538 00:43:13,860 --> 00:43:18,350 We find in a lot of variety of habitat short grass, long grass, wood, 539 00:43:18,350 --> 00:43:23,170 found in full sun, partial shade, it seems to prefer hot and 540 00:43:23,170 --> 00:43:28,240 humid days. The larvae seem to peak in late summer and early fall and 541 00:43:28,240 --> 00:43:33,560 they cluster in large numbers they do feed on deer in New York City from work 542 00:43:33,560 --> 00:43:38,400 nice work done by Columbia University. The thick doesn't seem to be very aggressive 543 00:43:38,400 --> 00:43:43,320 It doesn't seem to feed readily on people and I think Andrea alluded to that. 544 00:43:44,330 --> 00:43:47,650 Given the numbers of ticks out there we're just not seeing them in 545 00:43:47,650 --> 00:43:50,460 the numbers on people that you would expect. And 546 00:43:50,460 --> 00:43:54,350 one thing we can say is that sampling for I. scapularis will never be 547 00:43:54,350 --> 00:43:58,160 the same just because of the sheer numbers. When we're out sampling in August and 548 00:43:58,160 --> 00:44:01,110 September when the larval H. longicornis are out for 549 00:44:01,110 --> 00:44:05,920 sites that stick is overlapping it's going to be quite a challenge to deal with 550 00:44:05,920 --> 00:44:10,110 this as we do our I. scapularis sampling. I won't go into these just some 551 00:44:10,110 --> 00:44:14,370 of the things that we really need to know about H. longicornis in New York state. 552 00:44:15,861 --> 00:44:19,001 I will end by saying that one sobering thought. 553 00:44:20,371 --> 00:44:25,221 As of June 4th of this year we had in our possesion collected from the state one 554 00:44:25,221 --> 00:44:26,181 H. longicornis nymph, 555 00:44:27,630 --> 00:44:33,540 5 months later, by November 19th we had over 127,000 556 00:44:33,540 --> 00:44:38,090 ticks that we had collected. So in 5 months we really have come a long way and 557 00:44:38,090 --> 00:44:40,610 we've just wondering now what this means for next year. 558 00:44:42,110 --> 00:44:44,850 With these ticks the numbers are so 559 00:44:44,850 --> 00:44:49,100 high and again we're curious to see what we're going to get next year. 560 00:44:49,100 --> 00:44:53,470 I wanna thank everybody who has been involved in this people from our lab, Fordham, 561 00:44:53,470 --> 00:44:58,020 New York Medical College, and our colleagues from other institutions that are doing 562 00:44:58,020 --> 00:45:02,000 collecting of this tick. I want to get a particular shout out to Vanessa Vinci and 563 00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:07,150 Nick Piedmont that put a lot of work into this tick over the summer and 564 00:45:07,150 --> 00:45:12,821 they're already talking about how excited they are to do this again next year. 565 00:45:12,821 --> 00:45:16,801 So, we did have some questions submitted and I would like to take a moment so 566 00:45:16,801 --> 00:45:22,371 that we can share these questions and gain feedback from the panel. The first 567 00:45:22,371 --> 00:45:27,682 one asks: are there active management programs that could have also affected or 568 00:45:27,682 --> 00:45:30,232 perhaps limited distribution in New Zealand? 569 00:45:32,684 --> 00:45:38,374 Well if we've known about the tick and 570 00:45:38,374 --> 00:45:43,404 how readily it would have dispersed in the very early days, I mean it 571 00:45:43,404 --> 00:45:48,884 turned up in about, we found it in 1911 and it was probably 572 00:45:48,884 --> 00:45:55,261 be here since about 1894 and now when we did find we had the tick 573 00:45:55,261 --> 00:46:00,271 compulsory dipping was set up in certain parts of the North Island there was 574 00:46:00,271 --> 00:46:06,081 a tick market a to control or to border area a bit like the fence 575 00:46:06,081 --> 00:46:10,311 that your president is trying to put up except we dipped all the cattle. 