Economics of Disability Research Report #2: Estimates of Employment Rates for Persons with Disabilities in the United States by State, 1980 through 1998 Andrew J. Houtenville, Ph.D. Rehabilitation Research and Training Center School of Industrial and Labor Relations Cornell University This research is funded by the United States Department of Education, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, cooperative agreement No. 13313980038. It does not necessarily reflect the view of the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. The author thanks Richard V. Burkhauser for his helpful comments. ABSTRACT This report uses data from the March Current Population Survey to estimate employment rates for persons with and without a disability in the non- institutionalized working-age (aged 25 through 61) civilian population in the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia for the years 1980 through 1998. The employment rate of persons with a disability relative to that of persons without disabilities varies greatly across states. However, over the last 20 years the relative employment rate of those with a disability dramatically declined overall and in most states. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to provide estimates of the employment rates of the non-institutionalized working-age (aged 25 through 61) civilian populations with a disability and without disabilities over the period 1980 through 1998 using the March Supplement of the Current Population Survey (CPS). Estimates of the populations with and without a disability are reported in "Economics of Disability Research Report (EDRR) #1: Estimates of the Prevalence of Disability in the United States by State, 1981 through 1999."*1 The employment rates of persons with a disability are compared to the employment rates of those without disabilities. Brief summaries of state rankings and changes over time are provided. The Appendix discusses the statistical precision of the estimated annual employment rates and how to convert the employment rates presented in this report into levels of employed non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a disability. DATA SOURCE AND DEFINITIONS The CPS is a monthly survey of the non-institutionalized population of the United States, conducted by the Bureau of the Census on behalf of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Information is collected from approximately 50,000 households (about 150,000 individuals) on labor force characteristics (e.g., employment, earnings, hours of work).*2 In March of each year, the CPS basic monthly survey is supplemented with the Annual Demographic Survey, also known as the March Supplement or the March Income Supplement. This supplement focuses on sources of household income, government program participation, previous employment, insurance, and a variety of demographic characteristics. In 1981 the March Supplement was expanded to include several questions about disability and income derived from disability programs and insurance. The CPS and the March Supplement are used extensively by government agencies, academic researchers, policy makers, journalists, and the general public to evaluate government programs, economic circumstances and the behavior of individuals, families and households.*3 A major advantage of using the CPS to track the employment of non- institutionalized working-age civilians with a disability is its large sample size. It is possible to measure employment for the United States and many states because the CPS samples approximately 150,000 people. The March CPS also provides a relatively consistent set of questions on disability and employment from year to year.*4 In this report, disability is defined using a single question in the March CPS. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having) "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do."*5 This definition puts disability in the social context of work. This simple definition of disability is not directly affected by program participation. This measure of disability is commonly used in the economics literature (see Bound and Burkhauser, 1999). Most recently, Burkhauser, Daly and Houtenville (2000) use this definition to estimate the employment and economic well-being of the non-institutionalized working-age civilian population with a disability. The work limitation concept of disability can also be found in many national surveys (e.g., National Health Interview Survey, Survey of Income and Program Participation, Panel Study of Income Dynamics) that have been used to measure the working-age population with a disability. As Economics of Disability Research Report #1 shows, using this work limitation measure of disability, the percentage of United States non-institutionalized working-age civilian population with a disability ranged from a low of 7.2 percent in survey year 1988 to a high of 8.4 percent in survey year 1994. EDRR #1 compares this measure of disability to an alternative measure of disability based on work limitation and participation in disability-related public programs. The trends over time of these two measures of disability were similar. The CPS Basic Monthly Survey inquires about employment in the week prior to the survey. Unfortunately, the CPS Basic Monthly Survey was substantially revised in January 1994, which makes it difficult to compare employment using this weekly frame before and after survey year 1994. The CPS March Supplement asks about employment in the previous calendar year. This question has been consistently asked over the years covered by this report. Respondents report the number of weeks worked and, for those weeks, the average number of hours worked.*6 Annual hours are calculated by multiplying weeks worked multiplied by average hours worked. People are considered employed if they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year. While 52 hours per year is to some degree an arbitrary number, it sets a minimum level of employment for the year. See Burkhauser, Daly and Houtenville (2000) for an example of previous work using this definition of employment. RESULTS Table 1 provides the estimated employment rates for the United States non- institutionalized civilian population aged 25 through 61 for the United States for the years 1980 through 1998, by gender and disability status. Employment rates are reported separately for men and women, since men and women have historically exhibited different employment patterns. As can be seen in the first row of Table 1, the employment rates of men without a disability are pro- cyclical, falling in the recession years of the early 1980s and 1990s and rising during the growth years of the late 1980s and 1990s. As can be seen in the second row, the employment rates of men with a disability had a similar pro- cyclical pattern in the 1980s, dropping to 39.7 percent by the business cycle trough year of 1983 and rising to 44.0 percent by the business cycle peak year of 1989. The employment rates of men with a disability then dropped again as the economy went into recession in the early 1990s but, unlike the 1980s, continued to decline throughout the decade despite substantial economic growth. The employment rate of men with a disability fell to 34.4 percent in 1998, well below their employment rate in the recession years of the early 1990s. As can be seen in row three of Table 1, women without a disability, like men without a disability, had pro-cyclical employment rates over the 1980s and 1990s, while women with a disability (row 4) experienced employment outcomes similar to men with a disability. Table 1 also provides information on the employment rates of men (row 5) and women (row 6) with a disability relative to the employment rates of men and women without disabilities over the same period. In all years, the employment rate of those with a disability is lower than the employment rate of those without disabilities, so the ratio of their two employment rates is less than 100 percent.*7 In the 1980s, this ratio was pro-cyclical for both men and women. That is, the employment rates of both men and women with a disability rose faster than that of other men and women during periods of economic expansion and fell more rapidly during periods of economic contraction. Hence, the relative employment of men with a disability rose from 42.0 percent in 1983 to 45.8 percent in 1989 (trough to peak in the 1980s business cycle). The relative employment of women with a disability rose from 40.9 percent to 48.6 percent over the same period. In contrast, the relative employment rates of both men and women with a disability declined in the 1990s and reached their lowest points in 1998 despite five years of economic growth in the late 1990s. To further highlight changing patterns of employment, Table 2 compares the growth years of the 1980s and 1990s for men and women with and without a disability. Annual employment rates are averaged over the growth periods 1985- 1989 and 1994-1998. The average annual employment rate of men without disabilities was about the same during both periods, averaging 95.9 percent for 1985-1989 and 95.0 percent for 1994-1998. In contrast, the average annual employment rate of men with a disability averaged 43.3 percent during the growth years 1985-1989 but was only 36.2 percent during the growth years 1994-1998. This difference is reflected in the relative average annual employment rates of men with a disability in the two periods. The relative average annual employment rate of men is 45.2 percent for 1985-1989, but only 38.1 percent for 1994-1998. As can be seen in the last column of Table 2, the relative average annual employment rate of men with a disability fell by 16.9 percent between the two periods. The employment pattern for women with a disability is similar but less severe. The relative average annual employment of women with a disability fell by 10.1 percent over the two periods. Table 3 provides employment rates averaged over the period 1980 through 1998 for the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia, by gender and disability status. Columns 1, 2, 5, and 6 contain the absolute average annual employment rates of men with and without a disability and women with and without a disability. Comparisons of the employment fortunes of men and women with a disability are best done controlling for state variations in the employment of the entire population.*8 Table 3 focuses on the relative average annual employment rates of men (column 3) and women (column 7) with a disability. In Table 3 states are ranked according to the relative average annual employment rates of men with a disability. Minnesota had the highest relative average annual employment rates for men with a disability (64.1 percent), and West Virginia had the lowest (28.3 percent). For women with a disability, relative average annual employment rates ranged from 67.7 percent in Minnesota to 29.8 percent in Mississippi. In general, states with lower employment rates for those with a disability also had lower relative employment rates. This pattern of relative employment being lower in states with weaker economics is consistent with variations observed over time in Table 1 where relative employment fell during recessionary years. Tables 4a and 4b compare changes in relative employment rates for men and women with a disability, respectively, between the growth periods 1985-1989 and 1994- 1998. States are ranked according to the percentage change in the relative average annual employment rate of those with a disability between the periods 1985-1989 and 1994-1998. A positive percentage change in relative employment signifies a closing of the employment gap between those with and without a disability. Conversely, a negative percentage change in relative employment signifies a widening of the employment gap between those with and without a disability. As can be seen in Table 4a, there was wide variation in employment outcomes of men with a disability, ranging from a rise of 18.1 percent in Utah to a fall of 57.6 percent in Connecticut. Overall, the gap widened. Only 8 states experienced a narrowing of the employment gap between men with and without a disability. As can be seen in Table 4b, the pattern for women was similar. The percentage change in relative average annual employment rate of women with a disability ranged from a rise of 19.3 percent in South Dakota to a fall of 68.9 percent in Rhode Island. Only 11 states saw a narrowing of the employment gap between women with and without a disability. CONCLUSION This report uses data from the Current Population Survey to measure the employment rates of persons with and without a disability over the 1980s and 1990s for the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia. In the 1980s, the employment rates of men and women with and without a disability was pro-cyclical, rising in years of economic growth and falling in years of economic contraction. The national employment of men and women with a disability was more sensitive to the business cycle however with relative employment rates of those with a disability rising over the growth years and declining during recessionary years. This pattern was also found across most states. In the 1990s, however, while the employment of men and women without disabilities continued to be pro-cyclical, the employment of men and women with a disability continued to drop from their 1989 business cycle peak levels despite substantial economic growth in the 1990s. Hence, by 1998 the national employment rate was at a two-decade low for men with a disability and was near that level for women with a disability. This pattern of declining relative employment of those with a disability is both wide and deep. When the relative average employment rates during the growth period of the 1980s are compared to those of the 1990s, the vast majority of states experienced declines in relative employment for both men and women with a disability. APPENDIX The CPS sample design allows researchers to estimate statistically precise annual employment rates at the national level and for many states. Although individuals with a disability make up only about 8 percent of the non- institutionalized working-age civilian population in the United States, the number of CPS participants is sufficient to obtain statistically precise estimates of employment rates for persons with a disability at the national level and for many states. The consistency of the CPS survey instrument over time allows estimated employment rates to be averaged over consecutive years, which boosts the statistical precision for those states with small sample sizes. In Tables 2, 4a and 4b, years are averaged to assure greater statistical precision. Caution must be used when using the estimated annual employment rates in Appendix Tables 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d. The annual sample size of some states is extremely low. Appendix Tables 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d contain standard errors for the estimated annual employment rates in Appendix Tables 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d, respectively. Some of the standard errors in these tables are quite large relative to the estimated annual employment rates, which means that the estimated annual employment rates are poor approximations of the true annual employment rates. (Appendix Tables 4a, 4b, 4c, and 4b contain the size of the sample used to estimate the standard errors for the estimated annual employment rates in Appendix Tables 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d, respectively.) Averaging estimated annual employment rates over several consecutive years, as is done in Tables 3, 4a, and 4b in the text, increases the statistical precision of estimated employment rates. However, the design of the CPS causes a problem. In the March CPS of any given year, approximately half of the households were surveyed the previous March, while the remaining households are eligible to be surveyed the following March. See Census Bureau (1998) for more information. The estimated standard errors of an average must be adjusted to account for correlation across consecutive years. For example, an individual's responses in March 1985 are correlated with his or her response in March 1986. Following Census Bureau guidelines, the formula for the estimated standard error for the average of estimated annual employment rates for 1990 and 1989 is one- half multiplied by the square root of the following: the standard error of the percentage in 1990 squared plus the standard error of the percentage in 1989 minus the following product 2 multiplied by the correlation coefficient of 1990 and 1989 multiplied by the standard error of the percentage in 1990 multiplied by the standard error of the percentage in 1989. The estimated standard errors can be obtained by multiplying the estimated coefficient of variation by the estimated percentage and then dividing by 100. The general formula for averaging over more than consecutive years is the reciprocal of the number of years multiplied by the square root of the following: the summation of the squared standard error of the percentage of each year plus the summation over all the consecutive year pairs of the following product: the correlation coefficient of a pair of consecutive multiplied by the standard error of the first year multiplied by the standard error of the second year. Appendix Tables 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d contain standard errors for the estimated annual employment rates in Appendix Tables 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d, respectively. Appendix Table 5 contains estimated correlation coefficients for the United States, which can be used to approximate this value for a given state. The estimated number of employed non-institutionalized working-age civilians, by gender and disability status, can be calculated using these tables. For example, the estimated number of employed non-institutionalized working-age civilian women with a disability in New York in employment year 1980 is 734,926 women. This number is obtained by multiplying the estimated annual employment rate of non-institutionalized working-age civilian women with a disability in New York in employment year 1980 (Appendix Table 1d) by the estimated number of non-institutionalized working-age civilian women with a disability (in thousands) in New York in employment year 1980 (Appendix Table 3d) and then multiplying by 10 (i.e., 21.3 multiplied by 3,450 multiplied by 10 equals 734,926. ENDNOTES 1. "EDRR #1: Estimates of the Prevalence of Disability in the United States by State, 1981 through 1999" covers the period 1981 through 1999, referred to as survey years. "EDRR #2: Estimates of Employment Rates for Persons with a Disability" covers the period 1980 through 1998, referred to as employment years. This difference occurs because employment in the March Current Population Survey is reported for the previous calendar year, while disability is reported at the time of the survey. Both papers are based on the March Current Population Survey for 1981 through 1999. 2. Only one person in the household answers questions for all household members. 3.For a fuller discussion of the CPS, see U.S. Bureau of the Census (1998) or http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/. 4. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. 5. Inclusion in the population with a disability is based on the following questions: "(62A) Does anyone in this household have a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do? (62B) If yes to 62A., who is that? (Anyone else?)" These questions are from the 1981 survey. Note that a single household member answers the survey for all household members. The Census Bureau recodes the survey to the individual level, so researchers can generate statistics for individuals. The use of self-reports of disability is controversial. Self-perception of a disability as captured by this measure can be influenced by social context (i.e., barriers and accommodations). For instance, reports of a work limitation may change over time even holding the underlying health condition constant because access to accommodation may change one's perception of a disability over time. See Kirchner (1996) for a fuller discussion of this issue and the uses of the CPS to analyze "access-oriented" policies. 6. The number of weeks worked is obtained using the following question: "(33) During 19XX in how many weeks did ... work even for a few hours? Include paid vacation and sick leave as work." (41) The number of hours worked is obtained using the following question: "In the weeks that ... worked, how many hours did ... usually work per week?" These questions are from the 1981 survey. 7. The relative employment rate is the employment of those with a disability as a percentage of the employment of those without disabilities. The higher the value of relative employment, the closer the employment rates of persons with a disability are to persons without disabilities. For example, a relative employment rate of 100 percent means that those with and without a disability have the same employment rate. 8. The estimated correlation of the absolute employment rates of those with and without a disability across states (in Table 3) is 0.70 for men and 0.69 for women. For women, the estimated correlation is 0.69. This suggests that state economics are important in determining the employment of those with a disability. REFERENCES Bound, John, and Richard V. Burkhauser. 1999. "Economic Analysis of Transfer Programs Targeted on People with a disability." In Orley C. Ashenfelter and David Card (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics. Volume 3C. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 3417-3528. Burkhauser, Richard V., Mary C. Daly, and Andrew J. Houtenville. 2000. "How Working-age People with a disability Fared Over the 1990s Business Cycle." Ithaca, NY: Research and Rehabilitation Training Center for Economic Research on Employment Policy for Persons with Disabilities, Cornell University. Houtenville, Andrew. 2000. "Economics of Disability Research Report #1: Estimates of the Prevalence of Disability in the United States by State, 1981 through 1999." Ithaca, NY: Research and Rehabilitation Training Center for Economic Research on Employment Policy for Persons with Disabilities, Cornell University. Kirchner, Corinne. 1996. "Looking Under the Street Lamp," Journal of Disability Policy Studies 7(1): 78-90. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1998. Current Population Survey, March 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce. Table 1. Employment and Relative Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 for the United States, by Gender and Disability Status, Employment Years 1980 through 1998a Employment Rate*b Group: Men without a Disability*a Employment Year 1980: 96.7 1981: 96.4 1982: 95.1 1983: 94.7 1984*c: 95.7 1985: 95.7 1986: 96.1 1987: 95.7 1988: 95.8 1989: 96.1 1990: 95.9 1991: 95.4 1992: 94.8 1993*c: 94.5 1994: 94.8 1995: 94.8 1996: 94.9 1997: 95.2 1998: 95.1 Employment Rate*b Group: Men without a Disability*a Employment Year 1980: 42.6 1981: 44.8 1982: 41.7 1983: 39.7 1984*c: 40.4 1985: 42.8 1986: 43.8 1987: 43.0 1988: 42.9 1989: 44.0 1990: 42.1 1991: 41.5 1992: 41.6 1993*c: 37.2 1994: 38.0 1995: 34.9 1996:38.2 1997: 35.5 1998: 34.4 Employment Rate*b Group: Men without a Disability*a Employment Year 1980: 69.3 1981: 69.9 1982: 69.3 1983: 70.7 1984*c: 72.6 1985: 73.1 1986: 74.4 1987: 75.2 1988: 76.7 1989: 77.0 1990: 77.6 1991: 77.8 1992: 77.6 1993*c: 78.3 1994: 79.1 1995: 79.7 1996:80.1 1997: 80.7 1998: 80.8 Employment Rate*b Group: Men without a Disability*a Employment Year 1980: 28.5 1981: 28.1 1982: 29.3 1983: 28.9 1984*c: 30.2 1985: 32.4 1986: 32.1 1987: 33.9 1988: 36.2 1989: 37.5 1990: 34.9 1991: 35.0 1992: 34.3 1993*c: 33.4 1994: 36.0 1995: 33.9 1996: 33.9 1997: 31.9 1998: 29.5 Relative Employment Rate of Persons with a Disability*d Gender: Men Employment Year 1980: 44.1 1981: 46.5 1982: 43.9 1983: 42.0 1984*c: 42.2 1985: 44.7 1986: 45.6 1987: 44.9 1988: 44.8 1989: 45.8 1990: 43.9 1991: 43.5 1992: 43.9 1993*c: 39.4 1994: 40.1 1995: 36.8 1996: 40.3 1997: 37.3 1998: 36.2 Relative Employment Rate of Persons with a Disability*d Gender: Women Employment Year 1980: 41.1 1981: 40.1 1982: 42.4 1983: 40.9 1984*c: 41.6 1985: 44.4 1986: 43.1 1987: 45.1 1988: 47.2 1989: 48.6 1990: 45.0 1991: 45.0 1992: 44.1 1993*c: 42.6 1994: 45.5 1995: 42.5 1996: 42.4 1997: 39.6 1998: 36.6 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. d. The relative employment rate is defined as the employment of those with a disability as a percentage of the employment of those without a disability. Table 2. Employment and Relative Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 for the United States Averaged over the Five-Year Growth Periods of the 1980s and 1990s Business Cycles, and Percentage Changes, by Gender and Disability Status*a Gender Men Growth Period: Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b Without Disability: 95.9 With Disability: 43.3 Relative Employment*c: 45.2 Growth Period: Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b Without Disability: 95.0 With Disability: 36.2 Relative Employment*c: 38.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 16.9 Gender Women Growth Period: Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b Without Disability: 75.3 With Disability: 34.4 Relative Employment*c: 45.7 Growth Period: Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b Without Disability: 80.1 With Disability: 33.1 Relative Employment*c: 41.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 10.1 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1985 and 1995 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. Relative employment is defined as the employment of those with disabilities as a percentage of the employment of those without disabilities. d. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. e. The percentage change is defined as the difference in relative employment divided by the average of the two relative employments multiplied by 100. Please note that the information from Table 3 is described here twice: First with all information in alphabetical order by location for men and women, then with only relative employment rates by rank order for men and women Table 3. Employment and Relative Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia over the Period of Employment Years 1980 through 1998, and Rankings, by Gender and Disability Status*a Location Alabama Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 27.5 Relative Employment*c: 28.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 50 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 73.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 23.0 Relative Employment*c: 31.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 49 Location Alaska Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 54.1 Relative Employment*c: 56.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 7 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 46.5 Relative Employment*c: 58.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 6 Location Arizona Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 48.4 Relative Employment*c: 50.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 20 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 74.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 38.3 Relative Employment*c: 51.