576 00:46:11,721 --> 00:46:17,361 But by then to use another cliche the horse had bolted on unfortunatley and 577 00:46:17,361 --> 00:46:22,651 it was a little bit late to prevent the tic moving beyond its initial 578 00:46:22,651 --> 00:46:27,041 establishment area. But if we had the chemicals would, 579 00:46:27,041 --> 00:46:31,191 we didn't have to persistance chemicals in 1911, I wasn't alive back then but, 580 00:46:32,301 --> 00:46:36,881 that's the time when we probably could have done something about it and 581 00:46:36,881 --> 00:46:40,861 we may well have been able to prevented moving 582 00:46:40,861 --> 00:46:45,621 outside its original area that's about the only way I think it have could possibly be done. 583 00:46:47,503 --> 00:46:52,693 I don't know, I hoping that answers that particular question because 584 00:46:52,693 --> 00:46:57,373 you have to be aware as a said before that there are so many other hosts 585 00:46:57,373 --> 00:47:02,183 that cattle and sheep and horses the larger mammals are not the only ones and 586 00:47:02,183 --> 00:47:06,473 there's not a lot you can do about hares or coyotes or birds or whatever. 587 00:47:10,185 --> 00:47:16,235 Alright so I'll aske the next question now: so has aquired resistance to Longhorn 588 00:47:16,235 --> 00:47:21,625 tick bites been reported in the New Zealand and if so, how frequently is this reported? 589 00:47:24,066 --> 00:47:29,696 It hasn't been recorded all I know from personal observations and 590 00:47:29,696 --> 00:47:35,626 no one's actually done any studies or surveys on this that there are always some animals 591 00:47:35,626 --> 00:47:40,536 seem to have fewer ticks than others, but you can't always tell whether in fact 592 00:47:40,536 --> 00:47:44,376 it may just be that they've encountered few attacks while they've been postured. 593 00:47:46,207 --> 00:47:47,610 But. 594 00:47:47,610 --> 00:47:50,920 From what I've read and from what I know about tick infestatoions in other 595 00:47:50,920 --> 00:47:53,710 countries particularly in Australia when it comes to 596 00:47:54,930 --> 00:47:56,860 well you've got the same cattle tick, there 597 00:47:59,000 --> 00:48:02,680 are animals that are more resistant and 598 00:48:02,680 --> 00:48:07,660 there are actually breeds of animals such as the the indus breeds which you can use 599 00:48:07,660 --> 00:48:14,930 as a stock unit the can be run in areas where tick levels are very very high. 600 00:48:16,301 --> 00:48:21,381 So in answer I can say that there are some that are more resistant to the tick and 601 00:48:21,381 --> 00:48:25,901 you can use a breeding program to select those but we don't have any 602 00:48:25,901 --> 00:48:29,121 information in New Zealand that would be of any use beyond that point. 603 00:48:32,772 --> 00:48:37,662 So the next question I wanted to ask is: How much do these ticks infest dogs in 604 00:48:37,662 --> 00:48:44,005 New Zealand? They're actually very common on dogs as far as I can recall from 605 00:48:44,005 --> 00:48:48,745 farmers are frequently telling me about their dogs being infested, cats as well so 606 00:48:48,745 --> 00:48:54,475 any animal that runs out into the pasture will have ticks attached to 607 00:48:54,475 --> 00:48:59,665 it eventually. Besides rabbit what other small mammals are present in New Zealand 608 00:48:59,665 --> 00:49:03,645 that are potential hosts, are there are small mammals on which lH. longicornis 609 00:49:03,645 --> 00:49:04,855 have not been found? 610 00:49:07,020 --> 00:49:10,770 The problem with that is that no, once again, no one's actually done a sort of 611 00:49:10,770 --> 00:49:16,290 a nationwide survey but it's been found on the European headgehog, I 612 00:49:17,970 --> 00:49:19,710 mentioned the rabbits and 613 00:49:19,710 --> 00:49:23,440 the hare particularly the European hare was a particularly good host. 614 00:49:24,810 --> 00:49:27,770 We don't have a lot of small mammals here actually there are a ferrets, 615 00:49:29,150 --> 00:49:34,140 there skunks, and there are weasels and I don't have any records of H. 616 00:49:34,140 --> 00:49:37,260 Longiconris having been taken off those particular animals. 617 00:49:38,630 --> 00:49:45,990 One of the rather strange host is our Kiwi, our flightless endemic bird which 618 00:49:45,990 --> 00:49:50,660 when let loose on postures with ticks on' it, it actually carries quite a few ticks not 619 00:49:50,660 --> 00:49:56,550 the adults, but quite a few larvae and in Nymphs. So, anything that walks and 620 00:49:56,550 --> 00:50:02,060 stalks amongst tick infested pasture, beina a mammal or bird will get infested. 621 00:50:03,352 --> 00:50:07,292 For Dr Falco: How were he larvae Found in New York identified?. 622 00:50:09,813 --> 00:50:14,823 Under a microscope, you know, using a key under the microscope. 623 00:50:18,855 --> 00:50:22,345 Of course you know, that's why I took it took 3 days 624 00:50:22,345 --> 00:50:24,985 because everything had to be look at under a scope and 625 00:50:24,985 --> 00:50:27,645 then everything had to be checked off as it was counted. 626 00:50:31,378 --> 00:50:35,248 The next question is how far laterally do the ticks move. 627 00:50:41,804 --> 00:50:43,664 Yeah I don't think we know that yet 628 00:50:43,664 --> 00:50:47,264 I mean we haven't done any kind of work looking at looking at their movements 629 00:50:47,264 --> 00:50:51,585 again and you know again we've only been dealing with this tick for a few months. 630 00:50:53,265 --> 00:50:54,761 I could answer that. 631 00:50:54,761 --> 00:50:59,641 I could anser that; we found probably 2 to 3 meters at most 632 00:51:00,671 --> 00:51:05,151 for a female and hardl any move at all for larvae. They just tend to stay 633 00:51:05,151 --> 00:51:08,601 clustered around the the eggs that they have climbed out all of and 634 00:51:08,601 --> 00:51:11,371 then just wait and climb up the vegetation. 635 00:51:12,981 --> 00:51:15,731 And the nymphs themselves also don't seem to move very far but 636 00:51:15,731 --> 00:51:19,981 the female might go 2-3 meters to find a sheltered spot to lay her eggs. 637 00:51:23,936 --> 00:51:28,236 Next question is: dp the larvae occur in masses like the Lone Star tick. 638 00:51:34,458 --> 00:51:39,008 Dr Falco; yes they do seem to occur in clumps and 639 00:51:39,008 --> 00:51:44,489 masses. Yes yes I would agree. That's right. 640 00:51:47,971 --> 00:51:53,071 The next question is, for Dr. Heath: does soil ph seem to affect the spread 641 00:51:53,071 --> 00:51:58,824 of the ticks? we've never measured that so I can't answer, sorry. 642 00:52:04,996 --> 00:52:09,256 The next question is: have the Longhorned tick 643 00:52:09,256 --> 00:52:12,736 exhibited permitherin resistance? 644 00:52:18,328 --> 00:52:25,858 No, I know the studies done in Japan with something like 5 years 645 00:52:25,858 --> 00:52:31,648 of a acaricide application to cattle and to pasture and has shown no signs of 646 00:52:32,818 --> 00:52:35,651 pyrethroid resistance and. 647 00:52:38,882 --> 00:52:43,832 In respect to that somebody once tried in 648 00:52:43,832 --> 00:52:48,832 New Zealand to take up a helicopter and spray pasture with pyrethroid 649 00:52:48,832 --> 00:52:52,652 from a helicopter I wouldn't recommend it as an environmental issue but 650 00:52:53,852 --> 00:52:57,512 that particular person seem to think it worked well but the problem with 651 00:52:57,512 --> 00:53:02,902 aerial application of insecticides is they don't always reach the soil 652 00:53:02,902 --> 00:53:08,694 surface. 653 00:53:08,694 --> 00:53:13,544 So, one question is: is there any data on the overwintering ability of the ticks? 654 00:53:15,920 --> 00:53:19,040 Yes, yes there is. As I showed in my presentation, 655 00:53:20,190 --> 00:53:25,530 they overwinter quite happily in New Zealand they overwinter mostly as nymphs 656 00:53:25,530 --> 00:53:29,900 unfed nymphs, although we have found unfed larvae and 657 00:53:29,900 --> 00:53:34,260 un-fed females in small numbers compared with the numbers of Nymphs. 658 00:53:34,260 --> 00:53:37,130 It's a behavioral diapause and they just happily sit there. 