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 18 Location Arkansas Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 35.1 Relative Employment*c: 36.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 43 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 76.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 30.5 Relative Employment*c: 39.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 36 Location California Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.3 Relative Employment*c: 42.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 28 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 73.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.5 Relative Employment*c: 46.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 23 Location Colorado Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 54.5 Relative Employment*c: 56.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 9 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.2 Relative Employment*c: 55.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 11 Location Connecticut Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 55.1 Relative Employment*c: 57.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 6 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 43.8 Relative Employment*c: 54.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 12 Location DC Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 89.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 30.8 Relative Employment*c: 34.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 47 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 83.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 28.6 Relative Employment*c: 34.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 45 Location Delaware Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 43.6 Relative Employment*c: 45.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 24 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 35.9 Relative Employment*c: 45.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 26 Location Florida Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.1 Relative Employment*c: 42.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 30 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 76.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.4 Relative Employment*c: 43.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 29 Location Georgia Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 38.6 Relative Employment*c: 39.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 37 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 29.9 Relative Employment*c: 38.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 41 Location Hawaii Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 93.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 38.7 Relative Employment*c: 41.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 33 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 38.0 Relative Employment*c: 47.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 22 Location Idaho Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 55.1 Relative Employment*c: 56.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 8 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.5 Relative Employment*c: 56.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 8 Location Illinois Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 39.1 Relative Employment*c: 41.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 35 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 75.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 29.5 Relative Employment*c: 39.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 37 Location Indiana Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.8 Relative Employment*c: 42.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 29 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 32.3 Relative Employment*c: 41.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 32 Location Iowa Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 52.8 Relative Employment*c: 54.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 13 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 81.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 43.6 Relative Employment*c: 53.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 15 Location Kansas Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 52.1 Relative Employment*c: 53.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 16 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 81.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.7 Relative Employment*c: 55.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 10 Location Kentucky Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 31.2 Relative Employment*c: 32.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 48 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 72.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 24.3 Relative Employment*c: 33.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 47 Location Louisiana Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.0 Relative Employment*c: 34.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 46 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 69.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 23.7 Relative Employment*c: 34.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 46 Location Maine Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.1 Relative Employment*c: 41.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 31 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 36.0 Relative Employment*c: 45.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 25 Location Maryland Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 45.4 Relative Employment*c: 47.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 21 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 32.3 Relative Employment*c: 40.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 35 Location Massachusetts Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 41.2 Relative Employment*c: 43.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 27 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 32.7 Relative Employment*c: 41.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 33 Location Michigan Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 41.0 Relative Employment*c: 43.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 26 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 73.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 29.7 Relative Employment*c: 40.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 34 Location Minnesota Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 62.5 Relative Employment*c: 64.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 1 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 84.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 57.0 Relative Employment*c: 67.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 1 Location Mississippi Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.3 Relative Employment*c: 35.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 45 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 74.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 22.3 Relative Employment*c: 29.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 51 Location Missouri Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 42.0 Relative Employment*c: 43.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 25 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 36.4 Relative Employment*c: 45.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 24 Location Montana Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 53.1 Relative Employment*c: 55.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 11 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 43.9 Relative Employment*c: 54.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 13 Location Nebraska Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 53.6 Relative Employment*c: 54.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 12 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 81.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.3 Relative Employment*c: 54.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 14 Location Nevada Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 51.7 Relative Employment*c: 53.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 14 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.7 Relative Employment*c: 56.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 9 Location New Hampshire Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 51.4 Relative Employment*c: 52.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 17 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 81.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 41.9 Relative Employment*c: 51.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 19 Location New Jersey Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 39.5 Relative Employment*c: 41.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 34 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 74.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 32.7 Relative Employment*c: 43.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 30 Location New Mexico Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 35.9 Relative Employment*c: 38.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 40 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 71.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 32.0 Relative Employment*c: 44.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 28 Location New York Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 93.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.7 Relative Employment*c: 36.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 44 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 70.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 26.5 Relative Employment*c: 37.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 44 Location North Carolina Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 37.8 Relative Employment*c: 39.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 38 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 30.7 Relative Employment*c: 37.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 43 Location North Dakota Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 57.3 Relative Employment*c: 58.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 4 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 47.8 Relative Employment*c: 59.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 4 Location Ohio Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 36.5 Relative Employment*c: 38.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 39 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 74.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 28.5 Relative Employment*c: 38.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 40 Location Oklahoma Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.3 Relative Employment*c: 46.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 22 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 76.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.1 Relative Employment*c: 44.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 27 Location Oregon Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 54.9 Relative Employment*c: 57.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 5 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 42.1 Relative Employment*c: 53.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 16 Location Pennsylvania Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 35.9 Relative Employment*c: 37.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 41 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 72.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 28.5 Relative Employment*c: 39.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 38 Location Rhode Island Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 39.7 Relative Employment*c: 41.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 32 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.6 Relative Employment*c: 42.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 31 Location South Carolina Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 30.2 Relative Employment*c: 31.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 49 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 77.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 29.3 Relative Employment*c: 38.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 42 Location South Dakota Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 54.3 Relative Employment*c: 56.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 10 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 83.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 49.8 Relative Employment*c: 59.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 3 Location Tennessee Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.9 Relative Employment*c: 36.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 42 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 76.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 25.1 Relative Employment*c: 32.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 48 Location Texas Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 43.8 Relative Employment*c: 45.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 23 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 74.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 36.7 Relative Employment*c: 49.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 21 Location United States Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.5 Relative Employment*c: 42.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: -- Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 75.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 32.6 Relative Employment*c: 43.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: -- Location Utah Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 59.5 Relative Employment*c: 61.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 3 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 73.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.5 Relative Employment*c: 60.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 2 Location Vermont Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 50.7 Relative Employment*c: 52.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 18 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 83.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.4 Relative Employment*c: 53.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 17 Location Virginia Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 38.7 Relative Employment*c: 39.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 36 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 30.5 Relative Employment*c: 38.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 39 Location Washington Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 51.7 Relative Employment*c: 53.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 15 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 77.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 38.3 Relative Employment*c: 49.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 20 Location West Virginia Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 92.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 26.1 Relative Employment*c: 28.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 51 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 63.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 19.9 Relative Employment*c: 31.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 50 Location Wisconsin Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 50.4 Relative Employment*c: 51.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 19 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 82.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 47.2 Relative Employment*c: 57.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 7 Location Wyoming Men Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 61.4 Relative Employment*c: 63.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 2 Women Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 46.9 Relative Employment*c: 59.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 5 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. Relative employment is defined as the employment of those with disabilities as a percentage of the employment of those without disabilities. Table 3 Employment and Relative Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia over the Period of Employment Years 1980 through 1998, and Rankings, by Gender and Disability Status*a Men Location Minnesota Relative Employment*c: 64.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 1 Location Wyoming Relative Employment*c: 63.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 2 Location Utah Relative Employment*c: 61.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 3 Location North Dakota Relative Employment*c: 58.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 4 Location Oregon Relative Employment*c: 57.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 5 Location Connecticut Relative Employment*c: 57.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 6 Location Alaska Relative Employment*c: 56.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 7 Location Idaho Relative Employment*c: 56.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 8 Location Colorado Relative Employment*c: 56.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 9 Location South Dakota Relative Employment*c: 56.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 10 Location Montana Relative Employment*c: 55.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 11 Location Nebraska Relative Employment*c: 54.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 12 Location Iowa Relative Employment*c: 54.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 13 Location Nevada Relative Employment*c: 53.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 14 Location Washington Relative Employment*c: 53.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 15 Location Kansas Relative Employment*c: 53.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 16 Location New Hampshire Relative Employment*c: 52.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 17 Location Vermont Relative Employment*c: 52.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 18 Location Wisconsin Relative Employment*c: 51.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 19 Location Arizona Relative Employment*c: 50.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 20 Location Maryland Relative Employment*c: 47.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 21 Location Oklahoma Relative Employment*c: 46.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 22 Location Texas Relative Employment*c: 45.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 23 Location Delaware Relative Employment*c: 45.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 24 Location Missouri Relative Employment*c: 43.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 25 Location Michigan Relative Employment*c: 43.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 26 Location Massachusetts Relative Employment*c: 43.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 27 Location California Relative Employment*c: 42.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 28 Location Indiana Relative Employment*c: 42.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 29 Location Florida Relative Employment*c: 42.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 30 Location Maine Relative Employment*c: 41.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 31 Location Rhode Island Relative Employment*c: 41.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 32 Location Hawaii Relative Employment*c: 41.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 33 Location New Jersey Relative Employment*c: 41.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 34 Location Illinois Relative Employment*c: 41.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 35 Location Virginia Relative Employment*c: 39.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 36 Location Georgia Relative Employment*c: 39.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 37 Location North Carolina Relative Employment*c: 39.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 38 Location Ohio Relative Employment*c: 38.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 39 Location New Mexico Relative Employment*c: 38.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 40 Location Pennsylvania Relative Employment*c: 37.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 41 Location Tennessee Relative Employment*c: 36.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 42 Location Arkansas Relative Employment*c: 36.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 43 Location New York Relative Employment*c: 36.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 44 Location Mississippi Relative Employment*c: 35.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 45 Location Louisiana Relative Employment*c: 34.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 46 Location DC Relative Employment*c: 34.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 47 Location Kentucky Relative Employment*c: 32.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 48 Location South Carolina Relative Employment*c: 31.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 49 Location Alabama Relative Employment*c: 28.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 50 Location West Virginia Relative Employment*c: 28.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 51 Location United States Relative Employment*c: 42.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: -- Women Location Minnesota Relative Employment*c: 67.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 1 Location Utah Relative Employment*c: 60.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 2 Location South Dakota Relative Employment*c: 59.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 3 Location North Dakota Relative Employment*c: 59.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 4 Location Wyoming Relative Employment*c: 59.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 5 Location Alaska Relative Employment*c: 58.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 6 Location Wisconsin Relative Employment*c: 57.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 7 Location Idaho Relative Employment*c: 56.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 8 Location Nevada Relative Employment*c: 56.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 9 Location Kansas Relative Employment*c: 55.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 10 Location Colorado Relative Employment*c: 55.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 11 Location Connecticut Relative Employment*c: 54.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 12 Location Montana Relative Employment*c: 54.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 13 Location Nebraska Relative Employment*c: 54.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 14 Location Iowa Relative Employment*c: 53.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 15 Location Oregon Relative Employment*c: 53.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 16 Location Vermont Relative Employment*c: 53.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 17 Location Arizona Relative Employment*c: 51.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 18 Location New Hampshire Relative Employment*c: 51.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 19 Location Washington Relative Employment*c: 49.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 20 Location Texas Relative Employment*c: 49.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 21 Location Hawaii Relative Employment*c: 47.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 22 Location California Relative Employment*c: 46.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 23 Location Missouri Relative Employment*c: 45.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 24 Location Maine Relative Employment*c: 45.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 25 Location Delaware Relative Employment*c: 45.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 26 Location Oklahoma Relative Employment*c: 44.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 27 Location New Mexico Relative Employment*c: 44.6 Ranked by Relative Employment: 28 Location Florida Relative Employment*c: 43.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 29 Location New Jersey Relative Employment*c: 43.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 30 Location Rhode Island Relative Employment*c: 42.0 Ranked by Relative Employment: 31 Location Indiana Relative Employment*c: 41.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 32 Location Massachusetts Relative Employment*c: 41.4 Ranked by Relative Employment: 33 Location Michigan Relative Employment*c: 40.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 34 Location Maryland Relative Employment*c: 40.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 35 Location Arkansas Relative Employment*c: 39.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 36 Location Illinois Relative Employment*c: 39.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 37 Location Pennsylvania Relative Employment*c: 39.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 38 Location Virginia Relative Employment*c: 38.7 Ranked by Relative Employment: 39 Location Ohio Relative Employment*c: 38.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 40 Location Georgia Relative Employment*c: 38.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 41 Location South Carolina Relative Employment*c: 38.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: 42 Location North Carolina Relative Employment*c: 37.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 43 Location New York Relative Employment*c: 37.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 44 Location DC Relative Employment*c: 34.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 45 Location Louisiana Relative Employment*c: 34.2 Ranked by Relative Employment: 46 Location Kentucky Relative Employment*c: 33.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 47 Location Tennessee Relative Employment*c: 32.9 Ranked by Relative Employment: 48 Location Alabama Relative Employment*c: 31.5 Ranked by Relative Employment: 49 Location West Virginia Relative Employment*c: 31.3 Ranked by Relative Employment: 50 Location Mississippi Relative Employment*c: 29.8 Ranked by Relative Employment: 51 Location United States Relative Employment*c: 43.1 Ranked by Relative Employment: -- Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. Relative employment is defined as the employment of those with disabilities as a percentage of the employment of those without disabilities. Table 4a. Men: Employment and Relative Employment Rates of Non- Institutionalized Civilian Men Aged 25 through 61 for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia over the Five-Year Growth Periods of the 1980s and 1990s Business Cycles, Percentage Changes, and Rankings, by Disability Status*a Location United States Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 43.3 Relative Employment*c: 45.2 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 36.2 Relative Employment*c: 38.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 16.9** Ranked by Percentage Change: -- Location Utah Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 53.3 Relative Employment*c: 55.0 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 64.0 Relative Employment*c: 65.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 18.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 1 Location Tennessee Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 35.8 Relative Employment*c: 37.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 39.4 Relative Employment*c: 41.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 10.9 Ranked by Percentage Change: 2 Location Alabama Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 26.2 Relative Employment*c: 27.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 28.9 Relative Employment*c: 30.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 10.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 3 Location Oregon Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 50.9 Relative Employment*c: 53.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 56.7 Relative Employment*c: 59.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 9.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 4 Location Maryland Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 43.6 Relative Employment*c: 45.0 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 46.3 Relative Employment*c: 49.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 8.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 5 Location Hawaii Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 93.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 38.5 Relative Employment*c: 41.0 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 91.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.1 Relative Employment*c: 43.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 6.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 6 Location Montana Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 50.0 Relative Employment*c: 52.0 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 52.8 Relative Employment*c: 55.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 6.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 7 Location Idaho Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 58.4 Relative Employment*c: 59.7 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 58.3 Relative Employment*c: 59.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 0.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 8 Location Pennsylvania Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 35.0 Relative Employment*c: 36.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.7 Relative Employment*c: 36.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 1.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 9 Location South Carolina Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 29.7 Relative Employment*c: 30.7 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 28.8 Relative Employment*c: 30.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 1.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 10 Location New Hampshire Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 59.4 Relative Employment*c: 60.7 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 56.4 Relative Employment*c: 58.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 4.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 11 Location Minnesota Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 63.7 Relative Employment*c: 65.2 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 59.6 Relative Employment*c: 61.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 6.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 12 Location Arizona Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 43.6 Relative Employment*c: 45.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.1 Relative Employment*c: 42.5 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 7.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 13 Location Delaware Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.2 Relative Employment*c: 45.7 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 41.2 Relative Employment*c: 42.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 7.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 14 Location Wyoming Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 61.0 Relative Employment*c: 62.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 56.4 Relative Employment*c: 58.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 7.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 15 Location DC Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 93.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.4 Relative Employment*c: 36.9 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 87.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 29.8 Relative Employment*c: 34.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 8.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 16 Location Alaska Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 55.9 Relative Employment*c: 58.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 50.0 Relative Employment*c: 52.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 11.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 17 Location California Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 42.1 Relative Employment*c: 44.1 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 93.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 36.3 Relative Employment*c: 39.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 12.4 Ranked by Percentage Change: 18 Location Texas Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.0 Relative Employment*c: 45.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 38.3 Relative Employment*c: 40.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 13.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 19 Location North Carolina Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 38.9 Relative Employment*c: 40.3 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.9 Relative Employment*c: 35.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 13.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 20 Location Nebraska Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 52.7 Relative Employment*c: 54.1 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 46.0 Relative Employment*c: 47.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 13.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 21 Location Missouri Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 50.2 Relative Employment*c: 52.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 43.2 Relative Employment*c: 45.5 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 14.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 22 Location Nevada Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 59.2 Relative Employment*c: 61.7 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 50.3 Relative Employment*c: 53.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 14.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 23 Location New York Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 37.1 Relative Employment*c: 39.1 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 92.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 30.9 Relative Employment*c: 33.5 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 15.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 24 Location Washington Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 52.9 Relative Employment*c: 54.9 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.7 Relative Employment*c: 46.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 16.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 25 Location Colorado Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 61.5 Relative Employment*c: 63.8 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 51.9 Relative Employment*c: 53.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 17.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 26 Location Ohio Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 38.7 Relative Employment*c: 40.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 32.8 Relative Employment*c: 34.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 17.2** Ranked by Percentage Change: 27 Location Indiana Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 41.5 Relative Employment*c: 43.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 35.0 Relative Employment*c: 36.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 18.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 28 Location Illinois Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.9 Relative Employment*c: 43.2 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.2 Relative Employment*c: 36.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 18.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 29 Location New Mexico Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.3 Relative Employment*c: 42.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 93.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 32.4 Relative Employment*c: 34.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 20.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 30 Location South Dakota Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 60.5 Relative Employment*c: 62.2 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 48.8 Relative Employment*c: 50.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 21.0** Ranked by Percentage Change: 31 Location Kentucky Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.1 Relative Employment*c: 35.7 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 27.3 Relative Employment*c: 28.7 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 21.9 Ranked by Percentage Change: 32 Location Maine Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 46.8 Relative Employment*c: 48.4 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 36.9 Relative Employment*c: 38.5 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 22.9 Ranked by Percentage Change: 33 Location North Dakota Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 65.4 Relative Employment*c: 66.9 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 51.7 Relative Employment*c: 52.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 23.3** Ranked by Percentage Change: 34 Location New Jersey Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 43.2 Relative Employment*c: 44.4 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.2 Relative Employment*c: 34.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 23.9** Ranked by Percentage Change: 35 Location Florida Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 45.1 Relative Employment*c: 46.9 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.5 Relative Employment*c: 36.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 24.6** Ranked by Percentage Change: 36 Location Georgia Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 42.9 Relative Employment*c: 44.1 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.0 Relative Employment*c: 34.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 24.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 37 Location Mississippi Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 37.4 Relative Employment*c: 39.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 92.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 28.3 Relative Employment*c: 30.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 26.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 38 Location Vermont Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 98.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 54.5 Relative Employment*c: 55.4 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.9 Relative Employment*c: 42.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 26.8** Ranked by Percentage Change: 39 Location Wisconsin Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 55.7 Relative Employment*c: 57.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 42.6 Relative Employment*c: 43.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 27.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 40 Location Michigan Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 93.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.0 Relative Employment*c: 46.9 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.7 Relative Employment*c: 35.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 28.2** Ranked by Percentage Change: 41 Location Kansas Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 61.1 Relative Employment*c: 62.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 45.7 Relative Employment*c: 47.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 28.2** Ranked by Percentage Change: 42 Location Iowa Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 62.1 Relative Employment*c: 63.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 46.1 Relative Employment*c: 47.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 29.1** Ranked by Percentage Change: 43 Location Oklahoma Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 48.6 Relative Employment*c: 51.4 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 36.4 Relative Employment*c: 38.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 29.5** Ranked by Percentage Change: 44 Location Rhode Island Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 43.0 Relative Employment*c: 44.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 30.1 Relative Employment*c: 31.5 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 34.5** Ranked by Percentage Change: 45 Location Massachusetts Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 49.6 Relative Employment*c: 51.2 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 95.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.6 Relative Employment*c: 35.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 36.5** Ranked by Percentage Change: 46 Location Louisiana Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.9 Relative Employment*c: 43.2 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 93.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 26.4 Relative Employment*c: 28.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 41.9** Ranked by Percentage Change: 47 Location Virginia Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.1 Relative Employment*c: 45.1 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 27.7 Relative Employment*c: 28.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 44.2** Ranked by Percentage Change: 48 Location Arkansas Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 96.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.8 Relative Employment*c: 42.4 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 25.0 Relative Employment*c: 26.5 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 46.2** Ranked by Percentage Change: 49 Location West Virginia Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 92.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 31.9 Relative Employment*c: 34.7 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 93.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 18.8 Relative Employment*c: 20.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 52.8** Ranked by Percentage Change: 50 Location Connecticut Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 97.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 64.8 Relative Employment*c: 66.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 94.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.9 Relative Employment*c: 36.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 57.6** Ranked by Percentage Change: 51 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1986 through 1990 and 1995 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. Relative employment is defined as the employment of those with disabilities as a percentage of the employment of those without a disability. d. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. e. The percentage change is the difference between the two averages divided by the average of the two averages multiplied by 100. Double asterisks (**) note locations where difference between those without and with a disability in the change the employment rate from period to period is statistically different than zero, assuming a 90 percent confidence level. Table 4b. Women: Employment and Relative Employment Rates of Non- Institutionalized Civilian Women Aged 25 through 61 for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia over the Five-Year Growth Periods of the 1980s and 1990s Business Cycles, Percentage Changes, and Rankings, by Disability Status*a Location United States Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 75.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.4 Relative Employment*c: 45.7 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.1 Relative Employment*c: 41.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 10.1** Ranked by Percentage Change: -- Location South Dakota Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 82.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.2 Relative Employment*c: 53.7 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 89.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 58.3 Relative Employment*c: 65.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 19.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 1 Location Vermont Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 83.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 43.2 Relative Employment*c: 51.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 86.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 53.8 Relative Employment*c: 62.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 18.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 2 Location Oklahoma Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 32.1 Relative Employment*c: 40.8 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 77.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 37.0 Relative Employment*c: 47.5 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 15.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 3 Location Illinois Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 72.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 26.4 Relative Employment*c: 36.2 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 81.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.3 Relative Employment*c: 40.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 12.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 4 Location Georgia Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 30.0 Relative Employment*c: 37.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.5 Relative Employment*c: 42.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 11.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 5 Location Utah Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 74.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 42.3 Relative Employment*c: 57.1 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 48.9 Relative Employment*c: 62.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 8.4 Ranked by Percentage Change: 6 Location Tennessee Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 75.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 25.1 Relative Employment*c: 33.3 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 29.2 Relative Employment*c: 36.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 8.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 7 Location Missouri Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 77.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 38.0 Relative Employment*c: 48.9 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 86.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 45.0 Relative Employment*c: 52.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 6.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 8 Location New Hampshire Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 81.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 41.2 Relative Employment*c: 50.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 84.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 43.6 Relative Employment*c: 51.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 1.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 9 Location DC Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 85.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 29.5 Relative Employment*c: 34.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 82.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 28.7 Relative Employment*c: 34.7 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 0.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 10 Location North Dakota Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 47.4 Relative Employment*c: 60.4 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 88.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 54.0 Relative Employment*c: 60.7 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 0.5 Ranked by Percentage Change: 11 Location New Mexico Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 72.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 32.8 Relative Employment*c: 45.3 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 74.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.8 Relative Employment*c: 45.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: 0.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 12 Location Virginia Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 28.8 Relative Employment*c: 36.9 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 29.8 Relative Employment*c: 36.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -0.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 13 Location Louisiana Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 66.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 20.4 Relative Employment*c: 30.7 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 76.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 23.4 Relative Employment*c: 30.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -1.0 Ranked by Percentage Change: 14 Location Arizona Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 74.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 39.0 Relative Employment*c: 52.4 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 75.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 39.1 Relative Employment*c: 51.7 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -1.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 15 Location Maine Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.2 Relative Employment*c: 43.8 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 85.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 36.7 Relative Employment*c: 42.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -2.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 16 Location Maryland Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 81.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 36.8 Relative Employment*c: 45.4 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 85.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 37.8 Relative Employment*c: 44.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -2.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 17 Location Oregon Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 77.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 39.9 Relative Employment*c: 51.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 82.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 41.2 Relative Employment*c: 50.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -2.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 18 Location New York Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 69.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 27.2 Relative Employment*c: 39.0 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 74.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 28.2 Relative Employment*c: 38.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -2.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 19 Location Washington Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 76.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 39.9 Relative Employment*c: 52.0 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 81.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.3 Relative Employment*c: 49.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -4.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 20 Location Wyoming Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 77.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.4 Relative Employment*c: 57.1 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 82.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 44.5 Relative Employment*c: 54.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -5.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 21 Location Hawaii Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 77.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.3 Relative Employment*c: 52.3 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 84.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 42.0 Relative Employment*c: 49.5 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -5.5 Ranked by Percentage Change: 22 Location Iowa Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 48.1 Relative Employment*c: 60.0 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 88.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 49.8 Relative Employment*c: 56.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -6.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 23 Location Mississippi Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 73.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 23.8 Relative Employment*c: 32.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 24.0 Relative Employment*c: 30.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -6.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 24 Location Minnesota Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 84.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 59.5 Relative Employment*c: 70.4 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 87.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 57.1 Relative Employment*c: 65.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -7.1 Ranked by Percentage Change: 25 Location South Carolina Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 77.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 31.4 Relative Employment*c: 40.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 30.0 Relative Employment*c: 37.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -7.9 Ranked by Percentage Change: 26 Location Nebraska Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 42.6 Relative Employment*c: 53.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 86.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 42.1 Relative Employment*c: 48.