659 00:53:38,690 --> 00:53:46,810 They have found in Japan on the snow and they are quite happy on the snow so 660 00:53:46,810 --> 00:53:51,360 they go a very good adaptation as far as overwintering 661 00:53:51,360 --> 00:53:56,152 conditions are concerned. Dr. one more question for 662 00:53:56,152 --> 00:54:00,472 you: has this species been found in urban and suburban areas in New Zealand? 663 00:54:01,874 --> 00:54:06,104 Yes, it's found and found mostly in rural areas but 664 00:54:06,104 --> 00:54:11,284 occasionally it turns up in urban ones and in fact more recent expansions 665 00:54:11,284 --> 00:54:16,144 of its range have been found in the in an urban area in the South Island 666 00:54:16,144 --> 00:54:21,104 near a city called Christchurch and in fact listening to the richeness presentation 667 00:54:21,104 --> 00:54:24,244 it's very interesting that dog walkers particularly the ones that 668 00:54:25,444 --> 00:54:30,124 either are disseminating the tick or picking it up and 669 00:54:30,124 --> 00:54:34,334 it seems to be with more and more dogs particularly in New Zealand the more more 670 00:54:34,334 --> 00:54:36,784 people walking them further afield 671 00:54:36,784 --> 00:54:41,644 that perhaps they're helping distribute the tick beyond its rural confines. 672 00:54:45,918 --> 00:54:49,818 And may say that I'm very impressed with riches larval counting that's an awful 673 00:54:49,818 --> 00:54:53,108 lot of larvae to count I have never e seen so many myself. 674 00:54:55,138 --> 00:54:56,818 Well, on that note our next question is for 675 00:54:56,818 --> 00:55:02,408 Dr. Falko: how many adult males have been found in New York colection? None. 676 00:55:05,449 --> 00:55:10,019 Actually, Dr. have your efforts unearthed any males? 677 00:55:11,220 --> 00:55:14,600 Never found a male in New Zealand, I think two 678 00:55:14,600 --> 00:55:18,260 where found on Australia phallic amongst thousands and thousands of ticks examined. 679 00:55:21,340 --> 00:55:25,480 There was a report of a male, one male, but we have not been 680 00:55:25,480 --> 00:55:29,970 able to confirm that from New Jersey. 681 00:55:29,970 --> 00:55:34,340 I have personally looked at probably a few 100 adult that were all females. 682 00:55:37,931 --> 00:55:42,781 Emily, could I ask Rich, did he replcae the ticks? I know he took 683 00:55:42,781 --> 00:55:47,491 the larvae back to the lab but as far as the adults and nymphs were they all pickked up and 684 00:55:47,491 --> 00:55:52,091 taken back to a lab, none were actually placed back in the environment again? Right we 685 00:55:52,091 --> 00:55:57,261 took them back yes. So you would have. Well when we go back to the site 686 00:55:57,261 --> 00:56:01,741 you know you're not necessarily going over the exact same place so you know. 687 00:56:02,931 --> 00:56:06,181 You could say that yeah you're taking some out that could 688 00:56:06,181 --> 00:56:10,931 affect your counts next time but you're not sampling the exact same place again so 689 00:56:10,931 --> 00:56:16,081 we don't think that's an issue just the way we do the sampling area. 690 00:56:18,273 --> 00:56:23,133 And could I ask Andrea, has she got any idea now having done some 691 00:56:24,213 --> 00:56:25,253 molecular genetics work 692 00:56:26,415 --> 00:56:29,805 the actual origin of the tick where it may have come from another 693 00:56:29,805 --> 00:56:33,365 part of the world, or perhas how it may have entered? 694 00:56:35,801 --> 00:56:36,891 So for. 695 00:56:38,101 --> 00:56:41,341 Right now we're just working with available in gebank and there are only 696 00:56:41,341 --> 00:56:46,441 sequences from a few location in China and from Victoria in Australia 697 00:56:46,441 --> 00:56:51,451 available, so thats what I was comparing it with and I did find all of the US 698 00:56:51,451 --> 00:56:56,771 haplotype represented in those in those locations. I think two of them, 699 00:56:58,981 --> 00:57:02,781 one was in both, one of them was only in China and one of them only in 700 00:57:02,781 --> 00:57:04,951 Australia but I caution that 701 00:57:06,071 --> 00:57:09,641 these limited number of samples from a limited number of locations and 702 00:57:09,641 --> 00:57:13,811 it could be there is a population in another country or even another region of those 703 00:57:13,811 --> 00:57:18,181 countries that hasn't sampled yet that would have all 3. So its a little too early 704 00:57:18,181 --> 00:57:22,781 to be making determinations based on the genetics whether it's for single or 705 00:57:22,781 --> 00:57:27,291 multiple introductions. But we can say is that there were at least three females introduced. 