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: -9.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 27 Location Michigan Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 72.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 30.9 Relative Employment*c: 42.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 30.4 Relative Employment*c: 37.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 11.7** Ranked by Percentage Change: 28 Location California Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 74.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 39.4 Relative Employment*c: 53.3 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 75.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 35.2 Relative Employment*c: 46.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 12.8 Ranked by Percentage Change: 29 Location Pennsylvania Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 71.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 28.6 Relative Employment*c: 39.8 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 27.9 Relative Employment*c: 34.8 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 13.5** Ranked by Percentage Change: 30 Location Idaho Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 77.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 42.6 Relative Employment*c: 55.0 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 84.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.4 Relative Employment*c: 48.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 13.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 31 Location Kentucky Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 70.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 26.2 Relative Employment*c: 37.2 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 25.1 Relative Employment*c: 31.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 15.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 32 Location Texas Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 74.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 38.5 Relative Employment*c: 51.7 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.5 Relative Employment*c: 44.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 15.9** Ranked by Percentage Change: 33 Location Ohio Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 72.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 30.4 Relative Employment*c: 41.9 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 28.5 Relative Employment*c: 35.7 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 16.0** Ranked by Percentage Change: 34 Location Delaware Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 32.7 Relative Employment*c: 40.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 84.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 29.0 Relative Employment*c: 34.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 16.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 35 Location Massachusetts Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 35.6 Relative Employment*c: 44.8 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 83.6 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 31.5 Relative Employment*c: 37.7 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 17.2** Ranked by Percentage Change: 36 Location Wisconsin Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 49.8 Relative Employment*c: 62.2 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 89.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 46.4 Relative Employment*c: 51.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 18.2 Ranked by Percentage Change: 37 Location Kansas Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 45.2 Relative Employment*c: 56.0 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 85.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 39.7 Relative Employment*c: 46.6 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 18.3 Ranked by Percentage Change: 38 Location Connecticut Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 81.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 47.8 Relative Employment*c: 58.4 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 82.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.1 Relative Employment*c: 48.5 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 18.6 Ranked by Percentage Change: 39 Location Indiana Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 77.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 36.5 Relative Employment*c: 47.3 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 85.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 33.1 Relative Employment*c: 38.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 19.5 Ranked by Percentage Change: 40 Location Colorado Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 49.3 Relative Employment*c: 61.8 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 84.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 42.1 Relative Employment*c: 49.7 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 21.7 Ranked by Percentage Change: 41 Location Florida Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 76.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 37.2 Relative Employment*c: 48.5 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.1 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 30.0 Relative Employment*c: 37.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 24.7** Ranked by Percentage Change: 42 Location North Carolina Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 81.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.8 Relative Employment*c: 42.7 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 83.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 27.9 Relative Employment*c: 33.3 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 24.9** Ranked by Percentage Change: 43 Location Alabama Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 70.8 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 27.7 Relative Employment*c: 39.1 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 81.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 24.6 Relative Employment*c: 30.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 25.6** Ranked by Percentage Change: 44 Location Arkansas Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 75.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 34.6 Relative Employment*c: 45.8 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 82.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 28.4 Relative Employment*c: 34.5 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 28.2** Ranked by Percentage Change: 45 Location West Virginia Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 59.9 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 18.7 Relative Employment*c: 31.3 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 72.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 16.8 Relative Employment*c: 23.1 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 29.9** Ranked by Percentage Change: 46 Location New Jersey Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 75.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 37.7 Relative Employment*c: 50.1 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 29.0 Relative Employment*c: 36.9 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 30.4** Ranked by Percentage Change: 47 Location Montana Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 79.2 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 51.2 Relative Employment*c: 64.6 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 85.5 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 40.4 Relative Employment*c: 47.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 31.2** Ranked by Percentage Change: 48 Location Alaska Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.7 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 52.9 Relative Employment*c: 67.2 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 82.0 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 39.7 Relative Employment*c: 48.4 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 32.6** Ranked by Percentage Change: 49 Location Nevada Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 51.6 Relative Employment*c: 64.2 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 80.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 36.9 Relative Employment*c: 46.0 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 33.1** Ranked by Percentage Change: 50 Location Rhode Island Employment Years 1985-1989 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 78.4 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 45.4 Relative Employment*c: 57.9 Employment Years 1994-1998 Employment Rate*b, Without Disability: 84.3 Employment Rate*b, With Disability: 23.8 Relative Employment*c: 28.2 Percentage Change in Relative Employment from 1985-1989 to 1994-1998*d,*e: - 68.9** Ranked by Percentage Change: 51 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1986 through 1990 and 1995 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. Relative employment is defined as the employment of those with disabilities as a percentage of the employment of those without a disability. d. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. e. The percentage change is the difference between the two averages divided by the average of the two averages multiplied by 100. Double asterisks (**) note locations where difference between those without and with a disability in the change the employment rate from period to period is statistically different than zero, assuming a 90 percent confidence level. Appendix Table 1a. Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilian Men without a Disability Aged 25 through 61 for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Employment Years 1980 through 1998*a,*b Location United States Employment Year 1980: 96.7 1981: 96.4 1982: 95.1 1983: 94.7 1984*c: 95.7 1985: 95.7 1986: 96.1 1987: 95.7 1988: 95.8 1989: 96.1 1990: 95.9 1991: 95.4 1992: 94.8 1993*c: 94.5 1994: 94.8 1995: 94.8 1996: 94.9 1997: 95.2 1998: 95.1 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 96.8 1981: 97.1 1982: 93.4 1983: 94.3 1984*c: 95.3 1985: 93.0 1986: 96.9 1987: 95.3 1988: 96.2 1989: 95.1 1990: 92.9 1991: 94.8 1992: 95.0 1993*c: 94.9 1994: 94.5 1995: 95.6 1996: 95.1 1997: 93.8 1998: 96.2 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 96.6 1981: 93.8 1982: 96.2 1983: 95.7 1984*c: 96.3 1985: 97.2 1986: 93.6 1987: 94.4 1988: 95.4 1989: 96.1 1990: 96.6 1991: 94.9 1992: 96.2 1993*c: 93.3 1994: 95.9 1995: 94.9 1996: 95.8 1997: 95.8 1998: 95.4 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 96.9 1981: 97.7 1982: 95.4 1983: 96.8 1984*c: 94.7 1985: 95.4 1986: 96.4 1987: 95.0 1988: 94.9 1989: 96.4 1990: 97.0 1991: 95.5 1992: 95.1 1993*c: 94.9 1994: 95.3 1995: 94.3 1996: 93.5 1997: 93.9 1998: 94.1 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 95.4 1981: 96.9 1982: 96.4 1983: 95.7 1984*c: 94.7 1985: 97.5 1986: 96.0 1987: 96.4 1988: 95.5 1989: 95.7 1990: 93.8 1991: 97.6 1992: 97.6 1993*c: 94.8 1994: 95.1 1995: 96.3 1996: 94.4 1997: 91.6 1998: 94.9 Location California Employment Year 1980: 96.2 1981: 95.5 1982: 93.8 1983: 93.7 1984*c: 95.5 1985: 95.4 1986: 95.9 1987: 94.7 1988: 95.0 1989: 96.3 1990: 95.5 1991: 94.1 1992: 93.3 1993*c: 91.6 1994: 92.8 1995: 92.8 1996: 92.7 1997: 93.9 1998: 93.7 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 98.7 1981: 98.4 1982: 96.6 1983: 97.1 1984*c: 98.2 1985: 97.7 1986: 95.4 1987: 96.2 1988: 96.2 1989: 96.1 1990: 97.0 1991: 97.2 1992: 95.9 1993*c: 97.0 1994: 96.3 1995: 96.3 1996: 95.3 1997: 97.3 1998: 97.2 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 98.5 1981: 95.9 1982: 97.9 1983: 98.2 1984*c: 98.7 1985: 98.0 1986: 98.3 1987: 97.2 1988: 97.9 1989: 95.7 1990: 96.5 1991: 95.0 1992: 94.2 1993*c: 96.0 1994: 95.6 1995: 95.2 1996: 93.7 1997: 94.3 1998: 95.1 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 96.3 1981: 97.8 1982: 97.2 1983: 95.2 1984*c: 95.4 1985: 97.0 1986: 97.2 1987: 96.7 1988: 96.6 1989: 96.0 1990: 97.1 1991: 95.6 1992: 96.4 1993*c: 97.2 1994: 98.0 1995: 96.7 1996: 94.7 1997: 98.5 1998: 95.6 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 90.5 1981: 90.7 1982: 88.0 1983: 85.5 1984*c: 90.6 1985: 88.1 1986: 95.4 1987: 97.0 1988: 93.7 1989: 92.2 1990: 90.1 1991: 92.9 1992: 88.0 1993*c: 87.8 1994: 86.2 1995: 85.9 1996: 88.2 1997: 86.7 1998: 91.5 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 96.4 1981: 94.2 1982: 94.5 1983: 94.5 1984*c: 95.7 1985: 96.0 1986: 96.5 1987: 96.6 1988: 95.1 1989: 96.1 1990: 94.9 1991: 95.7 1992: 95.0 1993*c: 93.5 1994: 94.6 1995: 93.9 1996: 93.6 1997: 94.4 1998: 94.8 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 97.5 1981: 97.5 1982: 96.2 1983: 96.0 1984*c: 96.7 1985: 97.3 1986: 98.1 1987: 98.2 1988: 96.4 1989: 96.6 1990: 96.3 1991: 95.4 1992: 96.3 1993*c: 96.6 1994: 96.3 1995: 95.2 1996: 94.9 1997: 96.3 1998: 97.4 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 96.9 1981: 94.8 1982: 92.9 1983: 95.1 1984*c: 95.1 1985: 95.1 1986: 94.0 1987: 92.6 1988: 92.2 1989: 95.5 1990: 96.5 1991: 96.5 1992: 95.5 1993*c: 91.2 1994: 93.7 1995: 91.8 1996: 92.5 1997: 88.7 1998: 92.3 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 98.3 1981: 96.8 1982: 96.2 1983: 97.6 1984*c: 96.4 1985: 97.4 1986: 96.8 1987: 98.0 1988: 98.5 1989: 98.1 1990: 97.9 1991: 97.4 1992: 97.3 1993*c: 96.8 1994: 98.4 1995: 96.4 1996: 97.3 1997: 97.3 1998: 97.5 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 96.2 1981: 97.4 1982: 95.9 1983: 94.0 1984*c: 95.8 1985: 94.1 1986: 95.0 1987: 94.7 1988: 94.7 1989: 95.2 1990: 96.7 1991: 94.1 1992: 93.5 1993*c: 93.7 1994: 95.1 1995: 94.8 1996: 95.2 1997: 95.0 1998: 95.8 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 96.2 1981: 94.8 1982: 96.4 1983: 95.2 1984*c: 95.1 1985: 96.0 1986: 94.8 1987: 95.6 1988: 95.0 1989: 94.4 1990: 98.0 1991: 96.0 1992: 96.6 1993*c: 97.2 1994: 95.8 1995: 95.3 1996: 95.8 1997: 96.5 1998: 96.8 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 98.1 1981: 96.9 1982: 95.0 1983: 96.0 1984*c: 95.6 1985: 96.6 1986: 97.4 1987: 98.6 1988: 98.5 1989: 97.7 1990: 97.4 1991: 98.6 1992: 98.5 1993*c: 95.6 1994: 97.6 1995: 97.7 1996: 97.4 1997: 97.4 1998: 97.2 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 98.0 1981: 97.4 1982: 98.0 1983: 95.5 1984*c: 97.5 1985: 97.8 1986: 98.3 1987: 96.8 1988: 98.6 1989: 96.6 1990: 98.0 1991: 99.3 1992: 98.2 1993*c: 98.8 1994: 95.9 1995: 96.8 1996: 97.9 1997: 97.3 1998: 96.8 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 96.6 1981: 96.3 1982: 95.4 1983: 95.3 1984*c: 95.0 1985: 94.7 1986: 96.5 1987: 95.6 1988: 94.1 1989: 96.6 1990: 96.0 1991: 95.1 1992: 96.0 1993*c: 95.3 1994: 94.5 1995: 94.3 1996: 96.7 1997: 96.4 1998: 94.4 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 98.3 1981: 98.1 1982: 95.0 1983: 92.6 1984*c: 94.4 1985: 94.2 1986: 95.8 1987: 94.3 1988: 95.8 1989: 92.5 1990: 95.8 1991: 94.2 1992: 95.5 1993*c: 94.7 1994: 93.9 1995: 93.0 1996: 93.0 1997: 93.9 1998: 92.6 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 95.4 1981: 96.8 1982: 96.1 1983: 95.5 1984*c: 98.3 1985: 97.2 1986: 95.8 1987: 94.5 1988: 98.0 1989: 97.1 1990: 97.3 1991: 95.0 1992: 96.3 1993*c: 95.4 1994: 96.7 1995: 95.4 1996: 95.2 1997: 95.0 1998: 96.7 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 96.4 1981: 96.6 1982: 93.6 1983: 93.4 1984*c: 96.6 1985: 96.5 1986: 97.0 1987: 96.2 1988: 97.3 1989: 97.6 1990: 96.3 1991: 96.6 1992: 92.7 1993*c: 95.4 1994: 93.8 1995: 94.5 1996: 94.2 1997: 96.4 1998: 93.0 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 97.5 1981: 96.2 1982: 95.9 1983: 97.5 1984*c: 96.2 1985: 96.7 1986: 97.3 1987: 96.2 1988: 96.9 1989: 97.4 1990: 94.9 1991: 93.9 1992: 95.2 1993*c: 95.2 1994: 93.5 1995: 93.9 1996: 95.6 1997: 96.2 1998: 96.0 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 95.2 1981: 94.1 1982: 92.6 1983: 91.2 1984*c: 92.4 1985: 93.7 1986: 94.0 1987: 94.1 1988: 94.0 1989: 93.9 1990: 93.1 1991: 95.0 1992: 95.2 1993*c: 94.3 1994: 93.4 1995: 95.4 1996: 97.1 1997: 95.3 1998: 96.4 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 97.9 1981: 97.6 1982: 97.4 1983: 96.4 1984*c: 98.3 1985: 98.5 1986: 98.5 1987: 97.0 1988: 96.7 1989: 97.5 1990: 98.6 1991: 97.7 1992: 98.1 1993*c: 97.7 1994: 97.6 1995: 97.2 1996: 97.7 1997: 97.1 1998: 95.6 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 98.0 1981: 97.5 1982: 95.5 1983: 93.4 1984*c: 96.5 1985: 93.3 1986: 93.8 1987: 94.0 1988: 95.9 1989: 95.1 1990: 95.4 1991: 95.3 1992: 96.6 1993*c: 97.6 1994: 95.0 1995: 90.4 1996: 94.7 1997: 92.8 1998: 91.7 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 95.9 1981: 97.0 1982: 95.1 1983: 94.9 1984*c: 96.8 1985: 96.3 1986: 96.3 1987: 94.8 1988: 95.1 1989: 95.6 1990: 96.2 1991: 96.0 1992: 94.3 1993*c: 96.4 1994: 92.0 1995: 96.5 1996: 94.9 1997: 95.0 1998: 96.7 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 97.8 1981: 97.6 1982: 95.4 1983: 97.0 1984*c: 97.9 1985: 95.5 1986: 96.8 1987: 95.7 1988: 96.5 1989: 96.1 1990: 96.6 1991: 96.9 1992: 96.0 1993*c: 97.3 1994: 94.3 1995: 94.7 1996: 96.8 1997: 96.1 1998: 95.7 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 98.7 1981: 98.9 1982: 97.9 1983: 99.4 1984*c: 99.0 1985: 98.1 1986: 97.5 1987: 97.8 1988: 96.5 1989: 97.7 1990: 98.0 1991: 96.2 1992: 98.7 1993*c: 98.8 1994: 97.3 1995: 98.6 1996: 97.2 1997: 97.9 1998: 96.7 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 98.4 1981: 98.3 1982: 97.3 1983: 93.7 1984*c: 97.4 1985: 95.6 1986: 97.3 1987: 94.5 1988: 96.6 1989: 95.5 1990: 98.3 1991: 96.7 1992: 94.3 1993*c: 96.8 1994: 94.8 1995: 95.9 1996: 91.4 1997: 95.0 1998: 94.1 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 99.0 1981: 98.4 1982: 98.2 1983: 97.8 1984*c: 98.5 1985: 96.9 1986: 99.0 1987: 97.7 1988: 97.7 1989: 97.9 1990: 97.5 1991: 97.3 1992: 96.8 1993*c: 95.5 1994: 96.5 1995: 98.0 1996: 97.9 1997: 96.8 1998: 96.7 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 96.6 1981: 97.8 1982: 96.4 1983: 96.9 1984*c: 97.2 1985: 97.1 1986: 98.1 1987: 97.6 1988: 96.3 1989: 96.9 1990: 97.1 1991: 95.6 1992: 93.5 1993*c: 92.7 1994: 94.8 1995: 94.2 1996: 95.6 1997: 94.5 1998: 96.5 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 96.1 1981: 96.6 1982: 93.9 1983: 94.6 1984*c: 93.3 1985: 95.1 1986: 96.0 1987: 94.6 1988: 92.9 1989: 95.2 1990: 93.8 1991: 95.4 1992: 92.4 1993*c: 93.7 1994: 94.8 1995: 90.9 1996: 92.6 1997: 94.7 1998: 92.8 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 95.0 1981: 96.4 1982: 94.3 1983: 93.7 1984*c: 94.3 1985: 95.0 1986: 94.4 1987: 94.7 1988: 95.1 1989: 94.7 1990: 94.9 1991: 93.3 1992: 92.2 1993*c: 90.7 1994: 92.3 1995: 91.5 1996: 92.3 1997: 92.7 1998: 92.8 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 97.2 1981: 97.4 1982: 93.2 1983: 96.4 1984*c: 96.2 1985: 96.2 1986: 97.1 1987: 97.0 1988: 96.2 1989: 96.9 1990: 96.7 1991: 96.8 1992: 95.6 1993*c: 96.1 1994: 95.5 1995: 96.3 1996: 95.8 1997: 97.4 1998: 95.5 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 98.6 1981: 97.6 1982: 97.6 1983: 97.1 1984*c: 97.4 1985: 97.3 1986: 97.2 1987: 97.8 1988: 98.2 1989: 98.4 1990: 95.5 1991: 96.4 1992: 98.2 1993*c: 97.9 1994: 99.0 1995: 97.3 1996: 98.2 1997: 98.2 1998: 95.8 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 97.5 1981: 95.4 1982: 93.9 1983: 93.4 1984*c: 94.6 1985: 95.2 1986: 95.3 1987: 95.9 1988: 95.5 1989: 96.1 1990: 96.1 1991: 95.3 1992: 94.8 1993*c: 95.5 1994: 96.3 1995: 96.4 1996: 96.1 1997: 96.4 1998: 96.2 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 97.9 1981: 97.8 1982: 97.7 1983: 94.9 1984*c: 98.0 1985: 95.2 1986: 94.0 1987: 94.9 1988: 92.6 1989: 96.3 1990: 95.6 1991: 95.1 1992: 96.3 1993*c: 96.3 1994: 93.7 1995: 96.8 1996: 96.8 1997: 95.2 1998: 93.6 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 96.8 1981: 96.6 1982: 96.3 1983: 95.2 1984*c: 93.9 1985: 92.5 1986: 93.8 1987: 95.7 1988: 97.2 1989: 95.9 1990: 95.9 1991: 95.7 1992: 95.9 1993*c: 93.9 1994: 94.3 1995: 97.9 1996: 96.8 1997: 96.2 1998: 94.2 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 96.3 1981: 96.0 1982: 93.0 1983: 91.7 1984*c: 95.3 1985: 95.9 1986: 95.6 1987: 94.5 1988: 96.2 1989: 95.7 1990: 95.2 1991: 95.8 1992: 93.4 1993*c: 93.1 1994: 95.7 1995: 95.8 1996: 96.1 1997: 95.7 1998: 96.0 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 98.4 1981: 97.2 1982: 95.1 1983: 95.0 1984*c: 96.2 1985: 97.5 1986: 96.0 1987: 93.4 1988: 98.1 1989: 96.7 1990: 94.6 1991: 95.4 1992: 93.9 1993*c: 94.5 1994: 93.2 1995: 95.4 1996: 95.7 1997: 97.0 1998: 96.2 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 92.3 1981: 96.0 1982: 93.9 1983: 94.4 1984*c: 97.2 1985: 95.9 1986: 97.0 1987: 96.8 1988: 96.9 1989: 98.1 1990: 94.7 1991: 95.7 1992: 94.6 1993*c: 93.2 1994: 95.0 1995: 92.4 1996: 96.0 1997: 97.3 1998: 96.2 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 97.9 1981: 97.4 1982: 96.7 1983: 97.0 1984*c: 97.4 1985: 96.7 1986: 97.2 1987: 97.8 1988: 97.9 1989: 96.4 1990: 97.8 1991: 97.6 1992: 96.3 1993*c: 95.9 1994: 97.5 1995: 98.2 1996: 96.5 1997: 93.7 1998: 98.2 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 96.0 1981: 95.6 1982: 93.8 1983: 92.5 1984*c: 94.1 1985: 96.8 1986: 95.7 1987: 95.9 1988: 94.0 1989: 95.0 1990: 97.1 1991: 95.0 1992: 92.8 1993*c: 95.6 1994: 96.5 1995: 93.8 1996: 93.8 1997: 94.6 1998: 92.9 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 97.7 1981: 97.7 1982: 96.3 1983: 96.4 1984*c: 96.7 1985: 96.4 1986: 96.0 1987: 96.6 1988: 96.5 1989: 97.1 1990: 96.3 1991: 96.5 1992: 95.6 1993*c: 95.8 1994: 96.0 1995: 96.4 1996: 95.4 1997: 95.9 1998: 95.5 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 97.9 1981: 98.8 1982: 97.0 1983: 97.1 1984*c: 96.8 1985: 97.6 1986: 97.9 1987: 96.4 1988: 95.8 1989: 97.1 1990: 98.0 1991: 98.6 1992: 97.8 1993*c: 98.0 1994: 97.3 1995: 96.6 1996: 96.7 1997: 97.5 1998: 97.0 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 97.7 1981: 99.1 1982: 97.6 1983: 97.7 1984*c: 95.6 1985: 99.0 1986: 97.6 1987: 98.8 1988: 97.7 1989: 98.9 1990: 96.4 1991: 97.1 1992: 96.5 1993*c: 97.1 1994: 95.7 1995: 97.2 1996: 94.8 1997: 97.7 1998: 98.5 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 98.1 1981: 96.0 1982: 97.4 1983: 96.8 1984*c: 97.7 1985: 96.9 1986: 98.2 1987: 97.6 1988: 98.0 1989: 97.9 1990: 96.3 1991: 96.8 1992: 96.5 1993*c: 97.1 1994: 98.5 1995: 95.0 1996: 95.3 1997: 97.2 1998: 95.2 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 97.9 1981: 97.2 1982: 96.1 1983: 96.2 1984*c: 94.2 1985: 96.0 1986: 96.7 1987: 96.5 1988: 96.9 1989: 96.3 1990: 96.9 1991: 94.4 1992: 95.1 1993*c: 95.2 1994: 95.4 1995: 95.8 1996: 96.5 1997: 93.6 1998: 96.0 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 96.7 1981: 95.9 1982: 94.1 1983: 87.1 1984*c: 91.3 1985: 90.2 1986: 90.8 1987: 91.5 1988: 93.6 1989: 93.7 1990: 90.9 1991: 92.1 1992: 90.2 1993*c: 90.8 1994: 93.5 1995: 93.3 1996: 92.3 1997: 92.0 1998: 93.8 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 98.3 1981: 97.3 1982: 96.1 1983: 96.0 1984*c: 95.1 1985: 95.6 1986: 97.1 1987: 95.7 1988: 97.8 1989: 97.9 1990: 98.3 1991: 97.4 1992: 97.8 1993*c: 97.4 1994: 97.3 1995: 97.5 1996: 99.0 1997: 97.5 1998: 95.1 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 99.0 1981: 98.1 1982: 97.8 1983: 96.0 1984*c: 97.0 1985: 98.9 1986: 98.2 1987: 97.5 1988: 96.4 1989: 97.1 1990: 98.7 1991: 96.5 1992: 98.3 1993*c: 94.4 1994: 97.0 1995: 98.2 1996: 97.4 1997: 95.9 1998: 96.5 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 1b. Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilian Men with a Disability Aged 25 through 61 for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Employment Years 1980 through 1998a,b Location United States Employment Year 1980: 42.6 1981: 44.8 1982: 41.7 1983: 39.7 1984*c: 40.4 1985: 42.8 1986: 43.8 1987: 43.0 1988: 42.9 1989: 44.0 1990: 42.1 1991: 41.5 1992: 41.6 1993*c: 37.2 1994: 38.0 1995: 34.9 1996: 38.2 1997: 35.5 1998: 34.4 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 31.9 1981: 28.4 1982: 17.5 1983: 29.9 1984*c: 34.7 1985: 26.9 1986: 15.8 1987: 26.6 1988: 26.5 1989: 35.2 1990: 26.0 1991: 23.3 1992: 22.5 1993*c: 32.6 1994: 20.7 1995: 36.1 1996: 31.1 1997: 19.7 1998: 36.6 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 50.7 1981: 48.6 1982: 51.9 1983: 66.3 1984*c: 51.5 1985: 72.8 1986: 51.2 1987: 50.7 1988: 54.5 1989: 50.1 1990: 38.0 1991: 54.6 1992: 74.8 1993*c: 61.9 1994: 46.4 1995: 53.3 1996: 62.9 1997: 36.2 1998: 51.3 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 57.4 1981: 51.9 1982: 57.9 1983: 54.7 1984*c: 48.0 1985: 39.6 1986: 50.7 1987: 45.7 1988: 32.1 1989: 49.8 1990: 47.6 1991: 66.1 1992: 60.1 1993*c: 56.9 1994: 44.7 1995: 43.0 1996: 47.6 1997: 32.9 1998: 32.1 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 39.0 1981: 38.6 1982: 40.2 1983: 55.0 1984*c: 30.1 1985: 35.2 1986: 39.1 1987: 43.6 1988: 46.6 1989: 39.7 1990: 34.2 1991: 34.1 1992: 36.2 1993*c: 29.4 1994: 19.0 1995: 21.1 1996: 25.1 1997: 24.6 1998: 35.5 Location California Employment Year 1980: 42.9 1981: 44.9 1982: 43.6 1983: 38.4 1984*c: 40.2 1985: 47.7 1986: 39.1 1987: 45.4 1988: 42.2 1989: 36.1 1990: 39.8 1991: 41.1 1992: 38.1 1993*c: 44.0 1994: 43.5 1995: 29.7 1996: 32.8 1997: 44.4 1998: 31.1 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 34.5 1981: 59.4 1982: 64.2 1983: 52.4 1984*c: 65.5 1985: 79.2 1986: 69.1 1987: 62.7 1988: 58.2 1989: 38.3 1990: 42.8 1991: 54.6 1992: 49.5 1993*c: 45.8 1994: 44.5 1995: 66.3 1996: 39.4 1997: 52.2 1998: 57.3 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 67.4 1981: 85.8 1982: 47.0 1983: 59.0 1984*c: 46.1 1985: 69.9 1986: 59.1 1987: 76.5 1988: 58.7 1989: 59.9 1990: 58.2 1991: 49.5 1992: 72.8 1993*c: 63.3 1994: 32.9 1995: 26.5 1996: 53.4 1997: 31.6 1998: 29.9 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 49.7 1981: 49.9 1982: 33.4 1983: 54.9 1984*c: 27.8 1985: 33.6 1986: 35.7 1987: 37.6 1988: 52.4 1989: 61.5 1990: 45.2 1991: 41.8 1992: 40.6 1993*c: 57.8 1994: 51.0 1995: 28.9 1996: 56.1 1997: 29.7 1998: 40.1 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 29.5 1981: 10.9 1982: 20.2 1983: 28.6 1984*c: 37.6 1985: 24.4 1986: 32.8 1987: 51.8 1988: 26.1 1989: 36.9 1990: 33.4 1991: 31.1 1992: 42.4 1993*c: 31.0 1994: 40.9 1995: 36.4 1996: 37.4 1997: 11.9 1998: 22.3 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 39.5 1981: 46.5 1982: 37.5 1983: 40.1 1984*c: 33.9 1985: 46.2 1986: 41.1 1987: 50.1 1988: 41.5 1989: 46.4 1990: 41.2 1991: 40.5 1992: 38.6 1993*c: 45.1 1994: 38.1 1995: 26.1 1996: 38.3 1997: 30.1 1998: 40.0 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 41.4 1981: 39.4 1982: 41.6 1983: 42.6 1984*c: 55.5 1985: 47.0 1986: 39.1 1987: 46.1 1988: 34.2 1989: 47.9 1990: 43.2 1991: 20.7 1992: 50.0 1993*c: 19.0 1994: 26.3 1995: 23.7 1996: 38.1 1997: 34.5 1998: 42.4 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 33.1 1981: 25.4 1982: 32.3 1983: 47.7 1984*c: 42.9 1985: 27.7 1986: 55.8 1987: 52.4 1988: 29.4 1989: 27.1 1990: 54.4 1991: 32.6 1992: 36.0 1993*c: 38.6 1994: 45.9 1995: 45.1 1996: 31.2 1997: 49.1 1998: 29.1 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 39.8 1981: 60.4 1982: 51.7 1983: 48.5 1984*c: 50.0 1985: 63.2 1986: 41.5 1987: 63.3 1988: 54.5 1989: 69.3 1990: 54.1 1991: 64.3 1992: 34.0 1993*c: 61.1 1994: 43.3 1995: 59.5 1996: 59.1 1997: 58.6 1998: 71.1 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 43.6 1981: 55.2 1982: 54.8 1983: 40.7 1984*c: 29.4 1985: 41.7 1986: 43.2 1987: 36.6 1988: 39.1 1989: 43.8 1990: 44.4 1991: 38.8 1992: 29.7 1993*c: 31.0 1994: 44.8 1995: 27.2 1996: 32.1 1997: 27.2 1998: 39.9 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 55.1 1981: 44.1 1982: 36.9 1983: 45.1 1984*c: 39.5 1985: 33.1 1986: 41.3 1987: 41.2 1988: 47.3 1989: 44.6 1990: 44.7 1991: 32.0 1992: 62.3 1993*c: 32.6 1994: 52.3 1995: 23.0 1996: 31.7 1997: 32.4 1998: 35.4 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 60.7 1981: 42.0 1982: 44.6 1983: 45.2 1984*c: 59.7 1985: 56.0 1986: 58.8 1987: 62.1 1988: 74.0 1989: 59.4 1990: 50.1 1991: 51.2 1992: 56.6 1993*c: 51.2 1994: 42.5 1995: 37.9 1996: 69.8 1997: 54.3 1998: 26.2 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 64.6 1981: 52.9 1982: 41.6 1983: 47.6 1984*c: 53.9 1985: 45.7 1986: 56.0 1987: 60.1 1988: 70.5 1989: 73.2 1990: 61.9 1991: 48.5 1992: 54.3 1993*c: 30.0 1994: 21.6 1995: 53.5 1996: 46.6 1997: 49.3 1998: 57.3 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 34.7 1981: 34.6 1982: 40.1 1983: 40.2 1984*c: 28.5 1985: 30.1 1986: 40.2 1987: 12.2 1988: 40.0 1989: 48.0 1990: 33.5 1991: 20.1 1992: 31.2 1993*c: 22.3 1994: 24.5 1995: 25.9 1996: 31.5 1997: 19.9 1998: 34.7 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 34.4 1981: 34.2 1982: 25.2 1983: 28.9 1984*c: 47.5 1985: 51.6 1986: 40.5 1987: 43.4 1988: 34.5 1989: 34.3 1990: 26.2 1991: 47.1 1992: 27.5 1993*c: 20.6 1994: 27.9 1995: 35.3 1996: 30.6 1997: 19.7 1998: 18.2 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 37.4 1981: 36.7 1982: 30.5 1983: 40.0 1984*c: 39.5 1985: 31.6 1986: 60.6 1987: 49.9 1988: 44.8 1989: 46.9 1990: 45.7 1991: 42.9 1992: 36.8 1993*c: 34.0 1994: 36.7 1995: 32.6 1996: 35.1 1997: 39.1 1998: 40.8 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 32.1 1981: 48.1 1982: 42.2 1983: 50.7 1984*c: 34.7 1985: 44.5 1986: 46.9 1987: 44.4 1988: 46.7 1989: 35.6 1990: 63.1 1991: 42.1 1992: 60.9 1993*c: 40.2 1994: 55.3 1995: 27.1 1996: 64.5 1997: 50.1 1998: 34.4 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 49.0 1981: 40.6 1982: 37.7 1983: 30.8 1984*c: 48.6 1985: 49.6 1986: 52.9 1987: 49.1 1988: 50.5 1989: 45.8 1990: 48.4 1991: 36.2 1992: 44.4 1993*c: 31.3 1994: 35.9 1995: 33.2 1996: 34.7 1997: 37.9 1998: 26.5 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 48.6 1981: 48.1 1982: 48.2 1983: 52.7 1984*c: 37.3 1985: 42.9 1986: 52.0 1987: 43.6 1988: 40.4 1989: 41.1 1990: 40.1 1991: 44.3 1992: 37.3 1993*c: 34.2 1994: 41.5 1995: 39.6 1996: 33.6 1997: 27.5 1998: 26.3 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 48.1 1981: 51.5 1982: 57.5 1983: 59.6 1984*c: 52.2 1985: 65.4 1986: 62.0 1987: 51.1 1988: 63.2 1989: 76.7 1990: 79.2 1991: 70.4 1992: 77.9 1993*c: 74.8 1994: 61.0 1995: 51.7 1996: 56.4 1997: 71.7 1998: 57.1 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 32.2 1981: 33.6 1982: 38.3 1983: 27.9 1984*c: 37.9 1985: 35.3 1986: 38.4 1987: 32.0 1988: 38.4 1989: 42.9 1990: 29.5 1991: 29.4 1992: 44.0 1993*c: 32.1 1994: 29.3 1995: 38.0 1996: 25.7 1997: 29.6 1998: 18.8 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 36.6 1981: 33.5 1982: 34.8 1983: 31.7 1984*c: 33.2 1985: 47.8 1986: 53.6 1987: 47.2 1988: 47.1 1989: 55.0 1990: 59.1 1991: 46.5 1992: 42.3 1993*c: 12.8 1994: 36.9 1995: 39.6 1996: 38.2 1997: 51.8 1998: 49.8 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 70.2 1981: 49.6 1982: 63.1 1983: 46.7 1984*c: 42.0 1985: 50.6 1986: 44.6 1987: 45.1 1988: 50.6 1989: 59.0 1990: 64.6 1991: 46.4 1992: 61.1 1993*c: 51.3 1994: 59.4 1995: 54.1 1996: 52.8 1997: 46.5 1998: 51.1 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 76.1 1981: 58.5 1982: 61.2 1983: 60.2 1984*c: 67.6 1985: 50.5 1986: 55.2 1987: 57.8 1988: 52.0 1989: 48.1 1990: 48.5 1991: 58.4 1992: 60.0 1993*c: 33.7 1994: 42.4 1995: 51.3 1996: 60.4 1997: 47.7 1998: 28.0 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 56.1 1981: 54.6 1982: 40.0 1983: 36.3 1984*c: 53.6 1985: 60.0 1986: 51.9 1987: 55.7 1988: 67.4 1989: 61.1 1990: 47.8 1991: 43.4 1992: 54.2 1993*c: 48.9 1994: 52.5 1995: 49.7 1996: 57.5 1997: 48.7 1998: 42.9 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 25.0 1981: 56.0 1982: 41.0 1983: 51.6 1984*c: 28.7 1985: 35.0 1986: 55.9 1987: 74.2 1988: 56.9 1989: 75.0 1990: 57.9 1991: 65.5 1992: 48.3 1993*c: 24.4 1994: 48.6 1995: 55.6 1996: 65.9 1997: 46.4 1998: 65.4 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 35.0 1981: 42.3 1982: 42.7 1983: 27.4 1984*c: 42.5 1985: 46.1 1986: 42.1 1987: 39.9 1988: 41.6 1989: 46.1 1990: 44.8 1991: 48.3 1992: 39.6 1993*c: 46.3 1994: 30.3 1995: 38.6 1996: 35.5 1997: 22.2 1998: 39.4 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 29.6 1981: 50.4 1982: 45.7 1983: 50.0 1984*c: 35.6 1985: 41.1 1986: 46.1 1987: 43.3 1988: 41.5 1989: 29.7 1990: 28.2 1991: 22.6 1992: 30.2 1993*c: 26.4 1994: 28.3 1995: 28.6 1996: 31.8 1997: 33.6 1998: 39.6 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 31.3 1981: 36.0 1982: 33.0 1983: 31.8 1984*c: 33.1 1985: 34.5 1986: 37.4 1987: 44.4 1988: 35.2 1989: 34.0 1990: 33.3 1991: 36.0 1992: 33.7 1993*c: 32.3 1994: 35.6 1995: 33.2 1996: 35.7 1997: 23.5 1998: 26.6 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 37.1 1981: 44.3 1982: 36.7 1983: 48.7 1984*c: 36.5 1985: 38.6 1986: 37.0 1987: 33.6 1988: 39.6 1989: 45.7 1990: 29.2 1991: 37.3 1992: 43.0 1993*c: 40.7 1994: 34.1 1995: 34.1 1996: 37.6 1997: 35.5 1998: 28.0 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 54.1 1981: 52.3 1982: 61.8 1983: 63.8 1984*c: 73.2 1985: 74.8 1986: 69.4 1987: 61.7 1988: 57.0 1989: 64.1 1990: 50.4 1991: 42.9 1992: 47.4 1993*c: 58.0 1994: 63.3 1995: 50.4 1996: 50.1 1997: 44.6 1998: 49.9 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 44.6 1981: 42.3 1982: 38.2 1983: 28.0 1984*c: 37.0 1985: 40.9 1986: 41.2 1987: 34.2 1988: 37.8 1989: 39.3 1990: 40.9 1991: 36.0 1992: 34.8 1993*c: 33.9 1994: 28.4 1995: 33.2 1996: 41.7 1997: 33.7 1998: 27.0 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 48.3 1981: 49.3 1982: 42.9 1983: 48.0 1984*c: 43.6 1985: 56.9 1986: 49.3 1987: 43.0 1988: 44.3 1989: 49.5 1990: 40.0 1991: 47.6 1992: 48.3 1993*c: 49.3 1994: 30.9 1995: 38.5 1996: 38.0 1997: 39.1 1998: 35.3 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 60.4 1981: 68.4 1982: 60.6 1983: 44.7 1984*c: 44.9 1985: 46.3 1986: 40.9 1987: 53.2 1988: 60.8 1989: 53.5 1990: 66.5 1991: 65.0 1992: 52.3 1993*c: 41.6 1994: 57.5 1995: 66.6 1996: 72.0 1997: 51.9 1998: 35.3 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 40.9 1981: 40.2 1982: 37.7 1983: 27.8 1984*c: 27.1 1985: 29.2 1986: 35.9 1987: 36.3 1988: 36.1 1989: 37.4 1990: 47.1 1991: 42.5 1992: 40.3 1993*c: 29.4 1994: 37.6 1995: 42.6 1996: 33.9 1997: 32.2 1998: 27.2 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 52.8 1981: 45.0 1982: 51.6 1983: 43.9 1984*c: 32.6 1985: 38.2 1986: 33.1 1987: 52.9 1988: 41.2 1989: 49.5 1990: 32.6 1991: 51.1 1992: 44.1 1993*c: 35.8 1994: 39.0 1995: 31.8 1996: 31.1 1997: 26.4 1998: 22.1 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 21.6 1981: 38.6 1982: 27.1 1983: 29.2 1984*c: 29.1 1985: 23.9 1986: 38.9 1987: 18.7 1988: 23.3 1989: 43.8 1990: 32.2 1991: 26.1 1992: 28.8 1993*c: 47.8 1994: 32.4 1995: 26.2 1996: 40.4 1997: 18.2 1998: 26.7 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 67.7 1981: 52.3 1982: 61.9 1983: 51.5 1984*c: 62.3 1985: 63.7 1986: 59.6 1987: 72.1 1988: 50.1 1989: 57.0 1990: 54.0 1991: 48.8 1992: 47.8 1993*c: 39.6 1994: 58.4 1995: 59.4 1996: 38.7 1997: 57.4 1998: 30.1 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 30.3 1981: 27.5 1982: 40.8 1983: 37.3 1984*c: 34.3 1985: 26.5 1986: 41.3 1987: 49.7 1988: 37.7 1989: 23.7 1990: 16.4 1991: 40.0 1992: 44.8 1993*c: 16.0 1994: 28.9 1995: 35.1 1996: 40.0 1997: 40.9 1998: 52.2 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 50.6 1981: 60.7 1982: 47.5 1983: 46.5 1984*c: 51.4 1985: 42.4 1986: 41.6 1987: 37.6 1988: 47.6 1989: 50.6 1990: 41.2 1991: 40.8 1992: 40.7 1993*c: 40.8 1994: 37.6 1995: 42.2 1996: 39.4 1997: 40.7 1998: 31.8 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 63.1 1981: 62.8 1982: 60.2 1983: 78.3 1984*c: 70.7 1985: 50.3 1986: 39.8 1987: 61.3 1988: 60.8 1989: 54.5 1990: 58.2 1991: 47.5 1992: 50.7 1993*c: 52.8 1994: 52.9 1995: 72.1 1996: 61.4 1997: 76.5 1998: 57.1 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 64.1 1981: 62.2 1982: 48.7 1983: 37.5 1984*c: 73.1 1985: 54.9 1986: 67.3 1987: 56.9 1988: 45.2 1989: 48.1 1990: 57.7 1991: 41.6 1992: 41.2 1993*c: 60.1 1994: 57.2 1995: 39.6 1996: 36.7 1997: 46.8 1998: 24.4 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 40.8 1981: 45.6 1982: 44.8 1983: 35.9 1984*c: 37.3 1985: 37.1 1986: 45.4 1987: 44.7 1988: 42.5 1989: 50.8 1990: 52.8 1991: 45.4 1992: 42.8 1993*c: 31.5 1994: 40.6 1995: 27.7 1996: 31.0 1997: 19.8 1998: 19.5 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 56.3 1981: 60.6 1982: 52.3 1983: 41.6 1984*c: 64.7 1985: 57.1 1986: 66.7 1987: 37.5 1988: 52.1 1989: 51.4 1990: 49.7 1991: 64.4 1992: 64.2 1993*c: 40.9 1994: 60.9 1995: 29.0 1996: 53.0 1997: 35.9 1998: 44.5 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 23.2 1981: 24.8 1982: 21.7 1983: 20.2 1984*c: 28.6 1985: 40.9 1986: 38.4 1987: 25.2 1988: 33.8 1989: 21.0 1990: 34.3 1991: 40.0 1992: 27.1 1993*c: 23.4 1994: 18.2 1995: 21.2 1996: 20.5 1997: 18.4 1998: 15.6 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 48.1 1981: 52.5 1982: 36.1 1983: 39.7 1984*c: 65.5 1985: 50.2 1986: 57.0 1987: 50.7 1988: 60.0 1989: 60.6 1990: 61.5 1991: 59.8 1992: 47.2 1993*c: 55.9 1994: 36.7 1995: 40.2 1996: 41.6 1997: 46.8 1998: 47.9 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 72.1 1981: 72.8 1982: 78.1 1983: 61.6 1984*c: 55.8 1985: 63.3 1986: 80.7 1987: 46.9 1988: 50.7 1989: 63.4 1990: 45.6 1991: 58.1 1992: 62.8 1993*c: 71.6 1994: 67.5 1995: 62.5 1996: 63.4 1997: 46.7 1998: 42.1 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 1c. Employment Rates of Non-Institutionalized Civilian Women without a Disability Aged 25 through 61 for the United States and for Each State, and the District of Columbia, Employment Years 1980 through 1998a,b Location United States Employment Year 1980: 69.3 1981: 69.9 1982: 69.3 1983: 70.7 1984*c: 72.6 1985: 73.1 1986: 74.4 1987: 75.2 1988: 76.7 1989: 77.0 1990: 77.6 1991: 77.8 1992: 77.6 1993*c: 78.3 1994: 79.1 1995: 79.7 1996: 80.1 1997: 80.7 1998: 80.8 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 67.3 1981: 64.7 1982: 67.0 1983: 65.5 1984*c: 66.5 1985: 66.5 1986: 73.1 1987: 70.2 1988: 70.9 1989: 73.2 1990: 70.7 1991: 73.3 1992: 74.0 1993*c: 78.0 1994: 79.0 1995: 80.9 1996: 83.0 1997: 82.1 1998: 82.4 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 73.2 1981: 73.7 1982: 74.9 1983: 73.3 1984*c: 80.5 1985: 80.7 1986: 79.1 1987: 77.3 1988: 79.1 1989: 77.5 1990: 77.5 1991: 80.5 1992: 78.8 1993*c: 83.1 1994: 81.2 1995: 82.1 1996: 86.2 1997: 80.5 1998: 80.3 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 68.1 1981: 66.2 1982: 72.1 1983: 75.0 1984*c: 69.8 1985: 73.0 1986: 72.8 1987: 74.3 1988: 77.8 1989: 73.9 1990: 77.9 1991: 77.4 1992: 80.1 1993*c: 75.7 1994: 77.4 1995: 76.0 1996: 72.0 1997: 77.6 1998: 75.5 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 71.8 1981: 71.8 1982: 69.4 1983: 67.9 1984*c: 73.3 1985: 70.5 1986: 74.5 1987: 77.4 1988: 78.0 1989: 78.2 1990: 78.5 1991: 78.8 1992: 77.4 1993*c: 80.1 1994: 81.2 1995: 81.7 1996: 82.9 1997: 81.3 1998: 85.1 Location California Employment Year 1980: 70.6 1981: 71.8 1982: 71.3 1983: 70.9 1984*c: 72.5 1985: 71.6 1986: 73.8 1987: 73.9 1988: 76.3 1989: 74.4 1990: 73.6 1991: 73.2 1992: 73.3 1993*c: 73.4 1994: 74.9 1995: 73.6 1996: 74.5 1997: 76.0 1998: 76.6 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 71.0 1981: 73.8 1982: 76.6 1983: 78.6 1984*c: 78.9 1985: 76.2 1986: 78.5 1987: 79.4 1988: 82.7 1989: 82.0 1990: 80.5 1991: 79.7 1992: 82.9 1993*c: 82.3 1994: 82.6 1995: 84.7 1996: 84.8 1997: 85.0 1998: 86.6 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 72.6 1981: 72.3 1982: 71.8 1983: 78.4 1984*c: 77.7 1985: 78.4 1986: 76.9 1987: 82.4 1988: 86.3 1989: 85.6 1990: 82.3 1991: 81.4 1992: 79.0 1993*c: 80.8 1994: 77.9 1995: 81.9 1996: 84.8 1997: 85.3 1998: 83.6 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 66.6 1981: 73.2 1982: 70.9 1983: 72.1 1984*c: 73.6 1985: 80.6 1986: 80.7 1987: 79.3 1988: 80.3 1989: 82.7 1990: 83.1 1991: 83.8 1992: 80.9 1993*c: 81.4 1994: 85.5 1995: 84.0 1996: 79.5 1997: 86.5 1998: 86.6 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 82.6 1981: 80.4 1982: 82.5 1983: 83.1 1984*c: 82.1 1985: 84.0 1986: 86.7 1987: 88.4 1988: 83.6 1989: 85.8 1990: 82.4 1991: 85.7 1992: 83.6 1993*c: 77.9 1994: 84.9 1995: 84.3 1996: 79.6 1997: 81.2 1998: 83.6 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 70.9 1981: 70.0 1982: 69.3 1983: 71.8 1984*c: 72.6 1985: 73.7 1986: 76.6 1987: 78.1 1988: 77.6 1989: 77.4 1990: 79.0 1991: 79.2 1992: 79.2 1993*c: 78.2 1994: 78.2 1995: 79.1 1996: 79.3 1997: 79.6 1998: 79.4 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 74.0 1981: 73.7 1982: 72.0 1983: 74.7 1984*c: 79.9 1985: 77.5 1986: 81.0 1987: 82.8 1988: 79.2 1989: 78.9 1990: 78.5 1991: 78.4 1992: 77.6 1993*c: 80.0 1994: 80.7 1995: 79.4 1996: 79.6 1997: 79.6 1998: 80.3 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 79.2 1981: 73.9 1982: 76.9 1983: 74.0 1984*c: 75.5 1985: 77.2 1986: 77.5 1987: 78.0 1988: 75.3 1989: 77.5 1990: 79.9 1991: 78.9 1992: 80.3 1993*c: 82.0 1994: 85.6 1995: 83.0 1996: 84.8 1997: 84.8 1998: 86.2 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 73.5 1981: 71.4 1982: 70.7 1983: 74.5 1984*c: 73.5 1985: 73.1 1986: 71.5 1987: 77.8 1988: 83.2 1989: 81.9 1990: 81.8 1991: 78.8 1992: 78.5 1993*c: 84.0 1994: 85.1 1995: 84.0 1996: 85.6 1997: 81.1 1998: 84.7 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 67.9 1981: 70.0 1982: 68.6 1983: 68.4 1984*c: 70.6 1985: 70.5 1986: 73.1 1987: 71.4 1988: 74.6 1989: 74.9 1990: 77.7 1991: 77.7 1992: 78.7 1993*c: 80.0 1994: 80.3 1995: 81.7 1996: 79.8 1997: 82.9 1998: 82.7 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 72.4 1981: 66.1 1982: 71.5 1983: 68.6 1984*c: 73.8 1985: 76.1 1986: 76.9 1987: 75.9 1988: 77.8 1989: 79.2 1990: 81.0 1991: 80.3 1992: 78.9 1993*c: 78.7 1994: 82.2 1995: 87.4 1996: 86.1 1997: 85.0 1998: 84.6 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 69.1 1981: 70.5 1982: 74.3 1983: 70.6 1984*c: 73.5 1985: 75.7 1986: 79.9 1987: 79.7 1988: 82.1 1989: 83.5 1990: 83.3 1991: 85.3 1992: 83.6 1993*c: 85.2 1994: 90.2 1995: 88.2 1996: 88.2 1997: 87.6 1998: 89.4 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 75.0 1981: 74.8 1982: 75.8 1983: 75.7 1984*c: 77.5 1985: 78.1 1986: 80.3 1987: 79.4 1988: 82.8 1989: 83.1 1990: 80.8 1991: 83.6 1992: 83.8 1993*c: 85.7 1994: 83.9 1995: 83.0 1996: 86.7 1997: 85.4 1998: 86.6 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 67.5 1981: 64.1 1982: 65.1 1983: 66.4 1984*c: 68.0 1985: 68.0 1986: 68.7 1987: 69.7 1988: 71.5 1989: 74.5 1990: 78.7 1991: 73.6 1992: 77.3 1993*c: 74.5 1994: 77.0 1995: 77.4 1996: 79.1 1997: 80.2 1998: 79.3 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 63.7 1981: 64.3 1982: 65.7 1983: 65.2 1984*c: 66.3 1985: 69.0 1986: 66.6 1987: 64.6 1988: 65.3 1989: 66.1 1990: 68.3 1991: 69.8 1992: 66.0 1993*c: 70.9 1994: 71.9 1995: 80.5 1996: 78.0 1997: 78.0 1998: 75.6 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 69.9 1981: 74.2 1982: 75.4 1983: 73.4 1984*c: 76.5 1985: 80.7 1986: 76.9 1987: 75.6 1988: 77.0 1989: 80.3 1990: 80.2 1991: 82.7 1992: 82.8 1993*c: 81.6 1994: 85.8 1995: 86.2 1996: 89.1 1997: 83.5 1998: 83.0 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 69.8 1981: 71.4 1982: 67.0 1983: 74.2 1984*c: 78.3 1985: 76.2 1986: 80.9 1987: 82.5 1988: 81.8 1989: 84.2 1990: 82.0 1991: 83.0 1992: 82.3 1993*c: 83.0 1994: 85.1 1995: 83.3 1996: 84.8 1997: 86.1 1998: 86.9 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 69.0 1981: 71.6 1982: 71.5 1983: 74.2 1984*c: 75.4 1985: 77.1 1986: 77.3 1987: 79.6 1988: 80.9 1989: 82.3 1990: 81.2 1991: 81.6 1992: 82.6 1993*c: 80.6 1994: 82.4 1995: 81.1 1996: 83.6 1997: 84.4 1998: 86.3 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 65.3 1981: 66.0 1982: 64.6 1983: 68.7 1984*c: 70.5 1985: 68.8 1986: 72.7 1987: 73.2 1988: 75.1 1989: 73.8 1990: 73.6 1991: 74.9 1992: 75.3 1993*c: 76.9 1994: 79.2 1995: 80.6 1996: 80.8 1997: 81.6 1998: 80.0 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 77.6 1981: 79.6 1982: 76.8 1983: 80.0 1984*c: 81.0 1985: 80.4 1986: 82.7 1987: 86.2 1988: 85.5 1989: 87.5 1990: 84.8 1991: 86.0 1992: 86.7 1993*c: 88.1 1994: 86.5 1995: 86.2 1996: 85.1 1997: 87.6 1998: 89.3 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 66.2 1981: 70.3 1982: 66.6 1983: 70.4 1984*c: 76.6 1985: 71.3 1986: 70.3 1987: 73.4 1988: 75.1 1989: 75.9 1990: 78.4 1991: 76.3 1992: 74.3 1993*c: 79.1 1994: 78.5 1995: 77.4 1996: 76.9 1997: 79.5 1998: 82.5 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 73.7 1981: 72.9 1982: 70.4 1983: 72.8 1984*c: 75.5 1985: 78.9 1986: 74.8 1987: 76.9 1988: 79.9 1989: 78.0 1990: 84.7 1991: 83.3 1992: 78.5 1993*c: 77.3 1994: 85.7 1995: 87.1 1996: 87.5 1997: 83.9 1998: 87.9 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 70.8 1981: 69.5 1982: 70.3 1983: 75.7 1984*c: 76.4 1985: 76.1 1986: 79.2 1987: 77.0 1988: 80.7 1989: 83.1 1990: 80.9 1991: 85.9 1992: 84.4 1993*c: 86.1 1994: 87.3 1995: 83.8 1996: 83.9 1997: 85.6 1998: 86.8 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 74.6 1981: 76.4 1982: 75.3 1983: 74.8 1984*c: 74.0 1985: 75.8 1986: 77.9 1987: 81.4 1988: 81.0 1989: 82.2 1990: 86.1 1991: 84.7 1992: 84.3 1993*c: 86.6 1994: 86.2 1995: 89.9 1996: 85.3 1997: 85.3 1998: 86.3 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 77.7 1981: 75.8 1982: 79.2 1983: 77.5 1984*c: 78.1 1985: 75.5 1986: 83.9 1987: 83.7 1988: 82.0 1989: 76.3 1990: 80.6 1991: 81.2 1992: 75.7 1993*c: 80.4 1994: 80.6 1995: 81.0 1996: 81.6 1997: 81.0 1998: 77.3 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 73.5 1981: 76.4 1982: 79.3 1983: 80.3 1984*c: 79.9 1985: 82.8 1986: 85.0 1987: 77.9 1988: 77.6 1989: 83.6 1990: 85.6 1991: 85.1 1992: 80.0 1993*c: 80.4 1994: 85.4 1995: 85.8 1996: 83.2 1997: 85.7 1998: 84.3 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 67.2 1981: 69.3 1982: 68.4 1983: 72.2 1984*c: 70.7 1985: 72.4 1986: 74.0 1987: 75.1 1988: 77.2 1989: 77.6 1990: 76.9 1991: 76.3 1992: 75.7 1993*c: 75.7 1994: 77.3 1995: 78.8 1996: 78.6 1997: 78.2 1998: 80.8 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 63.0 1981: 65.3 1982: 64.3 1983: 66.5 1984*c: 69.4 1985: 71.0 1986: 69.4 1987: 73.4 1988: 72.7 1989: 75.2 1990: 72.2 1991: 75.1 1992: 76.7 1993*c: 76.1 1994: 77.3 1995: 72.5 1996: 72.1 1997: 76.4 1998: 74.3 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 63.8 1981: 65.7 1982: 65.2 1983: 66.4 1984*c: 68.1 1985: 68.5 1986: 69.3 1987: 68.4 1988: 69.8 1989: 72.8 1990: 72.6 1991: 73.1 1992: 73.4 1993*c: 73.9 1994: 72.3 1995: 72.0 1996: 72.8 1997: 76.6 1998: 76.7 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 76.2 1981: 75.3 1982: 73.5 1983: 78.7 1984*c: 79.1 1985: 79.4 1986: 82.9 1987: 81.7 1988: 82.6 1989: 80.6 1990: 80.9 1991: 81.8 1992: 81.7 1993*c: 84.7 1994: 82.9 1995: 85.5 1996: 85.4 1997: 82.9 1998: 81.7 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 69.5 1981: 69.6 1982: 67.4 1983: 71.4 1984*c: 75.5 1985: 76.2 1986: 74.4 1987: 77.7 1988: 81.4 1989: 83.1 1990: 82.4 1991: 83.8 1992: 82.2 1993*c: 85.8 1994: 88.6 1995: 88.0 1996: 89.2 1997: 90.6 1998: 88.3 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 67.4 1981: 67.5 1982: 65.1 1983: 66.0 1984*c: 68.3 1985: 70.0 1986: 69.6 1987: 72.1 1988: 75.1 1989: 75.6 1990: 77.8 1991: 77.5 1992: 77.5 1993*c: 78.0 1994: 78.0 1995: 79.5 1996: 81.0 1997: 81.4 1998: 79.7 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 69.7 1981: 70.5 1982: 72.6 1983: 74.3 1984*c: 75.8 1985: 78.9 1986: 80.2 1987: 77.4 1988: 77.9 1989: 79.0 1990: 76.6 1991: 77.4 1992: 72.3 1993*c: 73.6 1994: 75.9 1995: 76.7 1996: 78.7 1997: 79.0 1998: 78.7 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 74.3 1981: 75.6 1982: 74.3 1983: 73.0 1984*c: 74.6 1985: 75.1 1986: 76.5 1987: 76.2 1988: 82.6 1989: 76.9 1990: 75.8 1991: 80.6 1992: 85.3 1993*c: 84.3 1994: 81.1 1995: 87.0 1996: 82.3 1997: 82.8 1998: 77.3 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 63.9 1981: 64.2 1982: 60.5 1983: 64.3 1984*c: 65.1 1985: 70.4 1986: 69.1 1987: 70.5 1988: 73.7 1989: 75.4 1990: 75.8 1991: 75.9 1992: 76.7 1993*c: 77.4 1994: 77.2 1995: 79.2 1996: 81.3 1997: 81.0 1998: 82.4 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 76.8 1981: 75.9 1982: 75.0 1983: 76.9 1984*c: 77.3 1985: 78.4 1986: 78.4 1987: 79.0 1988: 77.3 1989: 78.9 1990: 84.7 1991: 79.8 1992: 79.8 1993*c: 81.3 1994: 83.0 1995: 83.8 1996: 85.6 1997: 84.7 1998: 84.5 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 67.9 1981: 75.5 1982: 71.1 1983: 70.8 1984*c: 73.5 1985: 77.0 1986: 77.7 1987: 75.9 1988: 77.3 1989: 79.7 1990: 82.7 1991: 80.2 1992: 78.9 1993*c: 76.1 1994: 78.2 1995: 76.9 1996: 78.5 1997: 83.4 1998: 83.1 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 75.0 1981: 72.0 1982: 74.1 1983: 76.9 1984*c: 81.4 1985: 79.5 1986: 78.1 1987: 84.8 1988: 85.3 1989: 84.4 1990: 85.5 1991: 86.8 1992: 87.1 1993*c: 85.8 1994: 87.1 1995: 90.2 1996: 90.5 1997: 89.0 1998: 90.6 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 68.9 1981: 67.5 1982: 67.8 1983: 70.1 1984*c: 75.1 1985: 74.1 1986: 74.1 1987: 75.7 1988: 76.3 1989: 77.1 1990: 76.7 1991: 76.3 1992: 78.7 1993*c: 82.1 1994: 80.1 1995: 80.7 1996: 82.8 1997: 81.8 1998: 78.7 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 69.7 1981: 69.4 1982: 69.7 1983: 69.8 1984*c: 74.2 1985: 72.7 1986: 73.4 1987: 75.1 1988: 75.1 1989: 76.0 1990: 76.1 1991: 78.0 1992: 75.6 1993*c: 76.5 1994: 78.0 1995: 78.1 1996: 78.1 1997: 77.7 1998: 79.0 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 63.1 1981: 63.4 1982: 66.2 1983: 62.3 1984*c: 69.0 1985: 71.5 1986: 72.7 1987: 73.0 1988: 77.6 1989: 75.8 1990: 76.7 1991: 79.4 1992: 77.9 1993*c: 80.4 1994: 77.3 1995: 77.6 1996: 80.4 1997: 77.2 1998: 80.9 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 78.5 1981: 76.5 1982: 77.7 1983: 79.0 1984*c: 78.2 1985: 82.8 1986: 82.8 1987: 83.0 1988: 86.1 1989: 84.9 1990: 86.2 1991: 84.7 1992: 86.9 1993*c: 90.5 1994: 85.4 1995: 85.9 1996: 85.5 1997: 87.3 1998: 89.2 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 74.4 1981: 74.4 1982: 72.3 1983: 75.2 1984*c: 77.4 1985: 76.2 1986: 77.6 1987: 80.3 1988: 76.7 1989: 79.4 1990: 81.9 1991: 83.7 1992: 83.5 1993*c: 81.9 1994: 85.0 1995: 81.7 1996: 79.4 1997: 79.4 1998: 79.1 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 67.7 1981: 73.5 1982: 69.9 1983: 71.4 1984*c: 72.5 1985: 73.8 1986: 72.5 1987: 80.4 1988: 78.2 1989: 78.6 1990: 77.9 1991: 77.8 1992: 78.5 1993*c: 82.5 1994: 80.2 1995: 82.3 1996: 82.9 1997: 81.3 1998: 80.3 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 53.8 1981: 58.6 1982: 56.1 1983: 51.4 1984*c: 53.7 1985: 52.4 1986: 58.3 1987: 59.6 1988: 60.8 1989: 68.3 1990: 67.5 1991: 63.7 1992: 66.0 1993*c: 70.8 1994: 67.8 1995: 73.5 1996: 74.7 1997: 75.8 1998: 71.8 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 74.6 1981: 74.4 1982: 75.5 1983: 75.0 1984*c: 76.6 1985: 77.1 1986: 78.8 1987: 78.6 1988: 84.2 1989: 81.7 1990: 86.4 1991: 86.9 1992: 86.9 1993*c: 87.9 1994: 88.1 1995: 88.9 1996: 90.6 1997: 91.3 1998: 88.5 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 75.6 1981: 75.9 1982: 74.7 1983: 73.5 1984*c: 71.5 1985: 77.4 1986: 75.8 1987: 77.9 1988: 79.0 1989: 79.1 1990: 82.5 1991: 83.5 1992: 85.6 1993*c: 83.1 1994: 82.2 1995: 83.2 1996: 83.6 1997: 80.5 1998: 80.9 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 1d. Employment of Non-Institutionalized Civilian Women with a Disability Aged 25 through 61 for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Employment Years 1980 through 1998a,b Location United States Employment Year 1980: 28.5 1981: 28.1 1982: 29.3 1983: 28.9 1984*c: 30.2 1985: 32.4 1986: 32.1 1987: 33.9 1988: 36.2 1989: 37.5 1990: 34.9 1991: 35.0 1992: 34.3 1993*c: 33.4 1994: 36.0 1995: 33.9 1996: 33.9 1997: 31.9 1998: 29.5 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 22.9 1981: 21.8 1982: 17.1 1983: 6.1 1984*c: 21.3 1985: 34.4 1986: 30.3 1987: 19.3 1988: 31.7 1989: 22.7 1990: 25.2 1991: 19.7 1992: 17.6 1993*c: 24.2 1994: 24.5 1995: 15.2 1996: 25.1 1997: 30.7 1998: 27.9 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 40.4 1981: 48.5 1982: 48.1 1983: 44.3 1984*c: 52.7 1985: 48.3 1986: 46.2 1987: 68.2 1988: 54.7 1989: 47.2 1990: 34.4 1991: 45.6 1992: 38.7 1993*c: 67.5 1994: 47.6 1995: 46.1 1996: 33.1 1997: 29.2 1998: 42.6 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 24.6 1981: 28.1 1982: 53.7 1983: 33.8 1984*c: 41.7 1985: 41.9 1986: 41.9 1987: 35.8 1988: 29.7 1989: 45.4 1990: 40.0 1991: 42.0 1992: 26.5 1993*c: 47.8 1994: 48.1 1995: 48.8 1996: 33.1 1997: 35.3 1998: 30.5 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 19.8 1981: 29.0 1982: 20.0 1983: 31.7 1984*c: 34.2 1985: 25.9 1986: 33.9 1987: 34.9 1988: 38.6 1989: 40.0 1990: 23.3 1991: 42.8 1992: 30.9 1993*c: 32.4 1994: 31.7 1995: 29.6 1996: 32.4 1997: 28.7 1998: 19.7 Location California Employment Year 1980: 25.2 1981: 32.4 1982: 32.7 1983: 25.4 1984*c: 31.3 1985: 40.0 1986: 33.9 1987: 38.0 1988: 43.9 1989: 41.5 1990: 35.7 1991: 34.6 1992: 38.7 1993*c: 25.9 1994: 39.8 1995: 35.5 1996: 37.9 1997: 31.7 1998: 31.2 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 24.0 1981: 45.9 1982: 41.8 1983: 47.9 1984*c: 34.6 1985: 65.6 1986: 37.3 1987: 56.5 1988: 40.8 1989: 46.2 1990: 39.3 1991: 39.0 1992: 45.4 1993*c: 64.4 1994: 57.3 1995: 42.8 1996: 38.4 1997: 37.5 1998: 34.4 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 50.1 1981: 37.7 1982: 44.3 1983: 42.8 1984*c: 54.8 1985: 34.9 1986: 27.3 1987: 48.2 1988: 59.0 1989: 69.7 1990: 33.5 1991: 37.3 1992: 44.9 1993*c: 48.1 1994: 65.9 1995: 38.0 1996: 36.3 1997: 28.1 1998: 32.1 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 46.6 1981: 33.3 1982: 24.0 1983: 44.3 1984*c: 35.0 1985: 40.8 1986: 11.8 1987: 27.8 1988: 27.0 1989: 56.3 1990: 40.5 1991: 40.5 1992: 59.6 1993*c: 49.4 1994: 36.2 1995: 29.5 1996: 18.5 1997: 29.3 1998: 31.5 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 29.5 1981: 38.1 1982: 14.7 1983: 16.1 1984*c: 32.6 1985: 23.9 1986: 26.9 1987: 43.2 1988: 35.8 1989: 17.9 1990: 15.0 1991: 25.6 1992: 38.6 1993*c: 41.6 1994: 24.3 1995: 23.7 1996: 30.8 1997: 26.4 1998: 38.5 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 26.1 1981: 31.2 1982: 28.8 1983: 27.7 1984*c: 30.1 1985: 23.8 1986: 37.1 1987: 41.8 1988: 41.2 1989: 42.2 1990: 35.4 1991: 37.7 1992: 44.8 1993*c: 36.4 1994: 34.3 1995: 32.6 1996: 30.5 1997: 30.2 1998: 22.2 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 29.9 1981: 37.6 1982: 28.6 1983: 18.3 1984*c: 44.1 1985: 35.6 1986: 27.8 1987: 31.4 1988: 31.4 1989: 23.7 1990: 22.0 1991: 15.5 1992: 21.2 1993*c: 33.3 1994: 43.6 1995: 28.0 1996: 28.6 1997: 42.3 1998: 25.3 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 21.0 1981: 44.2 1982: 44.9 1983: 30.5 1984*c: 32.4 1985: 29.8 1986: 44.6 1987: 32.1 1988: 61.3 1989: 33.8 1990: 36.4 1991: 30.7 1992: 37.0 1993*c: 32.2 1994: 25.0 1995: 54.8 1996: 48.2 1997: 49.0 1998: 33.0 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 43.8 1981: 52.4 1982: 37.8 1983: 59.5 1984*c: 38.4 1985: 52.7 1986: 33.0 1987: 41.3 1988: 40.3 1989: 45.9 1990: 56.1 1991: 50.0 1992: 44.3 1993*c: 49.1 1994: 59.7 1995: 34.8 1996: 28.2 1997: 36.5 1998: 42.6 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 27.0 1981: 20.3 1982: 31.1 1983: 26.9 1984*c: 26.9 1985: 21.3 1986: 22.2 1987: 24.6 1988: 25.6 1989: 38.2 1990: 32.1 1991: 35.0 1992: 31.7 1993*c: 31.2 1994: 33.0 1995: 41.1 1996: 30.4 1997: 35.3 1998: 26.9 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 28.5 1981: 15.2 1982: 26.0 1983: 34.3 1984*c: 29.5 1985: 34.9 1986: 24.6 1987: 17.4 1988: 41.9 1989: 63.8 1990: 30.7 1991: 33.0 1992: 40.4 1993*c: 28.4 1994: 48.0 1995: 33.1 1996: 39.8 1997: 31.0 1998: 13.5 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 21.9 1981: 30.8 1982: 45.5 1983: 