706 00:57:27,291 --> 00:57:32,182 We don't know if they came at the same time or not. Yeah OK thank you. 707 00:57:35,956 --> 00:57:40,476 One question I have for Dr. Heath is: whether any testing has been conducted for 708 00:57:40,476 --> 00:57:44,826 particular pathogens possibly vectored by the tick in New Zealand. 709 00:57:46,528 --> 00:57:54,048 We know of a fungal pathogen that a colleague of mine has found, and in fact 710 00:57:54,048 --> 00:57:58,048 he's on the point of trying to get funding to actually explore that particular 711 00:57:59,128 --> 00:58:04,498 pathogen futher. It seems to be something that obviously fungal thing prefers 712 00:58:04,498 --> 00:58:09,398 moist, warm environments, and could be in the soil.But I know of no other 713 00:58:11,098 --> 00:58:16,088 Factors or pathogens or microbes or anything, parasitoid wasps, nothing like 714 00:58:16,088 --> 00:58:21,558 that has been found in New Zealand up to this point. And 715 00:58:21,558 --> 00:58:26,308 then for our New York/New Jersey panelists have any of the ticks been tested for 716 00:58:26,308 --> 00:58:28,378 pathogens and if so which ones? 717 00:58:32,610 --> 00:58:37,300 They're being tested now in New York for the both for the 718 00:58:38,410 --> 00:58:43,020 pathogens that we have routinely in I. scapularis plus for exotics aswell. 719 00:58:45,860 --> 00:58:48,980 Emily, I might have misunderstood the question I 720 00:58:48,980 --> 00:58:53,660 was thinking of pathogens against the tick rather than microbes or 721 00:58:53,660 --> 00:58:56,930 microorganisms carried by the tick can you clarify that question? 722 00:58:58,201 --> 00:59:02,301 Well so I guess both have been asked and that particular question we were wondering 723 00:59:02,301 --> 00:59:05,811 if any pathogens vectored by the tick or transmitted byt the tick. 724 00:59:07,491 --> 00:59:11,371 In that case theileriosis is a big problem in New Zealand but 725 00:59:11,371 --> 00:59:15,251 no other organisms have actually been isolated from the tick. 726 00:59:15,251 --> 00:59:17,341 We've had theileria orientalis 727 00:59:18,521 --> 00:59:20,851 serotypes and ketosi 728 00:59:22,101 --> 00:59:25,831 and bufalaya the 3 we have in New Zealand and 729 00:59:25,831 --> 00:59:30,491 they were recently discovered in the about 2012 with an australian origin. 730 00:59:35,451 --> 00:59:41,161 And then one question is: does this species feed on field mouse and 731 00:59:41,161 --> 00:59:43,621 if there's any comparison on it feeding on rats? 732 00:59:46,662 --> 00:59:49,893 I have tried to feed it on mice and 733 00:59:49,893 --> 00:59:52,693 rats in the past, it will feed on them it's just that 734 00:59:53,963 --> 00:59:55,513 well for a mouse they are so 735 00:59:55,513 --> 00:59:58,483 small that they're probably unlikely to pick up a few larvae but, 736 01:00:00,203 --> 01:00:04,693 I suppose I can just say without a good database opinion that 737 01:00:04,693 --> 01:00:09,303 you know those 2 those 2 mammals would be hosts but I don't know to what extent. 738 01:00:14,946 --> 01:00:18,066 The next question I have is: if there are any protocols or 739 01:00:18,066 --> 01:00:22,176 guidance documents regarding the full body wash and acaricide application for 740 01:00:22,176 --> 01:00:28,099 livestock? That's a US question? 741 01:00:30,100 --> 01:00:32,930 Right, if there is guidance for New Zealand it might be 742 01:00:32,930 --> 01:00:38,202 helpful if guidance does not currently exist in the US. Right well, 743 01:00:39,630 --> 01:00:43,100 in New Zealand we actually have a very limited number of 744 01:00:44,290 --> 01:00:49,310 ectoparasiticides available for application to livestock we've been under considerable 745 01:00:49,310 --> 01:00:55,540 pressure because of insecticide residue concerns in both meat and wool and pelts. 