15.9 1984*c: 40.0 1985: 43.2 1986: 48.1 1987: 68.2 1988: 46.9 1989: 34.1 1990: 38.7 1991: 55.5 1992: 36.7 1993*c: 53.8 1994: 43.5 1995: 60.9 1996: 56.3 1997: 43.7 1998: 44.3 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 42.8 1981: 28.9 1982: 26.0 1983: 54.1 1984*c: 57.5 1985: 52.6 1986: 48.6 1987: 45.2 1988: 26.2 1989: 53.6 1990: 54.8 1991: 44.2 1992: 52.4 1993*c: 64.0 1994: 29.6 1995: 33.1 1996: 39.2 1997: 44.3 1998: 52.2 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 20.3 1981: 19.7 1982: 22.3 1983: 23.6 1984*c: 42.1 1985: 25.6 1986: 24.4 1987: 16.1 1988: 32.5 1989: 32.5 1990: 27.6 1991: 25.0 1992: 16.5 1993*c: 9.0 1994: 30.9 1995: 25.1 1996: 25.1 1997: 18.9 1998: 25.5 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 12.8 1981: 21.2 1982: 26.4 1983: 22.3 1984*c: 32.9 1985: 18.5 1986: 27.0 1987: 10.8 1988: 27.9 1989: 17.6 1990: 31.1 1991: 35.5 1992: 33.8 1993*c: 14.6 1994: 24.5 1995: 26.9 1996: 18.4 1997: 30.4 1998: 16.6 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 13.8 1981: 12.3 1982: 53.2 1983: 33.7 1984*c: 27.5 1985: 29.1 1986: 41.6 1987: 37.3 1988: 27.1 1989: 35.9 1990: 61.6 1991: 49.8 1992: 37.4 1993*c: 40.9 1994: 31.7 1995: 40.2 1996: 29.7 1997: 44.5 1998: 37.4 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 31.1 1981: 24.7 1982: 30.1 1983: 39.9 1984*c: 23.7 1985: 35.6 1986: 46.8 1987: 37.6 1988: 34.6 1989: 29.6 1990: 21.9 1991: 21.2 1992: 22.8 1993*c: 24.5 1994: 35.4 1995: 36.7 1996: 36.4 1997: 37.7 1998: 43.1 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 41.1 1981: 23.4 1982: 27.0 1983: 23.2 1984*c: 27.6 1985: 31.1 1986: 34.0 1987: 39.8 1988: 29.1 1989: 43.6 1990: 39.7 1991: 35.8 1992: 39.7 1993*c: 29.4 1994: 37.2 1995: 23.5 1996: 37.0 1997: 30.1 1998: 29.6 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 27.8 1981: 23.2 1982: 20.7 1983: 31.6 1984*c: 22.9 1985: 27.2 1986: 32.8 1987: 26.0 1988: 35.1 1989: 33.3 1990: 36.4 1991: 29.8 1992: 30.9 1993*c: 35.3 1994: 31.1 1995: 41.9 1996: 25.5 1997: 25.7 1998: 27.7 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 57.7 1981: 47.9 1982: 45.7 1983: 52.8 1984*c: 48.1 1985: 47.5 1986: 48.9 1987: 52.6 1988: 68.7 1989: 79.9 1990: 62.5 1991: 66.9 1992: 58.4 1993*c: 59.4 1994: 70.2 1995: 48.8 1996: 53.1 1997: 56.1 1998: 57.1 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 20.1 1981: 19.0 1982: 13.1 1983: 10.3 1984*c: 17.6 1985: 16.9 1986: 21.3 1987: 26.7 1988: 22.9 1989: 31.1 1990: 28.3 1991: 20.8 1992: 29.0 1993*c: 26.1 1994: 36.2 1995: 30.8 1996: 13.1 1997: 13.2 1998: 26.6 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 25.2 1981: 23.3 1982: 24.0 1983: 28.4 1984*c: 23.6 1985: 39.2 1986: 40.8 1987: 47.7 1988: 31.8 1989: 30.5 1990: 51.0 1991: 40.6 1992: 34.1 1993*c: 27.1 1994: 47.8 1995: 35.5 1996: 49.8 1997: 50.7 1998: 41.1 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 51.8 1981: 40.7 1982: 33.8 1983: 34.9 1984*c: 34.8 1985: 52.7 1986: 57.7 1987: 43.1 1988: 42.7 1989: 59.9 1990: 39.4 1991: 54.2 1992: 47.8 1993*c: 39.3 1994: 36.4 1995: 36.9 1996: 44.9 1997: 48.6 1998: 34.9 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 55.9 1981: 39.6 1982: 33.7 1983: 51.0 1984*c: 53.3 1985: 45.4 1986: 41.3 1987: 45.6 1988: 32.7 1989: 48.2 1990: 44.0 1991: 40.9 1992: 51.7 1993*c: 47.9 1994: 42.2 1995: 51.9 1996: 35.4 1997: 38.0 1998: 43.0 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 50.1 1981: 29.1 1982: 47.6 1983: 53.1 1984*c: 34.0 1985: 52.5 1986: 51.8 1987: 47.3 1988: 53.5 1989: 52.8 1990: 43.0 1991: 48.8 1992: 54.4 1993*c: 46.6 1994: 29.8 1995: 37.3 1996: 43.8 1997: 39.6 1998: 34.2 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 24.7 1981: 33.0 1982: 33.6 1983: 46.1 1984*c: 49.9 1985: 31.6 1986: 32.3 1987: 66.5 1988: 27.5 1989: 48.0 1990: 34.5 1991: 55.4 1992: 37.3 1993*c: 57.9 1994: 66.9 1995: 41.4 1996: 45.2 1997: 36.8 1998: 28.0 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 26.9 1981: 23.7 1982: 30.0 1983: 36.2 1984*c: 36.6 1985: 35.4 1986: 33.2 1987: 40.8 1988: 43.4 1989: 35.8 1990: 33.1 1991: 41.7 1992: 26.2 1993*c: 33.5 1994: 29.8 1995: 28.0 1996: 23.7 1997: 32.4 1998: 31.2 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 32.3 1981: 28.7 1982: 42.1 1983: 23.2 1984*c: 18.8 1985: 28.5 1986: 31.0 1987: 30.3 1988: 31.8 1989: 42.2 1990: 32.5 1991: 32.7 1992: 31.5 1993*c: 33.5 1994: 35.2 1995: 33.1 1996: 28.4 1997: 33.8 1998: 38.3 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 21.3 1981: 20.1 1982: 23.6 1983: 17.4 1984*c: 20.2 1985: 25.3 1986: 25.5 1987: 26.1 1988: 28.1 1989: 31.1 1990: 35.1 1991: 28.5 1992: 31.7 1993*c: 28.5 1994: 26.5 1995: 31.7 1996: 29.7 1997: 28.6 1998: 24.4 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 28.5 1981: 26.4 1982: 25.5 1983: 27.7 1984*c: 28.1 1985: 27.4 1986: 37.1 1987: 41.2 1988: 32.3 1989: 36.1 1990: 23.0 1991: 37.5 1992: 37.0 1993*c: 36.0 1994: 30.3 1995: 29.0 1996: 32.5 1997: 29.3 1998: 18.2 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 22.4 1981: 57.8 1982: 44.3 1983: 44.6 1984*c: 47.8 1985: 45.6 1986: 47.5 1987: 55.9 1988: 37.8 1989: 50.4 1990: 42.2 1991: 46.8 1992: 47.8 1993*c: 47.7 1994: 55.6 1995: 61.7 1996: 45.8 1997: 45.4 1998: 61.4 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 25.1 1981: 28.9 1982: 22.2 1983: 25.4 1984*c: 20.7 1985: 29.1 1986: 25.5 1987: 31.6 1988: 33.2 1989: 32.4 1990: 33.4 1991: 27.3 1992: 27.7 1993*c: 36.0 1994: 30.7 1995: 21.9 1996: 22.7 1997: 32.8 1998: 34.4 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 33.1 1981: 40.0 1982: 38.9 1983: 24.5 1984*c: 31.4 1985: 23.8 1986: 24.9 1987: 32.0 1988: 40.5 1989: 39.4 1990: 39.5 1991: 45.0 1992: 21.9 1993*c: 28.9 1994: 30.0 1995: 35.9 1996: 38.6 1997: 39.6 1998: 40.7 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 30.4 1981: 41.3 1982: 43.6 1983: 50.8 1984*c: 42.4 1985: 25.4 1986: 29.3 1987: 49.4 1988: 51.3 1989: 44.1 1990: 52.4 1991: 53.6 1992: 49.7 1993*c: 29.6 1994: 29.2 1995: 53.2 1996: 51.6 1997: 37.7 1998: 34.3 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 27.6 1981: 17.7 1982: 30.0 1983: 25.0 1984*c: 13.3 1985: 25.8 1986: 22.6 1987: 26.3 1988: 32.7 1989: 35.5 1990: 35.8 1991: 40.5 1992: 32.6 1993*c: 36.4 1994: 29.8 1995: 26.2 1996: 32.3 1997: 26.0 1998: 25.2 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 39.5 1981: 21.0 1982: 18.0 1983: 25.0 1984*c: 31.5 1985: 45.4 1986: 60.0 1987: 51.7 1988: 34.1 1989: 35.7 1990: 46.1 1991: 32.7 1992: 30.3 1993*c: 49.0 1994: 21.6 1995: 30.9 1996: 23.8 1997: 22.0 1998: 20.7 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 25.3 1981: 40.1 1982: 36.7 1983: 27.5 1984*c: 36.3 1985: 33.2 1986: 25.2 1987: 32.5 1988: 22.9 1989: 43.2 1990: 24.0 1991: 22.1 1992: 15.1 1993*c: 23.2 1994: 40.2 1995: 8.7 1996: 36.2 1997: 41.5 1998: 23.4 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 45.9 1981: 50.4 1982: 45.6 1983: 30.5 1984*c: 40.9 1985: 52.5 1986: 45.3 1987: 43.2 1988: 32.2 1989: 48.0 1990: 36.9 1991: 58.8 1992: 55.0 1993*c: 69.5 1994: 54.8 1995: 58.5 1996: 68.5 1997: 58.0 1998: 51.5 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 18.4 1981: 23.0 1982: 14.8 1983: 23.6 1984*c: 25.9 1985: 22.9 1986: 19.5 1987: 23.8 1988: 36.9 1989: 22.6 1990: 14.8 1991: 27.3 1992: 28.0 1993*c: 28.5 1994: 27.7 1995: 29.8 1996: 34.8 1997: 21.3 1998: 32.4 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 33.8 1981: 36.4 1982: 38.8 1983: 40.0 1984*c: 42.6 1985: 38.8 1986: 38.4 1987: 35.5 1988: 44.7 1989: 35.2 1990: 36.4 1991: 36.7 1992: 31.2 1993*c: 36.3 1994: 34.1 1995: 41.3 1996: 35.6 1997: 27.0 1998: 34.6 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 44.1 1981: 38.7 1982: 36.5 1983: 39.9 1984*c: 47.1 1985: 63.0 1986: 41.4 1987: 36.0 1988: 38.7 1989: 32.6 1990: 52.3 1991: 35.6 1992: 47.6 1993*c: 48.2 1994: 41.0 1995: 57.1 1996: 40.4 1997: 60.9 1998: 45.0 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 37.1 1981: 33.2 1982: 39.3 1983: 33.4 1984*c: 43.1 1985: 45.0 1986: 39.0 1987: 43.5 1988: 32.4 1989: 56.1 1990: 49.0 1991: 41.2 1992: 42.9 1993*c: 40.0 1994: 55.8 1995: 64.7 1996: 46.6 1997: 56.5 1998: 45.5 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 36.9 1981: 23.8 1982: 27.2 1983: 19.9 1984*c: 23.3 1985: 30.9 1986: 38.9 1987: 25.4 1988: 11.9 1989: 36.8 1990: 37.3 1991: 38.9 1992: 43.9 1993*c: 36.2 1994: 41.6 1995: 33.5 1996: 36.1 1997: 16.3 1998: 21.4 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 29.9 1981: 42.0 1982: 30.1 1983: 36.4 1984*c: 30.5 1985: 37.0 1986: 40.4 1987: 39.7 1988: 39.4 1989: 42.9 1990: 43.0 1991: 42.4 1992: 43.7 1993*c: 28.9 1994: 45.2 1995: 41.1 1996: 48.8 1997: 40.5 1998: 26.1 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 32.1 1981: 30.7 1982: 16.0 1983: 20.4 1984*c: 14.1 1985: 4.5 1986: 27.0 1987: 17.6 1988: 20.1 1989: 24.5 1990: 24.7 1991: 30.2 1992: 12.7 1993*c: 18.9 1994: 11.9 1995: 18.5 1996: 24.3 1997: 18.0 1998: 11.4 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 47.4 1981: 40.7 1982: 34.0 1983: 52.5 1984*c: 60.5 1985: 53.0 1986: 32.0 1987: 55.1 1988: 57.4 1989: 51.7 1990: 37.0 1991: 41.4 1992: 43.5 1993*c: 58.7 1994: 53.3 1995: 51.7 1996: 44.6 1997: 44.9 1998: 37.5 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 53.5 1981: 42.3 1982: 52.3 1983: 51.2 1984*c: 68.2 1985: 61.7 1986: 19.3 1987: 36.1 1988: 44.0 1989: 60.9 1990: 57.8 1991: 40.5 1992: 31.0 1993*c: 49.2 1994: 33.9 1995: 59.1 1996: 44.5 1997: 36.6 1998: 48.6 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year," at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 2a. Estimated Standard Errors for the Employment Rates of Non- Institutionalized Civilian Men without a Disability Aged 25 through 61 without Work Limitations in Appendix Table 1a*a Location United States Employment Year 1980: 0.12 1981: 0.13 1982: 0.15 1983: 0.16 1984*b: 0.14 1985: 0.14 1986: 0.13 1987: 0.14 1988: 0.14 1989: 0.13 1990: 0.13 1991: 0.14 1992: 0.15 1993*b: 0.15 1994: 0.15 1995: 0.16 1996: 0.16 1997: 0.15 1998: 0.15 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 1.03 1981: 0.94 1982: 1.32 1983: 1.22 1984*b: 1.43 1985: 1.67 1986: 1.14 1987: 1.38 1988: 1.12 1989: 1.26 1990: 1.49 1991: 1.28 1992: 1.24 1993*b: 1.29 1994: 1.29 1995: 1.23 1996: 1.29 1997: 1.36 1998: 1.10 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 0.23 1981: 0.44 1982: 0.32 1983: 0.33 1984*b: 0.41 1985: 0.34 1986: 0.52 1987: 0.50 1988: 0.43 1989: 1.02 1990: 0.94 1991: 1.14 1992: 0.96 1993*b: 1.21 1994: 0.96 1995: 1.22 1996: 1.10 1997: 1.10 1998: 1.17 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 1.09 1981: 0.90 1982: 1.24 1983: 0.99 1984*b: 1.56 1985: 1.37 1986: 1.21 1987: 1.39 1988: 1.26 1989: 1.12 1990: 1.01 1991: 1.20 1992: 1.33 1993*b: 1.20 1994: 1.14 1995: 1.32 1996: 1.37 1997: 1.30 1998: 1.23 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 1.22 1981: 0.94 1982: 1.03 1983: 1.11 1984*b: 1.19 1985: 0.81 1986: 1.03 1987: 0.94 1988: 0.94 1989: 1.21 1990: 1.42 1991: 0.89 1992: 0.90 1993*b: 1.29 1994: 1.19 1995: 1.13 1996: 1.35 1997: 1.67 1998: 1.33 Location California Employment Year 1980: 0.40 1981: 0.50 1982: 0.57 1983: 0.57 1984*b: 0.55 1985: 0.54 1986: 0.51 1987: 0.56 1988: 0.84 1989: 0.41 1990: 0.44 1991: 0.49 1992: 0.52 1993*b: 0.58 1994: 0.54 1995: 0.59 1996: 0.58 1997: 0.53 1998: 0.54 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 0.49 1981: 0.67 1982: 0.92 1983: 0.83 1984*b: 0.87 1985: 0.95 1986: 1.38 1987: 1.23 1988: 1.16 1989: 1.19 1990: 1.00 1991: 0.94 1992: 1.16 1993*b: 0.95 1994: 1.01 1995: 1.02 1996: 1.16 1997: 0.87 1998: 0.86 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 0.69 1981: 1.17 1982: 0.82 1983: 0.76 1984*b: 0.67 1985: 0.86 1986: 0.76 1987: 1.00 1988: 0.93 1989: 1.22 1990: 1.16 1991: 1.36 1992: 1.43 1993*b: 1.25 1994: 1.35 1995: 1.36 1996: 1.58 1997: 1.47 1998: 1.38 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 0.85 1981: 0.45 1982: 0.49 1983: 0.65 1984*b: 0.63 1985: 0.50 1986: 0.46 1987: 0.50 1988: 0.46 1989: 1.19 1990: 0.99 1991: 1.23 1992: 1.06 1993*b: 0.95 1994: 0.83 1995: 1.13 1996: 1.41 1997: 0.80 1998: 1.30 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 1.81 1981: 0.96 1982: 1.04 1983: 1.13 1984*b: 0.86 1985: 0.93 1986: 0.61 1987: 0.49 1988: 0.62 1989: 1.78 1990: 2.00 1991: 1.78 1992: 2.15 1993*b: 2.03 1994: 2.19 1995: 2.24 1996: 2.01 1997: 2.10 1998: 1.76 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 0.66 1981: 1.03 1982: 0.99 1983: 0.96 1984*b: 0.58 1985: 0.55 1986: 0.50 1987: 0.49 1988: 0.52 1989: 0.56 1990: 0.63 1991: 0.58 1992: 0.60 1993*b: 0.69 1994: 0.63 1995: 0.74 1996: 0.75 1997: 0.69 1998: 0.68 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 0.77 1981: 0.90 1982: 1.08 1983: 1.08 1984*b: 1.40 1985: 1.25 1986: 1.00 1987: 0.97 1988: 1.25 1989: 1.04 1990: 1.06 1991: 1.20 1992: 1.06 1993*b: 0.96 1994: 0.99 1995: 1.10 1996: 1.08 1997: 0.94 1998: 0.80 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 0.77 1981: 0.78 1982: 0.91 1983: 0.74 1984*b: 0.77 1985: 0.75 1986: 0.85 1987: 0.90 1988: 0.86 1989: 1.26 1990: 1.06 1991: 1.09 1992: 1.20 1993*b: 1.68 1994: 1.43 1995: 1.78 1996: 1.71 1997: 2.12 1998: 1.72 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 0.44 1981: 0.60 1982: 0.67 1983: 0.53 1984*b: 0.58 1985: 0.48 1986: 0.54 1987: 0.44 1988: 0.34 1989: 0.76 1990: 0.77 1991: 0.87 1992: 0.87 1993*b: 0.91 1994: 0.64 1995: 1.03 1996: 0.88 1997: 0.86 1998: 0.82 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 0.61 1981: 0.61 1982: 0.74 1983: 0.89 1984*b: 0.62 1985: 0.73 1986: 0.66 1987: 0.68 1988: 0.62 1989: 0.63 1990: 0.53 1991: 0.69 1992: 0.73 1993*b: 0.73 1994: 0.65 1995: 0.74 1996: 0.73 1997: 0.73 1998: 0.66 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 0.89 1981: 1.10 1982: 0.93 1983: 1.05 1984*b: 1.21 1985: 1.11 1986: 1.29 1987: 1.17 1988: 1.54 1989: 1.35 1990: 0.84 1991: 1.17 1992: 1.05 1993*b: 0.97 1994: 1.17 1995: 1.18 1996: 1.13 1997: 1.00 1998: 0.98 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 0.80 1981: 0.97 1982: 1.23 1983: 1.08 1984*b: 1.04 1985: 0.95 1986: 0.81 1987: 0.58 1988: 0.55 1989: 0.82 1990: 0.87 1991: 0.65 1992: 0.67 1993*b: 1.14 1994: 0.86 1995: 0.88 1996: 0.91 1997: 0.91 1998: 0.94 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 0.74 1981: 0.94 1982: 0.78 1983: 1.15 1984*b: 0.75 1985: 0.74 1986: 0.63 1987: 0.85 1988: 0.51 1989: 1.01 1990: 0.78 1991: 0.45 1992: 0.72 1993*b: 0.61 1994: 1.09 1995: 1.05 1996: 0.86 1997: 0.95 1998: 1.02 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 1.09 1981: 1.31 1982: 1.43 1983: 1.44 1984*b: 1.42 1985: 1.46 1986: 1.22 1987: 1.32 1988: 1.45 1989: 1.09 1990: 1.18 1991: 1.31 1992: 1.17 1993*b: 1.25 1994: 1.34 1995: 1.35 1996: 1.04 1997: 1.08 1998: 1.34 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 0.71 1981: 0.73 1982: 1.12 1983: 1.34 1984*b: 1.75 1985: 1.77 1986: 1.49 1987: 1.76 1988: 1.37 1989: 1.64 1990: 1.28 1991: 1.41 1992: 1.29 1993*b: 1.44 1994: 1.44 1995: 1.42 1996: 1.44 1997: 1.30 1998: 1.50 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 0.99 1981: 0.66 1982: 0.71 1983: 0.77 1984*b: 0.48 1985: 0.61 1986: 0.72 1987: 0.82 1988: 0.45 1989: 0.98 1990: 0.93 1991: 1.25 1992: 1.08 1993*b: 1.23 1994: 1.07 1995: 1.29 1996: 1.29 1997: 1.37 1998: 1.09 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 1.07 1981: 0.99 1982: 1.34 1983: 1.32 1984*b: 1.03 1985: 1.04 1986: 0.93 1987: 1.03 1988: 1.10 1989: 0.91 1990: 1.07 1991: 1.04 1992: 1.46 1993*b: 1.20 1994: 1.35 1995: 1.35 1996: 1.39 1997: 1.09 1998: 1.48 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 0.57 1981: 0.74 1982: 0.77 1983: 0.60 1984*b: 0.44 1985: 0.41 1986: 0.36 1987: 0.42 1988: 0.35 1989: 0.49 1990: 0.67 1991: 0.71 1992: 0.63 1993*b: 0.63 1994: 0.73 1995: 0.98 1996: 0.85 1997: 0.79 1998: 0.81 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 0.77 1981: 0.96 1982: 1.08 1983: 1.14 1984*b: 0.75 1985: 0.68 1986: 0.66 1987: 0.64 1988: 0.58 1989: 0.73 1990: 0.75 1991: 0.65 1992: 0.64 1993*b: 0.68 1994: 0.74 1995: 0.76 1996: 0.61 1997: 0.76 1998: 0.65 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 0.82 1981: 0.93 1982: 0.97 1983: 1.08 1984*b: 0.91 1985: 0.87 1986: 0.83 1987: 1.14 1988: 1.09 1989: 0.92 1990: 0.69 1991: 0.87 1992: 0.78 1993*b: 0.86 1994: 0.83 1995: 0.91 1996: 0.81 1997: 0.93 1998: 1.13 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 0.76 1981: 0.80 1982: 1.03 1983: 1.23 1984*b: 0.98 1985: 1.25 1986: 1.18 1987: 1.16 1988: 0.92 1989: 1.24 1990: 1.20 1991: 1.20 1992: 1.03 1993*b: 0.90 1994: 1.23 1995: 1.82 1996: 1.33 1997: 1.50 1998: 1.64 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 0.97 1981: 0.93 1982: 1.20 1983: 1.21 1984*b: 1.11 1985: 1.18 1986: 1.15 1987: 1.34 1988: 1.52 1989: 1.24 1990: 1.11 1991: 1.15 1992: 1.39 1993*b: 1.08 1994: 1.62 1995: 1.06 1996: 1.32 1997: 1.33 1998: 1.01 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 0.46 1981: 0.46 1982: 0.64 1983: 0.51 1984*b: 0.39 1985: 0.59 1986: 0.49 1987: 0.58 1988: 0.47 1989: 1.07 1990: 0.99 1991: 0.96 1992: 1.08 1993*b: 0.88 1994: 1.26 1995: 1.28 1996: 0.98 1997: 1.05 1998: 1.12 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 0.66 1981: 0.47 1982: 0.63 1983: 0.34 1984*b: 0.37 1985: 0.50 1986: 0.59 1987: 0.54 1988: 0.61 1989: 0.82 1990: 0.77 1991: 1.03 1992: 0.62 1993*b: 0.60 1994: 0.89 1995: 0.72 1996: 0.96 1997: 0.85 1998: 1.02 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 0.38 1981: 0.46 1982: 0.56 1983: 0.85 1984*b: 0.65 1985: 0.81 1986: 0.63 1987: 0.87 1988: 0.60 1989: 1.16 1990: 0.71 1991: 0.99 1992: 1.23 1993*b: 0.87 1994: 1.07 1995: 1.15 1996: 1.58 1997: 1.25 1998: 1.29 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 0.46 1981: 0.48 1982: 0.51 1983: 0.54 1984*b: 0.52 1985: 0.70 1986: 0.39 1987: 0.58 1988: 0.54 1989: 0.92 1990: 0.94 1991: 0.97 1992: 1.05 1993*b: 1.26 1994: 1.13 1995: 0.91 1996: 0.90 1997: 1.13 1998: 1.10 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 0.69 1981: 0.63 1982: 0.80 1983: 0.72 1984*b: 0.40 1985: 0.41 1986: 0.33 1987: 0.36 1988: 0.40 1989: 0.50 1990: 0.48 1991: 0.59 1992: 0.70 1993*b: 0.74 1994: 0.63 1995: 0.85 1996: 0.74 1997: 0.82 1998: 0.67 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 0.76 1981: 0.77 1982: 0.98 1983: 0.90 1984*b: 0.93 1985: 0.78 1986: 0.70 1987: 0.83 1988: 0.88 1989: 1.22 1990: 1.35 1991: 1.18 1992: 1.51 1993*b: 1.35 1994: 1.22 1995: 1.68 1996: 1.50 1997: 1.30 1998: 1.47 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 0.57 1981: 0.52 1982: 0.66 1983: 0.69 1984*b: 0.50 1985: 0.46 1986: 0.48 1987: 0.47 1988: 0.66 1989: 0.50 1990: 0.49 1991: 0.57 1992: 0.61 1993*b: 0.65 1994: 0.60 1995: 0.71 1996: 0.68 1997: 0.67 1998: 0.67 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 0.79 1981: 0.90 1982: 1.38 1983: 1.01 1984*b: 0.43 1985: 0.42 1986: 0.37 1987: 0.37 1988: 0.37 1989: 0.51 1990: 0.52 1991: 0.51 1992: 0.60 1993*b: 0.56 1994: 0.59 1995: 0.79 1996: 0.82 1997: 0.66 1998: 0.85 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 0.33 1981: 0.45 1982: 0.45 1983: 0.48 1984*b: 0.36 1985: 0.38 1986: 0.40 1987: 0.34 1988: 0.28 1989: 0.68 1990: 1.15 1991: 1.02 1992: 0.74 1993*b: 0.78 1994: 0.56 1995: 0.95 1996: 0.79 1997: 0.80 1998: 1.20 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 0.52 1981: 0.78 1982: 0.88 1983: 0.93 1984*b: 0.65 1985: 0.61 1986: 0.60 1987: 0.55 1988: 0.53 1989: 0.58 1990: 0.57 1991: 0.62 1992: 0.64 1993*b: 0.60 1994: 0.56 1995: 0.65 1996: 0.68 1997: 0.65 1998: 0.67 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 0.95 1981: 0.81 1982: 0.83 1983: 1.19 1984*b: 0.80 1985: 1.24 1986: 1.35 1987: 1.26 1988: 1.38 1989: 1.07 1990: 1.18 1991: 1.22 1992: 1.09 1993*b: 1.07 1994: 1.39 1995: 1.00 1996: 1.00 1997: 1.16 1998: 1.35 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 1.18 1981: 1.05 1982: 1.09 1983: 1.21 1984*b: 1.52 1985: 1.66 1986: 1.51 1987: 1.28 1988: 0.95 1989: 1.22 1990: 1.20 1991: 1.22 1992: 1.15 1993*b: 1.36 1994: 1.29 1995: 0.86 1996: 1.05 1997: 1.08 1998: 1.33 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 0.59 1981: 0.69 1982: 0.90 1983: 0.99 1984*b: 0.65 1985: 0.59 1986: 0.60 1987: 0.66 1988: 0.50 1989: 0.58 1990: 0.63 1991: 0.59 1992: 0.73 1993*b: 0.74 1994: 0.59 1995: 0.66 1996: 0.64 1997: 0.66 1998: 0.64 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 0.75 1981: 0.69 1982: 0.89 1983: 0.86 1984*b: 0.78 1985: 0.63 1986: 0.74 1987: 0.94 1988: 0.47 1989: 1.13 1990: 1.43 1991: 1.29 1992: 1.49 1993*b: 1.43 1994: 1.63 1995: 1.36 1996: 1.33 1997: 1.12 1998: 1.18 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 1.60 1981: 1.12 1982: 1.37 1983: 1.33 1984*b: 0.82 1985: 1.01 1986: 0.86 1987: 0.87 1988: 0.75 1989: 0.72 1990: 1.17 1991: 1.03 1992: 1.18 1993*b: 1.28 1994: 1.11 1995: 1.63 1996: 1.18 1997: 0.96 1998: 1.14 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 0.44 1981: 0.45 1982: 0.49 1983: 0.45 1984*b: 0.35 1985: 0.39 1986: 0.36 1987: 0.31 1988: 0.27 1989: 0.97 1990: 0.75 1991: 0.80 1992: 0.95 1993*b: 1.00 1994: 0.77 1995: 0.76 1996: 1.06 1997: 1.44 1998: 0.77 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 1.02 1981: 1.31 1982: 1.51 1983: 1.61 1984*b: 1.62 1985: 1.23 1986: 1.40 1987: 1.29 1988: 1.43 1989: 1.21 1990: 0.92 1991: 1.26 1992: 1.47 1993*b: 1.11 1994: 1.02 1995: 1.42 1996: 1.46 1997: 1.28 1998: 1.47 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 0.45 1981: 0.56 1982: 0.69 1983: 0.67 1984*b: 0.64 1985: 0.65 1986: 0.67 1987: 0.64 1988: 0.59 1989: 0.49 1990: 0.54 1991: 0.53 1992: 0.58 1993*b: 0.56 1994: 0.54 1995: 0.55 1996: 0.60 1997: 0.57 1998: 0.59 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 0.51 1981: 0.47 1982: 0.70 1983: 0.69 1984*b: 0.77 1985: 0.66 1986: 0.59 1987: 0.78 1988: 0.76 1989: 1.02 1990: 0.84 1991: 0.71 1992: 0.85 1993*b: 0.75 1994: 0.87 1995: 1.02 1996: 1.02 1997: 0.87 1998: 0.92 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 0.50 1981: 0.25 1982: 0.43 1983: 0.41 1984*b: 0.57 1985: 0.27 1986: 0.43 1987: 0.31 1988: 0.38 1989: 0.66 1990: 1.21 1991: 1.04 1992: 1.08 1993*b: 1.00 1994: 1.24 1995: 1.02 1996: 1.37 1997: 0.94 1998: 0.73 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 0.74 1981: 1.48 1982: 1.14 1983: 1.26 1984*b: 0.97 1985: 1.10 1986: 0.85 1987: 0.96 1988: 0.80 1989: 0.72 1990: 0.94 1991: 0.85 1992: 0.87 1993*b: 0.81 1994: 0.58 1995: 1.22 1996: 1.14 1997: 0.87 1998: 1.14 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 0.80 1981: 1.11 1982: 1.26 1983: 1.25 1984*b: 1.71 1985: 1.39 1986: 1.31 1987: 1.29 1988: 1.07 1989: 1.03 1990: 0.98 1991: 1.27 1992: 1.18 1993*b: 1.13 1994: 1.10 1995: 1.17 1996: 1.04 1997: 1.35 1998: 1.11 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 1.05 1981: 0.91 1982: 1.04 1983: 1.46 1984*b: 1.26 1985: 1.36 1986: 1.31 1987: 1.28 1988: 1.01 1989: 1.43 1990: 1.68 1991: 1.59 1992: 1.77 1993*b: 1.75 1994: 1.46 1995: 1.41 1996: 1.51 1997: 1.50 1998: 1.37 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 0.66 1981: 1.14 1982: 1.35 1983: 1.38 1984*b: 1.38 1985: 1.23 1986: 1.02 1987: 1.22 1988: 0.81 1989: 0.76 1990: 0.69 1991: 0.84 1992: 0.78 1993*b: 0.82 1994: 0.83 1995: 0.84 1996: 0.53 1997: 0.83 1998: 1.17 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 0.22 1981: 0.35 1982: 0.37 1983: 0.50 1984*b: 0.47 1985: 0.29 1986: 0.37 1987: 0.45 1988: 0.49 1989: 1.11 1990: 0.73 1991: 1.20 1992: 0.85 1993*b: 1.52 1994: 1.08 1995: 0.75 1996: 0.95 1997: 1.16 1998: 1.05 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 2b. Estimated Standard Errors for the Employment Rates of Non- Institutionalized Civilian Men without a Disability Aged 25 through 61 with Work Limitations in Appendix Table 1b*a Location United States Employment Year 1980: 1.13 1981: 1.18 1982: 1.19 1983: 1.16 1984*b: 1.13 1985: 1.13 1986: 1.12 1987: 1.14 1988: 1.24 1989: 1.15 1990: 1.15 1991: 1.11 1992: 1.08 1993*b: 1.03 1994: 1.05 1995: 1.14 1996: 1.15 1997: 1.16 1998: 1.13 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 8.15 1981: 7.51 1982: 6.75 1983: 7.14 1984*b: 12.90 1985: 10.32 1986: 7.71 1987: 10.26 1988: 8.61 1989: 7.83 1990: 7.52 1991: 6.45 1992: 7.41 1993*b: 6.73 1994: 7.15 1995: 7.58 1996: 7.19 1997: 6.95 1998: 8.99 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 2.32 1981: 3.45 1982: 3.13 1983: 3.14 1984*b: 4.45 1985: 4.05 1986: 3.72 1987: 4.50 1988: 3.49 1989: 11.50 1990: 9.91 1991: 10.23 1992: 9.08 1993*b: 8.43 1994: 7.81 1995: 9.36 1996: 8.68 1997: 8.58 1998: 10.71 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 9.84 1981: 9.05 1982: 8.33 1983: 10.80 1984*b: 13.62 1985: 10.39 1986: 9.70 1987: 9.58 1988: 10.08 1989: 9.37 1990: 10.88 1991: 10.49 1992: 8.35 1993*b: 9.07 1994: 9.48 1995: 10.26 1996: 8.44 1997: 10.26 1998: 9.85 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 7.18 1981: 6.65 1982: 7.44 1983: 7.80 1984*b: 6.08 1985: 5.95 1986: 6.05 1987: 6.68 1988: 6.97 1989: 9.09 1990: 8.06 1991: 7.99 1992: 8.56 1993*b: 6.72 1994: 7.15 1995: 5.95 1996: 6.30 1997: 6.32 1998: 7.99 Location California Employment Year 1980: 3.74 1981: 3.92 1982: 4.18 1983: 4.22 1984*b: 4.53 1985: 4.49 1986: 4.46 1987: 4.50 1988: 7.05 1989: 3.71 1990: 3.77 1991: 3.83 1992: 3.39 1993*b: 3.56 1994: 3.56 1995: 3.60 1996: 3.71 1997: 4.06 1998: 3.70 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 9.72 1981: 10.51 1982: 8.40 1983: 8.53 1984*b: 11.27 1985: 11.35 1986: 9.36 1987: 11.40 1988: 10.29 1989: 9.20 1990: 11.41 1991: 9.80 1992: 8.74 1993*b: 11.63 1994: 10.21 1995: 9.33 1996: 10.01 1997: 10.67 1998: 9.50 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 10.52 1981: 9.00 1982: 12.56 1983: 12.23 1984*b: 10.98 1985: 11.40 1986: 15.15 1987: 10.66 1988: 14.45 1989: 15.96 1990: 15.04 1991: 12.09 1992: 11.88 1993*b: 11.76 1994: 12.68 1995: 12.41 1996: 12.53 1997: 8.84 1998: 8.59 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 7.27 1981: 4.56 1982: 5.14 1983: 5.38 1984*b: 4.50 1985: 5.42 1986: 5.26 1987: 6.03 1988: 4.54 1989: 10.36 1990: 11.62 1991: 10.31 1992: 9.21 1993*b: 10.02 1994: 9.39 1995: 10.90 1996: 12.17 1997: 12.31 1998: 13.48 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 7.55 1981: 3.38 1982: 4.52 1983: 4.33 1984*b: 3.96 1985: 4.18 1986: 4.50 1987: 5.17 1988: 4.22 1989: 10.71 1990: 7.59 1991: 10.49 1992: 10.67 1993*b: 9.39 1994: 10.13 1995: 8.23 1996: 9.35 1997: 7.52 1998: 8.04 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 5.95 1981: 6.97 1982: 6.49 1983: 6.75 1984*b: 4.25 1985: 4.56 1986: 4.53 1987: 4.36 1988: 3.73 1989: 4.76 1990: 4.71 1991: 4.34 1992: 4.56 1993*b: 4.11 1994: 4.08 1995: 4.47 1996: 4.51 1997: 4.45 1998: 4.45 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 6.46 1981: 8.63 1982: 9.10 1983: 9.41 1984*b: 11.33 1985: 10.04 1986: 10.57 1987: 12.66 1988: 10.72 1989: 9.43 1990: 9.14 1991: 7.36 1992: 8.47 1993*b: 6.54 1994: 7.05 1995: 6.44 1996: 7.82 1997: 7.86 1998: 7.40 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 6.99 1981: 4.89 1982: 5.74 1983: 6.04 1984*b: 5.63 1985: 5.38 1986: 5.55 1987: 7.71 1988: 6.65 1989: 10.18 1990: 14.53 1991: 9.72 1992: 9.69 1993*b: 9.37 1994: 10.13 1995: 14.04 1996: 10.90 1997: 11.70 1998: 12.36 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 5.66 1981: 7.12 1982: 5.48 1983: 5.05 1984*b: 4.28 1985: 4.34 1986: 4.64 1987: 4.49 1988: 6.25 1989: 7.90 1990: 9.21 1991: 8.20 1992: 8.83 1993*b: 9.84 1994: 7.95 1995: 8.25 1996: 9.51 1997: 8.07 1998: 10.48 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 5.70 1981: 7.18 1982: 7.79 1983: 6.90 1984*b: 5.52 1985: 6.13 1986: 5.57 1987: 5.24 1988: 5.37 1989: 5.48 1990: 5.35 1991: 5.26 1992: 4.57 1993*b: 4.70 1994: 5.36 1995: 5.78 1996: 5.42 1997: 5.71 1998: 5.60 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 9.65 1981: 8.20 1982: 8.03 1983: 9.02 1984*b: 12.06 1985: 10.04 1986: 9.01 1987: 9.22 1988: 14.13 1989: 11.81 1990: 10.73 1991: 9.79 1992: 12.52 1993*b: 11.35 1994: 10.17 1995: 9.08 1996: 9.22 1997: 10.91 1998: 8.54 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 12.12 1981: 11.00 1982: 11.18 1983: 10.21 1984*b: 9.96 1985: 9.07 1986: 8.83 1987: 9.32 1988: 8.85 1989: 10.38 1990: 10.77 1991: 10.15 1992: 8.96 