746 01:00:56,930 --> 01:01:02,850 But the current protocols are that as a large number of low volume applications or 747 01:01:02,850 --> 01:01:06,740 so called pour-ons they are the usual ones that are applied. So 748 01:01:06,740 --> 01:01:12,100 in that being a farmer goes to a veterinarian or to a 749 01:01:13,460 --> 01:01:13,960 fly 750 01:01:15,070 --> 01:01:20,110 and it picks up a can or whatever acaricide he wants to use and applies it 751 01:01:20,110 --> 01:01:24,870 to the animal was he supposed to read the labels on the can but they don't always so 752 01:01:24,870 --> 01:01:29,550 the protocols no matter how detailed and how carefully prepared, are not always 753 01:01:29,550 --> 01:01:33,930 followed. So you can go to the veterinary entomology dot org website and 754 01:01:35,030 --> 01:01:40,030 on there, some select states that have that have veterinary entomologists 755 01:01:41,300 --> 01:01:42,620 you can go in there 756 01:01:43,660 --> 01:01:47,970 and it will have/tell you what products are registered for different 757 01:01:47,970 --> 01:01:53,420 types of animals I've created a list for my producers, here in Tennessee to help 758 01:01:53,420 --> 01:01:57,820 them you know control things before it gets out of hand potentially next year or 759 01:01:57,820 --> 01:02:03,130 the year after. The other thing is you can go to the tick erradiction program 760 01:02:03,130 --> 01:02:07,880 out of Texas and they have a lot of great information there on where to get 761 01:02:09,920 --> 01:02:15,391 I guess protocols on how to control and treat animals. Thank you that is very helpful. 762 01:02:16,471 --> 01:02:17,801 The next question I want to ask is: if 763 01:02:19,991 --> 01:02:24,501 the H. longicornis travels with dogs into new areas what is the panel's assesment 764 01:02:24,501 --> 01:02:30,063 with respect to introduction into other regions of the world such as Europe. 765 01:02:33,461 --> 01:02:38,141 Good question actually, there has been a couple of species of haemaphysalis, 766 01:02:38,141 --> 01:02:43,241 one in particular I think it's concinna has been found in the U.K. 767 01:02:43,241 --> 01:02:45,401 currently and it slowly spreading so. 768 01:02:46,521 --> 01:02:52,811 If the bio security measures are not good then there's no reason why H. longicornis 769 01:02:52,811 --> 01:02:58,011 couldn't spread elsewhere, it seems to have as I said before, a considerable 770 01:02:59,051 --> 01:03:03,331 bioclimatic plasticity and the inability to reside just about anywhere and 771 01:03:03,331 --> 01:03:05,751 if you look at its current distribution on East Asia. 772 01:03:06,841 --> 01:03:09,651 They must be numerous places throughout the world where it would happily 773 01:03:09,651 --> 01:03:10,231 establish. 774 01:03:15,116 --> 01:03:20,216 And on that note: are there any current ideas as round how to tick 775 01:03:20,216 --> 01:03:21,836 became present in the United States? 776 01:03:25,979 --> 01:03:29,279 I would blame tourists myself or 777 01:03:30,779 --> 01:03:33,319 perhaps US citizens returning from 778 01:03:34,769 --> 01:03:41,009 australia or the Far East. These ticks we frequently find ticks on humans and 779 01:03:41,009 --> 01:03:45,469 in fact we've looked at the numbers of species and that has come into 780 01:03:45,469 --> 01:03:50,149 New Zealand and more than half of them that have been intercepted and our border 781 01:03:50,149 --> 01:03:54,079 our on human beings are either in the luggage or attached to their persons. 782 01:03:55,329 --> 01:04:00,979 The Reminder on companion animals and mostly dogs so 783 01:04:00,979 --> 01:04:05,039 I wouldn't discount any particular vehicle of entry but 784 01:04:05,039 --> 01:04:09,969 I would probably sit a little bit more heavily towards humans and 785 01:04:09,969 --> 01:04:12,509 their personal positions or their persons.