1993*b: 8.81 1994: 8.48 1995: 11.36 1996: 10.97 1997: 12.19 1998: 9.91 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 10.62 1981: 13.27 1982: 12.40 1983: 11.11 1984*b: 10.13 1985: 9.29 1986: 8.99 1987: 10.34 1988: 8.75 1989: 10.30 1990: 13.05 1991: 11.12 1992: 9.69 1993*b: 8.87 1994: 8.38 1995: 8.62 1996: 9.43 1997: 10.77 1998: 10.90 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 8.44 1981: 8.93 1982: 10.68 1983: 9.15 1984*b: 8.87 1985: 8.91 1986: 9.61 1987: 6.17 1988: 8.43 1989: 8.00 1990: 6.96 1991: 6.03 1992: 6.36 1993*b: 5.54 1994: 6.28 1995: 6.29 1996: 8.04 1997: 6.71 1998: 7.11 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 7.17 1981: 7.30 1982: 6.51 1983: 7.20 1984*b: 13.02 1985: 10.45 1986: 10.57 1987: 10.63 1988: 8.69 1989: 7.96 1990: 8.26 1991: 11.61 1992: 8.59 1993*b: 5.62 1994: 7.25 1995: 7.16 1996: 7.08 1997: 6.61 1998: 6.31 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 7.04 1981: 5.51 1982: 5.57 1983: 5.52 1984*b: 5.34 1985: 5.30 1986: 5.27 1987: 5.64 1988: 4.89 1989: 9.21 1990: 9.27 1991: 8.13 1992: 7.02 1993*b: 8.11 1994: 7.25 1995: 8.81 1996: 8.83 1997: 8.10 1998: 8.73 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 10.93 1981: 10.46 1982: 10.35 1983: 9.82 1984*b: 8.75 1985: 11.24 1986: 10.47 1987: 11.45 1988: 11.45 1989: 11.77 1990: 13.58 1991: 11.06 1992: 10.49 1993*b: 7.43 1994: 9.70 1995: 8.85 1996: 10.80 1997: 12.07 1998: 11.44 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 6.57 1981: 7.32 1982: 7.20 1983: 7.01 1984*b: 4.26 1985: 3.74 1986: 4.64 1987: 4.33 1988: 3.55 1989: 5.71 1990: 4.84 1991: 4.95 1992: 5.46 1993*b: 4.75 1994: 4.63 1995: 6.00 1996: 6.23 1997: 5.95 1998: 6.82 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 5.91 1981: 6.58 1982: 6.26 1983: 6.05 1984*b: 3.81 1985: 3.98 1986: 4.35 1987: 4.34 1988: 4.05 1989: 4.45 1990: 4.69 1991: 4.72 1992: 4.59 1993*b: 4.26 1994: 4.54 1995: 5.99 1996: 5.74 1997: 5.45 1998: 5.48 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 10.70 1981: 11.56 1982: 10.57 1983: 9.45 1984*b: 11.61 1985: 10.71 1986: 11.09 1987: 10.55 1988: 9.77 1989: 8.59 1990: 8.77 1991: 8.01 1992: 8.19 1993*b: 7.95 1994: 10.21 1995: 12.52 1996: 10.12 1997: 9.54 1998: 10.97 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 6.68 1981: 7.45 1982: 6.85 1983: 6.09 1984*b: 6.69 1985: 7.42 1986: 6.98 1987: 6.44 1988: 6.32 1989: 8.11 1990: 6.79 1991: 6.49 1992: 8.70 1993*b: 8.22 1994: 8.30 1995: 8.73 1996: 7.75 1997: 8.37 1998: 6.78 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 7.92 1981: 7.88 1982: 8.25 1983: 8.09 1984*b: 10.09 1985: 10.28 1986: 10.34 1987: 10.18 1988: 11.10 1989: 9.53 1990: 9.71 1991: 10.10 1992: 9.54 1993*b: 6.69 1994: 8.48 1995: 11.97 1996: 11.60 1997: 9.52 1998: 9.32 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 5.26 1981: 6.90 1982: 4.57 1983: 4.51 1984*b: 4.54 1985: 4.02 1986: 3.94 1987: 3.84 1988: 3.67 1989: 7.78 1990: 8.39 1991: 8.84 1992: 8.99 1993*b: 8.95 1994: 8.98 1995: 7.95 1996: 7.30 1997: 7.23 1998: 7.32 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 10.46 1981: 8.31 1982: 7.91 1983: 8.04 1984*b: 6.28 1985: 10.49 1986: 7.75 1987: 6.76 1988: 6.46 1989: 12.62 1990: 9.96 1991: 9.71 1992: 11.35 1993*b: 11.79 1994: 9.76 1995: 11.34 1996: 10.24 1997: 10.65 1998: 11.76 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 5.16 1981: 7.29 1982: 7.14 1983: 7.80 1984*b: 7.95 1985: 7.17 1986: 7.29 1987: 6.31 1988: 5.72 1989: 12.35 1990: 12.96 1991: 10.21 1992: 9.89 1993*b: 7.85 1994: 10.16 1995: 10.62 1996: 12.20 1997: 11.63 1998: 10.14 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 9.49 1981: 5.63 1982: 6.40 1983: 6.59 1984*b: 6.91 1985: 8.57 1986: 7.01 1987: 7.03 1988: 6.11 1989: 10.54 1990: 11.23 1991: 9.51 1992: 10.06 1993*b: 8.07 1994: 9.55 1995: 9.79 1996: 9.25 1997: 12.29 1998: 11.31 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 7.65 1981: 7.74 1982: 8.22 1983: 7.48 1984*b: 4.45 1985: 4.74 1986: 4.36 1987: 4.90 1988: 4.73 1989: 6.71 1990: 6.59 1991: 6.86 1992: 5.95 1993*b: 5.46 1994: 5.23 1995: 7.56 1996: 6.28 1997: 6.53 1998: 7.05 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 4.96 1981: 5.18 1982: 5.90 1983: 5.54 1984*b: 5.48 1985: 6.35 1986: 5.73 1987: 5.39 1988: 5.12 1989: 7.86 1990: 7.95 1991: 7.78 1992: 7.11 1993*b: 6.35 1994: 7.04 1995: 7.67 1996: 7.21 1997: 7.64 1998: 9.18 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 4.66 1981: 4.89 1982: 5.01 1983: 4.55 1984*b: 3.47 1985: 3.42 1986: 4.08 1987: 3.88 1988: 5.11 1989: 4.02 1990: 3.78 1991: 3.95 1992: 3.60 1993*b: 3.41 1994: 3.62 1995: 4.24 1996: 4.05 1997: 3.92 1998: 3.72 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 7.27 1981: 7.65 1982: 8.38 1983: 8.42 1984*b: 3.32 1985: 3.14 1986: 3.41 1987: 3.40 1988: 3.38 1989: 4.98 1990: 4.40 1991: 4.53 1992: 4.83 1993*b: 4.55 1994: 4.61 1995: 6.34 1996: 7.13 1997: 6.13 1998: 5.87 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 5.17 1981: 5.35 1982: 5.14 1983: 5.43 1984*b: 4.37 1985: 3.98 1986: 3.89 1987: 3.89 1988: 3.97 1989: 8.40 1990: 9.02 1991: 9.45 1992: 11.15 1993*b: 10.21 1994: 10.04 1995: 11.97 1996: 11.41 1997: 11.06 1998: 12.99 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 5.11 1981: 6.11 1982: 6.03 1983: 5.37 1984*b: 4.40 1985: 4.91 1986: 4.55 1987: 4.38 1988: 3.95 1989: 4.76 1990: 4.76 1991: 4.55 1992: 4.65 1993*b: 4.61 1994: 4.49 1995: 5.11 1996: 5.50 1997: 5.62 1998: 5.01 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 10.69 1981: 8.65 1982: 8.88 1983: 8.60 1984*b: 11.51 1985: 9.74 1986: 8.83 1987: 10.54 1988: 7.58 1989: 8.64 1990: 8.07 1991: 7.79 1992: 8.92 1993*b: 7.61 1994: 7.58 1995: 8.27 1996: 8.52 1997: 8.10 1998: 7.74 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 9.96 1981: 8.23 1982: 8.44 1983: 9.11 1984*b: 11.16 1985: 9.46 1986: 8.77 1987: 8.58 1988: 8.35 1989: 10.97 1990: 9.32 1991: 8.77 1992: 10.21 1993*b: 9.79 1994: 9.78 1995: 9.73 1996: 9.47 1997: 11.68 1998: 10.15 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 4.69 1981: 5.95 1982: 5.96 1983: 5.18 1984*b: 3.98 1985: 4.09 1986: 4.19 1987: 5.07 1988: 4.37 1989: 5.43 1990: 5.41 1991: 4.63 1992: 4.36 1993*b: 4.71 1994: 4.52 1995: 5.18 1996: 4.63 1997: 4.74 1998: 4.94 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 8.79 1981: 6.77 1982: 6.34 1983: 6.20 1984*b: 6.91 1985: 6.64 1986: 6.74 1987: 6.85 1988: 5.78 1989: 11.80 1990: 9.93 1991: 10.19 1992: 9.60 1993*b: 10.98 1994: 8.71 1995: 9.49 1996: 9.67 1997: 8.76 1998: 8.37 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 7.65 1981: 11.07 1982: 8.14 1983: 7.91 1984*b: 7.22 1985: 6.99 1986: 7.40 1987: 6.84 1988: 7.25 1989: 7.21 1990: 7.26 1991: 6.43 1992: 6.80 1993*b: 7.77 1994: 5.94 1995: 7.95 1996: 12.07 1997: 9.10 1998: 8.51 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 6.15 1981: 4.67 1982: 4.63 1983: 5.30 1984*b: 3.81 1985: 3.63 1986: 4.22 1987: 4.04 1988: 3.60 1989: 9.35 1990: 9.50 1991: 8.62 1992: 7.50 1993*b: 8.82 1994: 9.75 1995: 10.03 1996: 10.13 1997: 10.58 1998: 9.86 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 8.22 1981: 8.34 1982: 8.70 1983: 8.93 1984*b: 9.35 1985: 8.11 1986: 9.58 1987: 10.37 1988: 8.85 1989: 7.07 1990: 6.28 1991: 7.63 1992: 6.90 1993*b: 5.14 1994: 6.09 1995: 7.94 1996: 7.50 1997: 8.66 1998: 9.85 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 5.01 1981: 6.80 1982: 7.11 1983: 6.18 1984*b: 6.16 1985: 6.28 1986: 5.69 1987: 5.72 1988: 5.76 1989: 4.66 1990: 5.30 1991: 4.94 1992: 4.95 1993*b: 5.00 1994: 4.63 1995: 5.12 1996: 5.94 1997: 4.92 1998: 4.77 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 6.46 1981: 6.90 1982: 7.82 1983: 7.51 1984*b: 8.09 1985: 8.16 1986: 9.04 1987: 10.14 1988: 7.87 1989: 12.07 1990: 11.73 1991: 12.72 1992: 11.22 1993*b: 9.09 1994: 10.33 1995: 10.12 1996: 10.90 1997: 8.46 1998: 11.03 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 4.48 1981: 4.21 1982: 5.29 1983: 4.37 1984*b: 4.40 1985: 5.15 1986: 4.79 1987: 4.46 1988: 4.71 1989: 12.42 1990: 10.20 1991: 9.67 1992: 8.91 1993*b: 9.78 1994: 10.24 1995: 9.92 1996: 9.20 1997: 9.62 1998: 9.88 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 8.39 1981: 13.52 1982: 12.27 1983: 12.92 1984*b: 9.59 1985: 9.96 1986: 10.52 1987: 9.71 1988: 9.33 1989: 8.91 1990: 8.89 1991: 9.26 1992: 9.02 1993*b: 7.73 1994: 7.69 1995: 7.63 1996: 8.34 1997: 7.39 1998: 8.76 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 7.71 1981: 10.37 1982: 10.88 1983: 11.11 1984*b: 12.30 1985: 10.28 1986: 10.41 1987: 12.96 1988: 11.23 1989: 8.96 1990: 7.96 1991: 8.24 1992: 8.87 1993*b: 9.01 1994: 8.76 1995: 8.81 1996: 9.42 1997: 10.28 1998: 10.10 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 6.11 1981: 4.42 1982: 4.49 1983: 4.10 1984*b: 5.26 1985: 5.76 1986: 5.67 1987: 5.32 1988: 5.28 1989: 6.22 1990: 7.69 1991: 7.52 1992: 6.19 1993*b: 6.08 1994: 4.97 1995: 5.77 1996: 4.83 1997: 5.27 1998: 5.33 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 8.64 1981: 12.36 1982: 11.74 1983: 13.11 1984*b: 10.34 1985: 13.43 1986: 12.46 1987: 12.21 1988: 10.08 1989: 9.52 1990: 9.53 1991: 9.49 1992: 8.33 1993*b: 8.31 1994: 9.76 1995: 11.33 1996: 9.15 1997: 8.60 1998: 8.18 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 4.25 1981: 4.50 1982: 4.08 1983: 5.07 1984*b: 5.09 1985: 4.37 1986: 3.95 1987: 4.99 1988: 4.05 1989: 9.77 1990: 11.15 1991: 10.03 1992: 11.03 1993*b: 9.53 1994: 10.22 1995: 9.61 1996: 7.95 1997: 10.47 1998: 9.52 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 2c. Estimated Standard Errors for the Employment Rates of Non- Institutionalized Civilian Women without a Disability Aged 25 through 61 without Work Limitations in Appendix Table 1c*a Location United States Employment Year 1980: 0.30 1981: 0.31 1982: 0.31 1983: 0.31 1984*b: 0.30 1985: 0.29 1986: 0.29 1987: 0.28 1988: 0.30 1989: 0.28 1990: 0.27 1991: 0.27 1992: 0.27 1993*b: 0.27 1994: 0.26 1995: 0.28 1996: 0.28 1997: 0.27 1998: 0.27 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 2.57 1981: 2.49 1982: 2.43 1983: 2.45 1984*b: 3.00 1985: 2.95 1986: 2.73 1987: 2.90 1988: 2.62 1989: 2.46 1990: 2.54 1991: 2.45 1992: 2.43 1993*b: 2.34 1994: 2.27 1995: 2.21 1996: 2.08 1997: 2.11 1998: 2.08 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 0.57 1981: 0.80 1982: 0.74 1983: 0.71 1984*b: 0.82 1985: 0.82 1986: 0.85 1987: 0.89 1988: 0.82 1989: 2.16 1990: 2.13 1991: 2.02 1992: 2.08 1993*b: 1.79 1994: 1.82 1995: 2.10 1996: 1.85 1997: 2.15 1998: 2.18 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 2.73 1981: 2.72 1982: 2.57 1983: 2.49 1984*b: 3.06 1985: 2.95 1986: 2.84 1987: 2.65 1988: 2.36 1989: 2.54 1990: 2.35 1991: 2.34 1992: 2.21 1993*b: 2.38 1994: 2.25 1995: 2.37 1996: 2.39 1997: 2.22 1998: 2.19 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 2.49 1981: 2.29 1982: 2.41 1983: 2.37 1984*b: 2.20 1985: 2.30 1986: 2.12 1987: 2.00 1988: 1.81 1989: 2.28 1990: 2.32 1991: 2.32 1992: 2.44 1993*b: 2.24 1994: 2.15 1995: 2.25 1996: 2.16 1997: 2.24 1998: 2.03 Location California Employment Year 1980: 0.94 1981: 1.06 1982: 1.05 1983: 1.04 1984*b: 1.17 1985: 1.16 1986: 1.11 1987: 1.10 1988: 1.60 1989: 0.94 1990: 0.94 1991: 0.93 1992: 0.92 1993*b: 0.92 1994: 0.90 1995: 1.01 1996: 0.99 1997: 0.96 1998: 0.94 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 1.95 1981: 2.30 1982: 2.16 1983: 2.01 1984*b: 2.63 1985: 2.62 1986: 2.57 1987: 2.55 1988: 2.17 1989: 2.21 1990: 2.34 1991: 2.37 1992: 2.23 1993*b: 2.15 1994: 2.08 1995: 2.00 1996: 2.01 1997: 1.94 1998: 1.83 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 2.45 1981: 2.53 1982: 2.50 1983: 2.32 1984*b: 2.42 1985: 2.34 1986: 2.41 1987: 2.24 1988: 2.22 1989: 2.22 1990: 2.35 1991: 2.36 1992: 2.52 1993*b: 2.42 1994: 2.57 1995: 2.34 1996: 2.14 1997: 2.18 1998: 2.25 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 2.10 1981: 1.31 1982: 1.32 1983: 1.25 1984*b: 1.26 1985: 1.11 1986: 1.10 1987: 1.13 1988: 1.01 1989: 2.25 1990: 2.19 1991: 2.12 1992: 2.25 1993*b: 2.28 1994: 2.05 1995: 2.24 1996: 2.45 1997: 2.11 1998: 2.05 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 2.16 1981: 1.21 1982: 1.20 1983: 1.24 1984*b: 1.08 1985: 1.02 1986: 0.90 1987: 0.90 1988: 0.92 1989: 2.23 1990: 2.44 1991: 2.24 1992: 2.44 1993*b: 2.63 1994: 2.19 1995: 2.08 1996: 2.44 1997: 2.41 1998: 2.27 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 1.48 1981: 1.89 1982: 1.87 1983: 1.80 1984*b: 1.21 1985: 1.17 1986: 1.11 1987: 1.04 1988: 0.97 1989: 1.17 1990: 1.12 1991: 1.11 1992: 1.08 1993*b: 1.09 1994: 1.09 1995: 1.22 1996: 1.21 1997: 1.20 1998: 1.21 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 2.03 1981: 2.42 1982: 2.45 1983: 2.30 1984*b: 2.94 1985: 2.99 1986: 2.74 1987: 2.68 1988: 2.57 1989: 2.26 1990: 2.18 1991: 2.19 1992: 2.21 1993*b: 2.05 1994: 2.00 1995: 1.98 1996: 1.99 1997: 1.93 1998: 1.84 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 1.67 1981: 1.45 1982: 1.38 1983: 1.42 1984*b: 1.44 1985: 1.37 1986: 1.38 1987: 1.34 1988: 1.30 1989: 2.39 1990: 2.29 1991: 2.30 1992: 2.24 1993*b: 2.11 1994: 2.01 1995: 2.37 1996: 2.25 1997: 2.26 1998: 2.20 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 1.53 1981: 1.56 1982: 1.54 1983: 1.45 1984*b: 1.29 1985: 1.36 1986: 1.34 1987: 1.25 1988: 1.04 1989: 2.10 1990: 2.10 1991: 2.19 1992: 2.20 1993*b: 1.85 1994: 1.81 1995: 2.07 1996: 1.90 1997: 2.12 1998: 1.96 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 1.43 1981: 1.69 1982: 1.71 1983: 1.72 1984*b: 1.38 1985: 1.34 1986: 1.31 1987: 1.34 1988: 1.19 1989: 1.29 1990: 1.21 1991: 1.19 1992: 1.18 1993*b: 1.15 1994: 1.14 1995: 1.24 1996: 1.29 1997: 1.23 1998: 1.22 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 2.01 1981: 2.30 1982: 2.18 1983: 2.25 1984*b: 2.52 1985: 2.42 1986: 2.32 1987: 2.35 1988: 2.88 1989: 2.34 1990: 2.24 1991: 2.23 1992: 2.28 1993*b: 2.29 1994: 2.16 1995: 1.88 1996: 1.94 1997: 1.99 1998: 1.95 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 2.60 1981: 2.53 1982: 2.46 1983: 2.45 1984*b: 2.17 1985: 2.16 1986: 2.00 1987: 1.97 1988: 1.71 1989: 2.02 1990: 2.07 1991: 1.94 1992: 1.99 1993*b: 1.97 1994: 1.66 1995: 1.83 1996: 1.81 1997: 1.88 1998: 1.80 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 2.30 1981: 2.49 1982: 2.39 1983: 2.36 1984*b: 2.01 1985: 2.01 1986: 1.94 1987: 1.87 1988: 1.58 1989: 2.03 1990: 2.12 1991: 1.94 1992: 1.96 1993*b: 1.89 1994: 2.05 1995: 2.25 1996: 2.02 1997: 2.11 1998: 1.97 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 2.72 1981: 3.17 1982: 3.08 1983: 2.96 1984*b: 2.90 1985: 2.98 1986: 2.90 1987: 2.79 1988: 2.63 1989: 2.43 1990: 2.32 1991: 2.50 1992: 2.33 1993*b: 2.44 1994: 2.36 1995: 2.36 1996: 2.24 1997: 2.19 1998: 2.23 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 2.48 1981: 2.45 1982: 2.36 1983: 2.31 1984*b: 3.48 1985: 3.35 1986: 3.39 1987: 3.35 1988: 3.00 1989: 2.74 1990: 2.68 1991: 2.71 1992: 2.67 1993*b: 2.62 1994: 2.58 1995: 2.13 1996: 2.24 1997: 2.17 1998: 2.27 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 2.09 1981: 1.57 1982: 1.52 1983: 1.51 1984*b: 1.45 1985: 1.43 1986: 1.51 1987: 1.50 1988: 1.31 1989: 2.21 1990: 2.19 1991: 2.11 1992: 2.11 1993*b: 2.21 1994: 2.02 1995: 2.07 1996: 1.92 1997: 2.20 1998: 2.20 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 2.60 1981: 2.30 1982: 2.44 1983: 2.27 1984*b: 2.22 1985: 2.24 1986: 2.05 1987: 1.96 1988: 2.59 1989: 2.08 1990: 2.18 1991: 2.07 1992: 2.10 1993*b: 2.13 1994: 1.98 1995: 2.15 1996: 2.05 1997: 1.93 1998: 1.90 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 1.62 1981: 1.71 1982: 1.72 1983: 1.65 1984*b: 0.93 1985: 0.90 1986: 0.89 1987: 0.85 1988: 0.76 1989: 1.12 1990: 1.14 1991: 1.15 1992: 1.11 1993*b: 1.15 1994: 1.10 1995: 1.58 1996: 1.49 1997: 1.48 1998: 1.38 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 1.69 1981: 1.86 1982: 1.86 1983: 1.83 1984*b: 1.23 1985: 1.26 1986: 1.20 1987: 1.19 1988: 1.05 1989: 1.30 1990: 1.30 1991: 1.27 1992: 1.26 1993*b: 1.23 1994: 1.18 1995: 1.40 1996: 1.40 1997: 1.38 1998: 1.42 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 2.38 1981: 2.44 1982: 2.52 1983: 2.33 1984*b: 2.72 1985: 2.73 1986: 2.60 1987: 2.31 1988: 2.12 1989: 1.91 1990: 2.00 1991: 1.98 1992: 1.90 1993*b: 1.83 1994: 1.91 1995: 1.90 1996: 1.93 1997: 1.76 1998: 1.68 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 2.38 1981: 2.19 1982: 2.21 1983: 2.14 1984*b: 2.11 1985: 2.20 1986: 2.20 1987: 2.13 1988: 1.93 1989: 2.32 1990: 2.28 1991: 2.35 1992: 2.38 1993*b: 2.18 1994: 2.19 1995: 2.27 1996: 2.31 1997: 2.25 1998: 2.10 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 2.09 1981: 2.41 1982: 2.43 1983: 2.34 1984*b: 2.57 1985: 2.47 1986: 2.62 1987: 2.52 1988: 2.73 1989: 2.37 1990: 2.04 1991: 2.11 1992: 2.36 1993*b: 2.39 1994: 2.10 1995: 1.93 1996: 1.96 1997: 2.14 1998: 1.85 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 1.43 1981: 1.40 1982: 1.42 1983: 1.34 1984*b: 1.15 1985: 1.15 1986: 1.09 1987: 1.15 1988: 0.98 1989: 2.02 1990: 2.13 1991: 1.87 1992: 1.99 1993*b: 1.87 1994: 1.82 1995: 2.11 1996: 2.02 1997: 1.92 1998: 1.84 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 2.52 1981: 1.84 1982: 1.89 1983: 1.91 1984*b: 1.56 1985: 1.55 1986: 1.48 1987: 1.38 1988: 1.29 1989: 1.98 1990: 1.81 1991: 1.87 1992: 1.87 1993*b: 1.80 1994: 1.77 1995: 1.79 1996: 2.08 1997: 2.08 1998: 2.02 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 1.30 1981: 1.53 1982: 1.46 1983: 1.52 1984*b: 1.67 1985: 1.64 1986: 1.36 1987: 1.41 1988: 1.27 1989: 2.38 1990: 2.24 1991: 2.19 1992: 2.34 1993*b: 2.08 1994: 2.00 1995: 2.39 1996: 2.24 1997: 2.18 1998: 2.29 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 2.04 1981: 1.57 1982: 1.48 1983: 1.42 1984*b: 1.62 1985: 1.50 1986: 1.42 1987: 1.59 1988: 1.42 1989: 2.29 1990: 2.14 1991: 2.09 1992: 2.42 1993*b: 2.50 1994: 2.18 1995: 2.25 1996: 2.41 1997: 2.27 1998: 2.31 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 1.72 1981: 1.91 1982: 1.90 1983: 1.76 1984*b: 1.07 1985: 1.05 1986: 1.01 1987: 1.00 1988: 0.87 1989: 1.18 1990: 1.19 1991: 1.21 1992: 1.22 1993*b: 1.20 1994: 1.18 1995: 1.46 1996: 1.47 1997: 1.44 1998: 1.36 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 1.73 1981: 1.86 1982: 1.78 1983: 1.78 1984*b: 1.64 1985: 1.62 1986: 1.63 1987: 1.53 1988: 1.42 1989: 2.34 1990: 2.44 1991: 2.34 1992: 2.28 1993*b: 2.29 1994: 2.18 1995: 2.49 1996: 2.49 1997: 2.29 1998: 2.41 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 1.19 1981: 1.29 1982: 1.26 1983: 1.24 1984*b: 0.94 1985: 0.93 1986: 0.92 1987: 0.93 1988: 1.33 1989: 0.96 1990: 0.96 1991: 0.95 1992: 0.94 1993*b: 0.93 1994: 0.96 1995: 1.11 1996: 1.10 1997: 1.07 1998: 1.05 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 1.98 1981: 2.26 1982: 2.31 1983: 2.14 1984*b: 0.88 1985: 0.85 1986: 0.78 1987: 0.80 1988: 0.71 1989: 1.14 1990: 1.11 1991: 1.07 1992: 1.06 1993*b: 0.99 1994: 1.03 1995: 1.44 1996: 1.43 1997: 1.51 1998: 1.54 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 1.30 1981: 1.37 1982: 1.34 1983: 1.28 1984*b: 1.01 1985: 0.97 1986: 1.02 1987: 0.98 1988: 0.82 1989: 2.02 1990: 2.02 1991: 1.96 1992: 2.06 1993*b: 1.93 1994: 1.71 1995: 1.91 1996: 1.85 1997: 1.74 1998: 1.88 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 1.50 1981: 1.70 1982: 1.69 1983: 1.71 1984*b: 1.28 1985: 1.25 1986: 1.24 1987: 1.21 1988: 1.06 1989: 1.24 1990: 1.18 1991: 1.19 1992: 1.18 1993*b: 1.18 1994: 1.18 1995: 1.40 1996: 1.35 1997: 1.32 1998: 1.38 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 2.99 1981: 2.42 1982: 2.36 1983: 2.23 1984*b: 2.37 1985: 2.22 1986: 2.18 1987: 2.27 1988: 2.08 1989: 2.24 1990: 2.33 1991: 2.33 1992: 2.46 1993*b: 2.40 1994: 2.30 1995: 2.28 1996: 2.18 1997: 2.21 1998: 2.20 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 2.93 1981: 2.36 1982: 2.41 1983: 2.47 1984*b: 2.69 1985: 2.65 1986: 2.60 1987: 2.76 1988: 2.15 1989: 2.49 1990: 2.63 1991: 2.31 1992: 2.04 1993*b: 2.09 1994: 2.25 1995: 2.01 1996: 2.29 1997: 2.16 1998: 2.33 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 1.46 1981: 1.66 1982: 1.66 1983: 1.63 1984*b: 1.36 1985: 1.31 1986: 1.31 1987: 1.29 1988: 1.10 1989: 1.21 1990: 1.21 1991: 1.22 1992: 1.21 1993*b: 1.21 1994: 1.21 1995: 1.30 1996: 1.24 1997: 1.25 1998: 1.21 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 2.35 1981: 1.62 1982: 1.71 1983: 1.61 1984*b: 1.63 1985: 1.57 1986: 1.55 1987: 1.51 1988: 1.45 1989: 2.57 1990: 2.28 1991: 2.45 1992: 2.53 1993*b: 2.40 1994: 2.36 1995: 2.50 1996: 2.21 1997: 2.29 1998: 2.30 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 2.75 1981: 2.29 1982: 2.37 1983: 2.35 1984*b: 2.08 1985: 2.02 1986: 2.02 1987: 1.95 1988: 1.78 1989: 1.99 1990: 1.89 1991: 1.96 1992: 1.99 1993*b: 2.07 1994: 2.02 1995: 2.49 1996: 2.42 1997: 2.18 1998: 2.13 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 1.29 1981: 1.22 1982: 1.21 1983: 1.17 1984*b: 0.84 1985: 0.89 1986: 0.88 1987: 0.76 1988: 0.66 1989: 1.89 1990: 1.85 1991: 1.80 1992: 1.76 1993*b: 1.80 1994: 1.73 1995: 1.73 1996: 1.70 1997: 1.91 1998: 1.72 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 2.31 1981: 2.81 1982: 2.87 1983: 2.78 1984*b: 2.89 1985: 2.92 1986: 2.95 1987: 2.74 1988: 2.50 1989: 2.25 1990: 2.26 1991: 2.26 1992: 2.15 1993*b: 1.96 1994: 1.99 1995: 2.20 1996: 2.14 1997: 2.16 1998: 2.23 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 1.34 1981: 1.68 1982: 1.64 1983: 1.61 1984*b: 1.53 1985: 1.53 1986: 1.51 1987: 1.47 1988: 1.34 1989: 1.20 1990: 1.21 1991: 1.17 1992: 1.20 1993*b: 1.17 1994: 1.12 1995: 1.20 1996: 1.16 1997: 1.17 1998: 1.13 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 1.66 1981: 1.96 1982: 1.93 1983: 1.94 1984*b: 1.99 1985: 1.91 1986: 1.84 1987: 1.82 1988: 1.55 1989: 2.53 1990: 2.47 1991: 2.34 1992: 2.36 1993*b: 2.17 1994: 2.37 1995: 2.42 1996: 2.21 1997: 2.29 1998: 2.15 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 1.34 1981: 1.14 1982: 1.17 1983: 1.13 1984*b: 1.17 1985: 1.04 1986: 1.04 1987: 1.02 1988: 0.85 1989: 2.15 1990: 2.05 1991: 2.18 1992: 1.99 1993*b: 1.76 1994: 2.05 1995: 2.09 1996: 2.21 1997: 2.10 1998: 1.88 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 2.22 1981: 3.00 1982: 3.08 1983: 2.94 1984*b: 2.56 1985: 2.62 1986: 2.53 1987: 2.35 1988: 2.25 1989: 1.95 1990: 1.85 1991: 1.79 1992: 1.74 1993*b: 1.80 1994: 1.65 1995: 2.05 1996: 2.14 1997: 2.13 1998: 2.15 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 2.50 1981: 2.84 1982: 2.86 1983: 2.86 1984*b: 3.18 1985: 3.09 1986: 3.21 1987: 2.73 1988: 2.51 1989: 2.23 1990: 2.23 1991: 2.23 1992: 2.17 1993*b: 2.03 1994: 2.17 1995: 2.30 1996: 2.20 1997: 2.16 1998: 2.21 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 2.74 1981: 2.02 1982: 2.07 1983: 2.07 1984*b: 2.09 1985: 2.12 1986: 2.07 1987: 2.04 1988: 1.92 1989: 2.66 1990: 2.64 1991: 2.73 1992: 2.80 1993*b: 2.62 1994: 2.64 1995: 2.34 1996: 2.37 1997: 2.31 1998: 2.44 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 2.22 1981: 3.00 1982: 2.97 1983: 2.98 1984*b: 2.71 1985: 2.61 1986: 2.50 1987: 2.46 1988: 2.03 1989: 2.07 1990: 1.81 1991: 1.76 1992: 1.77 1993*b: 1.68 1994: 1.64 1995: 1.67 1996: 1.55 1997: 1.53 1998: 1.74 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 1.01 1981: 1.15 1982: 1.16 1983: 1.15 1984*b: 1.28 1985: 1.19 1986: 1.22 1987: 1.21 1988: 1.08 1989: 2.65 1990: 2.45 1991: 2.48 1992: 2.32 1993*b: 2.42 1994: 2.36 1995: 2.14 1996: 2.08 1997: 2.26 1998: 2.24 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 2d. Estimated Standard Errors for the Employment Rates of Non- Institutionalized Civilian Women without a Disability Aged 25 through 61 with Work Limitations in Appendix Table 1d*a Location United States Employment Year 1980: 1.03 1981: 1.07 1982: 1.11 1983: 1.09 1984*b: 1.08 1985: 1.11 1986: 1.10 1987: 1.14 1988: 1.24 1989: 1.17 1990: 1.12 1991: 1.11 1992: 1.10 1993*b: 1.04 1994: 1.03 1995: 1.10 1996: 1.09 1997: 1.07 1998: 1.07 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 6.97 1981: 7.26 1982: 7.28 1983: 4.42 1984*b: 8.38 1985: 8.67 1986: 9.23 1987: 8.19 1988: 9.37 1989: 7.56 1990: 7.07 1991: 7.08 1992: 7.52 1993*b: 6.56 1994: 7.25 1995: 6.37 1996: 7.44 1997: 6.91 1998: 6.98 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 2.28 1981: 3.86 1982: 3.88 1983: 3.60 1984*b: 5.10 1985: 4.81 1986: 3.77 1987: 4.11 1988: 5.42 1989: 11.17 1990: 11.27 1991: 9.18 1992: 10.81 1993*b: 7.99 1994: 9.74 1995: 11.88 1996: 10.04 1997: 8.11 1998: 9.60 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 8.76 1981: 9.19 1982: 9.63 1983: 7.77 1984*b: 11.02 1985: 10.36 1986: 10.05 1987: 13.13 1988: 10.39 1989: 11.29 1990: 11.60 1991: 10.36 1992: 9.03 1993*b: 8.89 1994: 9.62 1995: 9.54 1996: 7.56 1997: 8.31 1998: 9.47 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 5.73 1981: 6.40 1982: 5.50 1983: 6.58 1984*b: 7.14 1985: 6.48 1986: 6.86 1987: 6.70 1988: 6.19 1989: 9.18 1990: 7.97 1991: 8.33 1992: 7.31 1993*b: 7.71 1994: 7.71 1995: 6.91 1996: 7.70 1997: 7.33 1998: 6.43 Location California Employment Year 1980: 3.17 1981: 3.68 1982: 3.74 1983: 3.60 1984*b: 4.25 1985: 4.44 1986: 4.19 1987: 4.47 1988: 6.92 1989: 3.96 1990: 3.70 1991: 3.80 1992: 3.52 1993*b: 3.24 1994: 3.48 1995: 3.84 1996: 3.84 1997: 3.59 1998: 3.70 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 7.85 1981: 10.58 1982: 10.20 1983: 11.47 1984*b: 10.89 1985: 13.86 1986: 10.85 1987: 10.48 1988: 10.49 1989: 11.16 1990: 11.08 1991: 8.81 1992: 10.93 1993*b: 10.97 1994: 10.37 1995: 8.79 1996: 10.07 1997: 9.16 1998: 8.43 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 10.57 1981: 12.44 1982: 11.10 1983: 11.41 1984*b: 11.05 1985: 10.88 1986: 11.48 1987: 11.61 1988: 11.18 1989: 14.61 1990: 12.38 1991: 12.00 1992: 10.97 1993*b: 10.34 1994: 13.98 1995: 13.65 1996: 12.06 1997: 11.07 1998: 9.57 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 7.12 1981: 4.23 1982: 4.65 1983: 7.25 1984*b: 5.01 1985: 4.97 1986: 3.40 1987: 5.05 1988: 4.20 1989: 11.52 1990: 13.10 1991: 12.51 1992: 11.36 1993*b: 12.38 1994: 10.48 1995: 9.14 1996: 8.44 1997: 10.55 1998: 11.01 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 8.83 1981: 5.03 1982: 3.39 1983: 3.60 1984*b: 4.30 1985: 4.13 1986: 4.18 1987: 4.32 1988: 4.14 1989: 8.43 1990: 8.79 1991: 10.04 1992: 11.41 1993*b: 10.65 1994: 8.51 1995: 8.07 1996: 7.84 1997: 10.17 1998: 10.48 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 4.98 1981: 6.13 1982: 5.75 1983: 5.54 1984*b: 4.19 1985: 3.86 1986: 4.56 1987: 4.65 1988: 4.41 1989: 5.40 1990: 5.11 1991: 4.64 1992: 5.00 1993*b: 4.77 1994: 4.10 1995: 4.41 1996: 4.49 1997: 4.68 1998: 4.51 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 6.30 1981: 9.23 1982: 8.35 1983: 6.83 1984*b: 11.17 1985: 11.35 1986: 9.79 1987: 9.82 1988: 8.85 1989: 7.24 1990: 7.70 1991: 6.05 1992: 7.13 1993*b: 7.95 1994: 7.67 1995: 6.59 1996: 7.54 1997: 8.43 1998: 6.81 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 6.03 1981: 6.88 1982: 6.60 1983: 5.63 1984*b: 6.63 1985: 6.45 1986: 6.62 1987: 7.63 1988: 7.72 1989: 11.11 1990: 11.79 1991: 11.44 1992: 10.43 1993*b: 11.18 1994: 10.30 1995: 14.87 1996: 13.55 1997: 12.49 1998: 14.41 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 5.80 1981: 5.43 1982: 5.82 1983: 5.57 1984*b: 5.39 1985: 4.88 1986: 5.22 1987: 5.32 1988: 4.20 1989: 9.71 1990: 9.12 1991: 9.06 1992: 10.05 1993*b: 11.16 1994: 8.59 1995: 8.49 1996: 8.18 1997: 8.40 1998: 9.76 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 5.25 1981: 5.67 1982: 6.66 1983: 6.35 1984*b: 4.77 1985: 4.82 1986: 4.97 1987: 5.21 1988: 4.60 1989: 5.34 1990: 5.04 1991: 6.10 1992: 4.84 1993*b: 4.62 1994: 4.60 1995: 5.54 1996: 5.30 1997: 5.18 1998: 5.45 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 7.31 1981: 6.10 1982: 7.96 1983: 8.04 1984*b: 8.67 1985: 9.09 1986: 8.04 1987: 8.26 1988: 13.59 1989: 11.46 1990: 10.92 1991: 10.06 1992: 10.11 1993*b: 8.83 1994: 8.10 1995: 8.68 1996: 9.71 1997: 8.17 1998: 7.20 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 7.39 1981: 9.18 1982: 12.15 1983: 10.21 1984*b: 9.71 1985: 9.32 1986: 8.74 1987: 9.48 1988: 9.94 1989: 9.49 1990: 10.36 1991: 11.59 1992: 10.09 1993*b: 11.55 1994: 11.66 1995: 10.36 1996: 10.11 1997: 10.14 1998: 12.21 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 8.53 1981: 10.34 1982: 9.87 1983: 11.38 1984*b: 11.22 1985: 9.59 1986: 11.34 1987: 9.79 1988: 8.45 1989: 9.79 1990: 10.46 1991: 12.08 1992: 12.06 1993*b: 9.07 1994: 9.39 1995: 11.45 1996: 10.83 1997: 9.09 1998: 9.79 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 8.46 1981: 8.26 1982: 8.65 1983: 11.43 1984*b: 11.84 1985: 9.13 1986: 8.33 1987: 6.93 1988: 8.42 1989: 8.98 1990: 6.51 1991: 6.79 1992: 6.52 1993*b: 4.91 1994: 6.16 1995: 6.07 1996: 6.84 1997: 5.73 1998: 6.73 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 6.08 1981: 5.83 1982: 7.49 1983: 7.20 1984*b: 10.49 1985: 8.36 1986: 9.50 1987: 6.69 1988: 9.05 1989: 6.95 1990: 9.22 1991: 8.82 1992: 8.24 1993*b: 5.64 1994: 8.54 1995: 7.24 1996: 6.76 1997: 8.90 1998: 6.30 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 5.46 1981: 4.89 1982: 6.47 1983: 5.69 1984*b: 5.63 1985: 4.82 1986: 5.50 1987: 4.89 1988: 4.43 1989: 9.96 1990: 11.09 1991: 10.38 1992: 8.60 1993*b: 8.45 1994: 6.97 1995: 9.48 1996: 8.81 1997: 8.64 1998: 8.96 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 9.78 1981: 8.64 1982: 8.87 1983: 10.55 1984*b: 8.81 1985: 9.72 1986: 11.15 1987: 11.12 1988: 12.23 1989: 10.13 1990: 8.15 1991: 8.83 1992: 10.97 1993*b: 9.47 1994: 10.74 1995: 11.63 1996: 10.88 1997: 11.51 1998: 10.67 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 6.49 1981: 5.85 1982: 7.81 1983: 6.13 1984*b: 3.83 1985: 3.91 1986: 4.27 1987: 4.06 1988: 3.62 1989: 5.06 1990: 5.04 1991: 5.15 1992: 5.25 1993*b: 5.05 1994: 4.92 1995: 5.44 1996: 6.62 1997: 6.47 1998: 6.67 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 5.35 1981: 5.29 1982: 5.44 1983: 5.41 1984*b: 3.44 1985: 3.82 1986: 3.84 1987: 4.02 1988: 3.61 1989: 4.39 1990: 4.51 1991: 4.32 1992: 4.40 1993*b: 4.44 1994: 4.36 1995: 5.47 1996: 4.68 1997: 4.77 1998: 5.18 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 10.33 1981: 12.27 1982: 11.45 1983: 11.75 1984*b: 12.88 1985: 13.16 1986: 11.98 1987: 13.03 1988: 14.77 1989: 9.49 1990: 9.85 1991: 9.41 1992: 10.02 1993*b: 9.36 1994: 10.07 1995: 11.40 1996: 10.10 1997: 10.47 1998: 10.86 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 5.51 1981: 5.30 1982: 4.90 1983: 4.25 1984*b: 5.36 1985: 5.69 1986: 6.11 1987: 6.74 1988: 5.33 1989: 7.45 1990: 6.77 1991: 6.65 1992: 7.39 1993*b: 7.14 1994: 7.58 1995: 7.57 1996: 5.38 1997: 5.35 1998: 8.37 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 7.23 1981: 8.80 1982: 9.21 1983: 9.00 1984*b: 8.67 1985: 10.33 1986: 10.43 1987: 10.78 1988: 11.92 1989: 10.49 1990: 9.28 1991: 10.42 1992: 9.01 1993*b: 8.80 1994: 8.80 1995: 9.72 1996: 8.21 1997: 9.51 1998: 10.07 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 5.82 1981: 5.93 1982: 5.09 1983: 4.61 1984*b: 4.77 1985: 4.35 1986: 5.06 1987: 4.58 1988: 4.16 1989: 10.35 1990: 9.40 1991: 8.50 1992: 9.65 1993*b: 8.54 1994: 8.63 1995: 9.22 1996: 9.95 1997: 9.95 1998: 8.86 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 9.79 1981: 8.68 1982: 9.48 1983: 9.08 1984*b: 8.24 1985: 8.04 1986: 7.45 1987: 8.05 1988: 7.45 1989: 11.29 1990: 10.56 1991: 11.71 1992: 11.48 1993*b: 10.06 1994: 12.67 1995: 10.83 1996: 10.53 1997: 10.13 1998: 9.97 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 5.68 1981: 7.87 1982: 7.11 1983: 6.82 1984*b: 7.35 1985: 7.40 1986: 9.01 1987: 6.36 1988: 6.40 1989: 12.63 1990: 9.94 1991: 9.09 1992: 10.56 1993*b: 9.13 1994: 7.41 1995: 10.76 1996: 10.57 1997: 10.12 1998: 10.24 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 8.16 1981: 6.08 1982: 6.12 1983: 6.53 1984*b: 8.47 1985: 7.88 1986: 6.91 1987: 8.36 1988: 6.37 1989: 12.45 1990: 11.64 1991: 12.31 1992: 10.67 1993*b: 11.58 1994: 13.13 1995: 12.92 1996: 9.29 1997: 9.75 1998: 9.07 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 6.35 1981: 5.95 1982: 6.71 1983: 8.34 1984*b: 4.72 1985: 4.46 1986: 4.37 1987: 4.75 1988: 4.91 1989: 6.19 1990: 6.47 1991: 6.06 1992: 5.36 1993*b: 5.28 1994: 4.94 1995: 6.25 1996: 5.73 1997: 6.22 1998: 6.71 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 6.43 1981: 5.27 1982: 6.76 1983: 5.98 1984*b: 5.16 1985: 6.16 1986: 5.25 1987: 6.39 1988: 5.57 1989: 9.34 1990: 8.60 1991: 8.99 1992: 8.18 1993*b: 7.55 1994: 8.80 1995: 7.99 1996: 8.24 1997: 9.59 1998: 9.16 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 3.62 1981: 3.73 1982: 4.40 1983: 3.70 1984*b: 2.80 1985: 3.38 1986: 3.31 1987: 3.53 1988: 4.99 1989: 3.80 1990: 3.73 1991: 3.70 1992: 3.71 1993*b: 3.35 1994: 3.22 1995: 3.77 1996: 3.80 1997: 3.62 1998: 3.28 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 6.93 1981: 7.31 1982: 7.22 1983: 8.73 1984*b: 3.33 1985: 3.40 1986: 3.86 1987: 3.76 1988: 3.06 1989: 4.62 1990: 4.39 1991: 4.89 1992: 4.56 1993*b: 4.06 1994: 3.65 1995: 5.93 1996: 6.31 1997: 5.93 1998: 5.04 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 4.49 1981: 5.69 1982: 8.02 1983: 5.54 1984*b: 4.28 1985: 4.47 1986: 5.40 1987: 4.96 1988: 4.05 1989: 10.06 1990: 10.06 1991: 11.01 1992: 12.81 1993*b: 12.35 1994: 11.82 1995: 13.72 1996: 11.69 1997: 11.63 1998: 9.82 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 4.58 1981: 5.43 1982: 5.24 1983: 5.08 1984*b: 3.76 1985: 4.40 1986: 4.60 1987: 5.08 1988: 4.44 1989: 4.96 1990: 4.85 1991: 4.48 1992: 4.72 1993*b: 4.44 1994: 4.40 1995: 4.49 1996: 4.86 1997: 5.45 1998: 4.90 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 10.58 1981: 8.92 1982: 8.61 1983: 8.09 1984*b: 9.06 1985: 7.79 1986: 9.64 1987: 11.31 1988: 8.13 1989: 9.35 1990: 9.73 1991: 9.36 1992: 8.91 1993*b: 7.94 1994: 8.44 1995: 8.29 1996: 8.36 1997: 7.41 1998: 7.56 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 9.29 1981: 8.80 1982: 10.37 1983: 8.66 1984*b: 9.96 1985: 10.44 1986: 11.67 1987: 11.31 1988: 8.62 1989: 10.26 1990: 9.43 1991: 8.58 1992: 8.76 1993*b: 10.03 1994: 9.05 1995: 8.69 1996: 8.58 1997: 8.21 1998: 8.87 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 4.25 1981: 4.32 1982: 6.02 1983: 4.80 1984*b: 3.40 1985: 4.61 1986: 4.31 1987: 4.37 1988: 4.37 1989: 4.91 1990: 4.76 1991: 4.74 1992: 4.72 1993*b: 4.56 1994: 4.10 1995: 4.40 1996: 4.75 1997: 4.82 1998: 4.45 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 7.87 1981: 4.83 1982: 4.67 1983: 4.98 1984*b: 5.58 1985: 5.90 1986: 6.67 1987: 6.14 1988: 5.55 1989: 12.68 1990: 11.66 1991: 10.26 1992: 9.89 1993*b: 10.39 1994: 11.56 1995: 8.30 1996: 8.50 1997: 8.77 1998: 9.69 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 9.05 1981: 8.68 1982: 9.39 1983: 8.83 1984*b: 7.54 1985: 7.16 1986: 6.71 1987: 7.60 1988: 6.11 1989: 8.13 1990: 7.20 1991: 6.37 1992: 5.68 1993*b: 6.80 1994: 7.83 1995: 5.30 1996: 8.51 1997: 8.28 1998: 7.03 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 6.47 1981: 6.69 1982: 4.68 1983: 5.49 1984*b: 4.96 1985: 3.71 1986: 4.57 1987: 4.06 1988: 3.59 1989: 9.32 1990: 8.59 1991: 10.17 1992: 8.74 1993*b: 7.86 1994: 8.67 1995: 10.26 1996: 9.73 1997: 10.14 1998: 10.32 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 6.88 1981: 8.91 1982: 5.77 1983: 7.48 1984*b: 8.90 1985: 7.31 1986: 6.89 1987: 8.38 1988: 8.07 1989: 6.65 1990: 6.40 1991: 7.29 1992: 6.20 1993*b: 5.74 1994: 6.91 1995: 7.61 1996: 6.48 1997: 5.90 1998: 7.98 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 5.24 1981: 7.29 1982: 6.87 1983: 6.59 1984*b: 7.22 1985: 6.75 1986: 6.23 1987: 6.27 1988: 5.75 1989: 5.28 1990: 5.02 1991: 4.87 1992: 5.20 1993*b: 4.49 1994: 4.86 1995: 5.10 1996: 4.88 1997: 4.37 1998: 4.81 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 7.19 1981: 9.16 1982: 6.95 1983: 7.59 1984*b: 8.04 1985: 8.07 1986: 8.88 1987: 9.30 1988: 7.65 1989: 9.59 1990: 14.56 1991: 11.60 1992: 15.02 1993*b: 10.85 1994: 10.24 1995: 10.28 1996: 11.87 1997: 10.38 1998: 10.93 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 5.46 1981: 4.93 1982: 4.50 1983: 4.91 1984*b: 5.37 1985: 5.11 1986: 4.48 1987: 5.50 1988: 4.45 1989: 11.75 1990: 10.59 1991: 8.69 1992: 9.00 1993*b: 8.52 1994: 9.63 1995: 11.77 1996: 11.08 1997: 9.75 1998: 10.09 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 9.10 1981: 11.16 1982: 11.27 1983: 13.17 1984*b: 11.29 1985: 11.07 1986: 11.87 1987: 10.45 1988: 7.20 1989: 8.40 1990: 8.31 1991: 7.81 1992: 9.21 1993*b: 10.89 1994: 8.39 1995: 8.11 1996: 7.72 1997: 6.23 1998: 7.25 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 6.92 1981: 11.48 1982: 10.16 1983: 11.73 1984*b: 11.17 1985: 11.22 1986: 11.18 1987: 11.62 1988: 14.08 1989: 9.86 1990: 8.32 1991: 9.48 1992: 12.75 1993*b: 8.05 1994: 7.36 1995: 9.20 1996: 9.08 1997: 10.12 1998: 7.83 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 7.83 1981: 6.14 1982: 4.23 1983: 5.16 1984*b: 4.56 1985: 3.54 1986: 7.10 1987: 4.96 1988: 4.75 1989: 7.24 1990: 8.01 1991: 8.33 1992: 5.50 1993*b: 5.67 1994: 4.86 1995: 5.14 1996: 5.42 1997: 5.48 1998: 4.77 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 11.18 1981: 12.58 1982: 14.08 1983: 12.62 1984*b: 11.84 1985: 12.98 1986: 11.96 1987: 13.47 1988: 11.16 1989: 9.20 1990: 9.94 1991: 10.76 1992: 9.82 1993*b: 8.73 1994: 9.00 1995: 9.28 1996: 9.20 1997: 9.00 1998: 10.64 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 4.59 1981: 5.54 1982: 5.01 1983: 5.33 1984*b: 5.34 1985: 4.68 1986: 3.63 1987: 4.50 1988: 4.96 1989: 12.39 1990: 14.87 1991: 11.74 1992: 11.56 1993*b: 12.37 1994: 11.35 1995: 8.73 1996: 10.50 1997: 9.45 1998: 9.75 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 3a. Estimated Population of Non-Institutionalized Civilian Men without a Disability Aged 25 through 61 in the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, 1980 through 1998 (in thousands)a Location United States Employment Year 1980: 45,139 1981: 45,989 1982: 47,035 1983: 47,949 1984*b: 48,726 1985: 49,984 1986: 50,899 1987: 52,084 1988: 53,103 1989: 53,860 1990: 54,760 1991: 55,332 1992: 56,091 1993*b: 56,767 1994: 57,502 1995: 58,529 1996: 59,475 1997: 60,337 1998: 60,600 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 703 1981: 728 1982: 791 1983: 806 1984*b: 779 1985: 826 1986: 810 1987: 831 1988: 850 1989: 835 1990: 851 1991: 856 1992: 887 1993*b: 824 1994: 897 1995: 850 1996: 850 1997: 939 1998: 914 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 82 1981: 86 1982: 101 1983: 108 1984*b: 112 1985: 123 1986: 115 1987: 112 1988: 112 1989: 116 1990: 119 1991: 121 1992: 128 1993*b: 138 1994: 140 1995: 146 1996: 149 1997: 149 1998: 144 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 512 1981: 534 1982: 541 1983: 594 1984*b: 615 1985: 700 1986: 701 1987: 735 1988: 764 1989: 731 1990: 754 1991: 788 1992: 702 1993*b: 877 1994: 911 1995: 883 1996: 939 1997: 975 1998: 1,055 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 400 1981: 394 1982: 384 1983: 397 1984*b: 420 1985: 441 1986: 427 1987: 471 1988: 483 1989: 464 1990: 476 1991: 482 1992: 483 1993*b: 481 1994: 536 1995: 497 1996: 513 1997: 486 1998: 483 Location California Employment Year 1980: 5,035 1981: 5,155 1982: 5,345 1983: 5,433 1984*b: 5,622 1985: 5,934 1986: 6,073 1987: 6,358 1988: 6,293 1989: 6,604 1990: 6,834 1991: 7,133 1992: 7,145 1993*b: 7,118 1994: 7,246 1995: 7,395 1996: 7,686 1997: 7,616 1998: 7,680 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 667 1981: 650 1982: 694 1983: 734 1984*b: 706 1985: 755 1986: 690 1987: 740 1988: 695 1989: 706 1990: 774 1991: 818 1992: 775 1993*b: 869 1994: 936 1995: 948 1996: 932 1997: 985 1998: 1,022 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 641 1981: 674 1982: 716 1983: 735 1984*b: 739 1985: 689 1986: 716 1987: 694 1988: 757 1989: 823 1990: 760 1991: 762 1992: 795 1993*b: 731 1994: 696 1995: 740 1996: 711 1997: 736 1998: 730 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 120 1981: 121 1982: 126 1983: 120 1984*b: 124 1985: 134 1986: 143 1987: 148 1988: 153 1989: 154 1990: 166 1991: 159 1992: 178 1993*b: 172 1994: 159 1995: 166 1996: 165 1997: 153 1998: 164 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 126 1981: 133 1982: 141 1983: 140 1984*b: 130 1985: 138 1986: 133 1987: 138 1988: 135 1989: 131 1990: 127 1991: 119 1992: 131 1993*b: 148 1994: 141 1995: 115 1996: 123 1997: 125 1998: 120 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 1,858 1981: 1,865 1982: 1,912 1983: 2,035 1984*b: 2,161 1985: 2,264 1986: 2,334 1987: 2,435 1988: 2,638 1989: 2,689 1990: 2,734 1991: 2,737 1992: 2,932 1993*b: 2,840 1994: 2,882 1995: 2,995 1996: 3,072 1997: 3,206 1998: 3,075 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 988 1981: 1,058 1982: 1,099 1983: 1,161 1984*b: 1,123 1985: 1,172 1986: 1,277 1987: 1,271 1988: 1,318 1989: 1,333 1990: 1,419 1991: 1,342 1992: 1,397 1993*b: 1,573 1994: 1,621 1995: 1,576 1996: 1,735 1997: 1,685 1998: 1,660 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 187 1981: 194 1982: 191 1983: 204 1984*b: 211 1985: 221 1986: 211 1987: 228 1988: 225 1989: 239 1990: 257 1991: 250 1992: 256 1993*b: 246 1994: 253 1995: 256 1996: 253 1997: 241 1998: 258 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 176 1981: 192 1982: 184 1983: 187 1984*b: 193 1985: 198 1986: 192 1987: 189 1988: 203 1989: 213 1990: 221 1991: 217 1992: 222 1993*b: 242 1994: 254 1995: 253 1996: 264 1997: 273 1998: 284 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 2,260 1981: 2,315 1982: 2,454 1983: 2,432 1984*b: 2,434 1985: 2,448 1986: 2,486 1987: 2,518 1988: 2,572 1989: 2,653 1990: 2,652 1991: 2,670 1992: 2,648 1993*b: 2,579 1994: 2,545 1995: 2,652 1996: 2,566 1997: 2,687 1998: 2,738 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 1,083 1981: 1,095 1982: 1,098 1983: 1,122 1984*b: 1,226 1985: 1,181 1986: 1,134 1987: 1,165 1988: 1,254 1989: 1,217 1990: 1,175 1991: 1,181 1992: 1,268 1993*b: 1,235 1994: 1,226 1995: 1,301 1996: 1,307 1997: 1,362 1998: 1,331 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 573 1981: 571 1982: 560 1983: 583 1984*b: 594 1985: 549 1986: 595 1987: 620 1988: 626 1989: 629 1990: 625 1991: 607 1992: 638 1993*b: 616 1994: 597 1995: 620 1996: 644 1997: 636 1998: 638 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 450 1981: 442 1982: 488 1983: 496 1984*b: 529 1985: 481 1986: 497 1987: 516 1988: 511 1989: 529 1990: 531 1991: 546 1992: 570 1993*b: 528 1994: 545 1995: 547 1996: 538 1997: 554 1998: 561 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 704 1981: 705 1982: 731 1983: 741 1984*b: 746 1985: 751 1986: 721 1987: 762 1988: 695 1989: 717 1990: 732 1991: 706 1992: 747 1993*b: 751 1994: 773 1995: 807 1996: 800 1997: 813 1998: 807 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 756 1981: 806 1982: 838 1983: 855 1984*b: 823 1985: 836 1986: 866 1987: 829 1988: 853 1989: 828 1990: 796 1991: 886 1992: 823 1993*b: 775 1994: 884 1995: 903 1996: 881 1997: 941 1998: 850 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 214 1981: 226 1982: 233 1983: 232 1984*b: 236 1985: 233 1986: 245 1987: 242 1988: 253 1989: 267 1990: 274 1991: 278 1992: 279 1993*b: 268 1994: 258 1995: 285 1996: 291 1997: 275 1998: 287 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 931 1981: 900 1982: 879 1983: 935 1984*b: 930 1985: 947 1986: 1,016 1987: 1,033 1988: 1,082 1989: 1,083 1990: 1,171 1991: 1,144 1992: 1,193 1993*b: 1,139 1994: 1,204 1995: 1,178 1996: 1,158 1997: 1,214 1998: 1,226 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 1,176 1981: 1,226 1982: 1,219 1983: 1,269 1984*b: 1,223 1985: 1,214 1986: 1,257 1987: 1,279 1988: 1,332 1989: 1,302 1990: 1,320 1991: 1,386 1992: 1,405 1993*b: 1,400 1994: 1,382 1995: 1,445 1996: 1,410 1997: 1,388 1998: 1,403 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 1,849 1981: 1,826 1982: 1,781 1983: 1,870 1984*b: 1,825 1985: 1,868 1986: 1,899 1987: 1,996 1988: 2,007 1989: 1,954 1990: 2,071 1991: 2,063 1992: 2,055 1993*b: 2,102 1994: 2,062 1995: 2,089 1996: 2,112 1997: 2,123 1998: 2,242 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 812 1981: 846 1982: 865 1983: 932 1984*b: 891 1985: 885 1986: 952 1987: 964 1988: 984 1989: 926 1990: 951 1991: 944 1992: 987 1993*b: 1,004 1994: 1,110 1995: 1,073 1996: 1,116 1997: 1,079 1998: 1,080 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 420 1981: 414 1982: 448 1983: 456 1984*b: 424 1985: 485 1986: 506 1987: 505 1988: 482 1989: 494 1990: 497 1991: 502 1992: 509 1993*b: 483 1994: 519 1995: 503 1996: 544 1997: 564 1998: 538 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 970 1981: 1,001 1982: 978 1983: 985 1984*b: 999 1985: 1,020 1986: 1,070 1987: 1,098 1988: 1,115 1989: 1,080 1990: 1,147 1991: 1,152 1992: 1,088 1993*b: 1,156 1994: 1,096 1995: 1,204 1996: 1,140 1997: 1,098 1998: 1,280 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 172 1981: 177 1982: 170 1983: 178 1984*b: 180 1985: 167 1986: 168 1987: 164 1988: 168 1989: 178 1990: 183 1991: 178 1992: 178 1993*b: 184 1994: 185 1995: 182 1996: 191 1997: 200 1998: 196 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 308 1981: 317 1982: 318 1983: 307 1984*b: 316 1985: 328 1986: 321 1987: 339 1988: 341 1989: 343 1990: 336 1991: 347 1992: 346 1993*b: 333 1994: 339 1995: 345 1996: 366 1997: 351 1998: 388 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 202 1981: 213 1982: 224 1983: 220 1984*b: 210 1985: 225 1986: 235 1987: 247 1988: 280 1989: 287 1990: 286 1991: 292 1992: 315 1993*b: 370 1994: 386 1995: 389 1996: 409 1997: 399 1998: 444 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 200 1981: 196 1982: 197 1983: 207 1984*b: 204 1985: 224 1986: 231 1987: 247 1988: 252 1989: 252 1990: 283 1991: 280 1992: 286 1993*b: 277 1994: 266 1995: 263 1996: 280 1997: 272 1998: 298 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 1,536 1981: 1,502 1982: 1,520 1983: 1,601 1984*b: 1,650 1985: 1,642 1986: 1,665 1987: 1,742 1988: 1,773 1989: 1,825 1990: 1,821 1991: 1,846 1992: 1,877 1993*b: 1,868 1994: 1,871 1995: 1,850 1996: 1,871 1997: 1,885 1998: 1,855 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 238 1981: 225 1982: 247 1983: 255 1984*b: 286 1985: 299 1986: 303 1987: 289 1988: 285 1989: 316 1990: 322 1991: 320 1992: 313 1993*b: 328 1994: 339 1995: 350 1996: 363 1997: 358 1998: 370 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 3,450 1981: 3,535 1982: 3,505 1983: 3,467 1984*b: 3,614 1985: 3,692 1986: 3,795 1987: 3,725 1988: 3,808 1989: 3,947 1990: 3,917 1991: 3,880 1992: 3,802 1993*b: 3,950 1994: 3,908 1995: 4,074 1996: 4,028 1997: 3,986 1998: 3,937 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 1,218 1981: 1,177 1982: 1,223 1983: 1,244 1984*b: 1,264 1985: 1,282 1986: 1,314 1987: 1,363 1988: 1,423 1989: 1,441 1990: 1,448 1991: 1,447 1992: 1,431 1993*b: 1,452 1994: 1,511 1995: 1,595 1996: 1,668 1997: 1,661 1998: 1,669 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 128 1981: 131 1982: 132 1983: 138 1984*b: 145 1985: 138 1986: 130 1987: 139 1988: 139 1989: 135 1990: 128 1991: 133 1992: 129 1993*b: 131 1994: 130 1995: 138 1996: 136 1997: 132 1998: 134 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 2,103 1981: 2,235 1982: 2,264 1983: 2,195 1984*b: 2,186 1985: 2,250 1986: 2,252 1987: 2,345 1988: 2,292 1989: 2,272 1990: 2,342 1991: 2,390 1992: 2,475 1993*b: 2,444 1994: 2,343 1995: 2,480 1996: 2,488 1997: 2,477 1998: 2,498 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 570 1981: 583 1982: 584 1983: 598 1984*b: 670 1985: 645 1986: 655 1987: 656 1988: 652 1989: 685 1990: 662 1991: 681 1992: 660 1993*b: 694 1994: 669 1995: 648 1996: 660 1997: 713 1998: 699 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 569 1981: 555 1982: 553 1983: 577 1984*b: 586 1985: 591 1986: 607 1987: 597 1988: 599 1989: 622 1990: 644 1991: 644 1992: 699 1993*b: 730 1994: 768 1995: 722 1996: 727 1997: 813 1998: 802 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 2,403 1981: 2,443 1982: 2,437 1983: 2,372 1984*b: 2,282 1985: 2,451 1986: 2,480 1987: 2,566 1988: 2,611 1989: 2,698 1990: 2,535 1991: 2,567 1992: 2,580 1993*b: 2,644 1994: 2,624 1995: 2,598 1996: 2,617 1997: 2,693 1998: 2,662 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 172 1981: 172 1982: 179 1983: 195 1984*b: 188 1985: 196 1986: 223 1987: 223 1988: 216 1989: 215 1990: 220 1991: 230 1992: 224 1993*b: 222 1994: 208 1995: 211 1996: 208 1997: 207 1998: 232 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 622 1981: 620 1982: 612 1983: 600 1984*b: 685 1985: 659 1986: 656 1987: 698 1988: 762 1989: 716 1990: 739 1991: 779 1992: 751 1993*b: 778 1994: 786 1995: 797 1996: 838 1997: 857 1998: 848 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 127 1981: 128 1982: 133 1983: 145 1984*b: 141 1985: 140 1986: 138 1987: 147 1988: 153 1989: 149 1990: 149 1991: 145 1992: 157 1993*b: 156 1994: 161 1995: 159 1996: 152 1997: 144 1998: 152 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 932 1981: 864 1982: 897 1983: 942 1984*b: 947 1985: 928 1986: 936 1987: 1,056 1988: 1,039 1989: 1,027 1990: 1,047 1991: 952 1992: 990 1993*b: 1,089 1994: 1,022 1995: 1,163 1996: 1,103 1997: 1,241 1998: 1,216 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 2,847 1981: 3,064 1982: 3,110 1983: 3,247 1984*b: 3,357 1985: 3,426 1986: 3,590 1987: 3,398 1988: 3,512 1989: 3,589 1990: 3,797 1991: 3,740 1992: 3,941 1993*b: 4,017 1994: 4,152 1995: 4,205 1996: 4,350 1997: 4,394 1998: 4,463 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 261 1981: 264 1982: 280 1983: 276 1984*b: 296 1985: 306 1986: 322 1987: 320 1988: 320 1989: 310 1990: 321 1991: 314 1992: 344 1993*b: 396 1994: 397 1995: 403 1996: 394 1997: 409 1998: 430 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 108 1981: 114 1982: 110 1983: 111 1984*b: 118 1985: 117 1986: 114 1987: 118 1988: 122 1989: 127 1990: 118 1991: 128 1992: 144 1993*b: 141 1994: 135 1995: 141 1996: 142 1997: 135 1998: 150 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 1,052 1981: 1,041 1982: 1,151 1983: 1,154 1984*b: 1,195 1985: 1,225 1986: 1,244 1987: 1,276 1988: 1,273 1989: 1,325 1990: 1,389 1991: 1,474 1992: 1,525 1993*b: 1,456 1994: 1,562 1995: 1,382 1996: 1,507 1997: 1,547 1998: 1,531 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 810 1981: 845 1982: 917 1983: 904 1984*b: 936 1985: 993 1986: 918 1987: 1,005 1988: 1,102 1989: 1,143 1990: 1,076 1991: 1,114 1992: 1,140 1993*b: 1,210 1994: 1,219 1995: 1,304 1996: 1,394 1997: 1,449 1998: 1,372 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 355 1981: 335 1982: 359 1983: 369 1984*b: 377 1985: 360 1986: 369 1987: 357 1988: 372 1989: 371 1990: 378 1991: 372 1992: 363 1993*b: 353 1994: 366 1995: 357 1996: 354 1997: 371 1998: 352 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 961 1981: 980 1982: 997 1983: 972 1984*b: 968 1985: 1,099 1986: 1,063 1987: 1,086 1988: 1,118 1989: 1,070 1990: 1,074 1991: 1,126 1992: 1,076 1993*b: 1,148 1994: 1,168 1995: 1,233 1996: 1,232 1997: 1,236 1998: 1,224 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 105 1981: 116 1982: 116 1983: 115 1984*b: 109 1985: 108 1986: 104 1987: 103 1988: 101 1989: 103 1990: 106 1991: 104 1992: 104 1993*b: 103 1994: 112 1995: 110 1996: 99 1997: 105 1998: 111 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 3b. Estimated Population of Non-Institutionalized Civilian Men with a Disability Aged 25 through 61 in the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, 1980 through 1998 (in thousands)a Location United States Employment Year 1980: 4,006 1981: 4,102 1982: 3,988 1983: 4,166 1984*b: 4,372 1985: 4,502 1986: 4,543 1987: 4,361 1988: 4,393 1989: 4,594 1990: 4,575 1991: 4,865 1992: 5,137 1993*b: 5,470 1994: 5,352 1995: 5,243 1996: 5,352 1997: 5,110 1998: 5,252 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 79 1981: 81 1982: 71 1983: 92 1984*b: 48 1985: 65 1986: 79 1987: 65 1988: 77 1989: 106 1990: 97 1991: 123 1992: 91 1993*b: 139 1994: 92 1995: 121 1996: 125 1997: 99 1998: 87 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 6 1981: 6 1982: 7 1983: 6 1984*b: 7 1985: 6 1986: 9 1987: 6 1988: 10 1989: 6 1990: 8 1991: 8 1992: 7 1993*b: 11 1994: 13 1995: 13 1996: 14 1997: 14 1998: 10 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 50 1981: 57 1982: 66 1983: 40 1984*b: 40 1985: 66 1986: 79 1987: 80 1988: 53 1989: 75 1990: 56 1991: 54 1992: 91 1993*b: 79 1994: 72 1995: 67 1996: 100 1997: 60 1998: 64 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 63 1981: 63 1982: 51 1983: 48 1984*b: 67 1985: 76 1986: 76 1987: 65 1988: 51 1989: 48 1990: 57 1991: 58 1992: 52 1993*b: 76 1994: 49 1995: 83 1996: 83 1997: 82 1998: 63 Location California Employment Year 1980: 393 1981: 486 1982: 426 1983: 401 1984*b: 467 1985: 494 1986: 478 1987: 489 1988: 455 1989: 520 1990: 524 1991: 512 1992: 637 1993*b: 603 1994: 601 1995: 610 1996: 608 1997: 569 1998: 592 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 29 1981: 39 1982: 59 1983: 62 1984*b: 54 1985: 39 1986: 74 1987: 54 1988: 58 1989: 74 1990: 50 1991: 68 1992: 86 1993*b: 48 1994: 62 1995: 71 1996: 66 1997: 61 1998: 75 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 41 1981: 36 1982: 37 1983: 38 1984*b: 52 1985: 41 1986: 27 1987: 40 1988: 37 1989: 28 1990: 32 1991: 51 1992: 42 1993*b: 50 1994: 41 1995: 38 1996: 47 1997: 83 1998: 85 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 11 1981: 14 1982: 9 1983: 10 1984*b: 11 1985: 9 1986: 9 1987: 7 1988: 12 1989: 13 1990: 10 1991: 13 1992: 16 1993*b: 14 1994: 16 1995: 11 1996: 11 1997: 9 1998: 9 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 17 1981: 12 1982: 11 1983: 16 1984*b: 17 1985: 12 1986: 12 1987: 11 1988: 10 1989: 12 1990: 22 1991: 11 1992: 12 1993*b: 14 1994: 13 1995: 16 1996: 13 1997: 9 1998: 13 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 158 1981: 186 1982: 202 1983: 192 1984*b: 218 1985: 211 1986: 208 1987: 232 1988: 264 1989: 246 1990: 244 1991: 286 1992: 255 1993*b: 327 1994: 317 1995: 280 1996: 337 1997: 308 1998: 351 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 141 1981: 113 1982: 103 1983: 97 1984*b: 134 1985: 172 1986: 148 1987: 108 1988: 115 1989: 124 1990: 130 1991: 134 1992: 154 1993*b: 159 1994: 173 1995: 183 1996: 161 1997: 153 1998: 187 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 17 1981: 19 1982: 16 1983: 16 1984*b: 21 1985: 19 1986: 22 1987: 11 1988: 11 1989: 17 1990: 10 1991: 20 1992: 21 1993*b: 23 1994: 21 1995: 13 1996: 19 1997: 20 1998: 15 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 16 1981: 11 1982: 19 1983: 22 1984*b: 25 1985: 23 1986: 21 1987: 21 1988: 10 1989: 22 1990: 19 1991: 22 1992: 19 1993*b: 16 1994: 25 1995: 27 1996: 21 1997: 29 1998: 15 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 177 1981: 164 1982: 139 1983: 173 1984*b: 159 1985: 151 1986: 184 1987: 196 1988: 161 1989: 189 1990: 199 1991: 199 1992: 231 1993*b: 224 1994: 199 1995: 175 1996: 219 1997: 179 1998: 226 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 62 1981: 99 1982: 98 1983: 83 1984*b: 63 1985: 84 1986: 114 1987: 109 1988: 79 1989: 75 1990: 91 1991: 96 1992: 63 1993*b: 72 1994: 102 1995: 88 1996: 104 1997: 75 1998: 128 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 31 1981: 36 1982: 36 1983: 43 1984*b: 37 1985: 46 1986: 47 1987: 41 1988: 31 1989: 42 1990: 41 1991: 46 1992: 58 1993*b: 61 1994: 64 1995: 39 1996: 37 1997: 35 1998: 42 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 26 1981: 22 1982: 24 1983: 31 1984*b: 29 1985: 35 1986: 37 1987: 27 1988: 27 1989: 30 1990: 23 1991: 33 1992: 43 1993*b: 44 1994: 40 1995: 64 1996: 53 1997: 41 1998: 39 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 80 1981: 97 1982: 72 1983: 98 1984*b: 83 1985: 84 1986: 83 1987: 90 1988: 90 1989: 103 1990: 121 1991: 117 1992: 140 1993*b: 149 1994: 123 1995: 133 1996: 92 1997: 97 1998: 123 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 102 1981: 94 1982: 99 1983: 89 1984*b: 70 1985: 109 1986: 103 1987: 103 1988: 119 1989: 114 1990: 91 1991: 59 1992: 87 1993*b: 166 1994: 123 1995: 125 1996: 119 1997: 102 1998: 105 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 23 1981: 24 1982: 22 1983: 25 1984*b: 27 1985: 25 1986: 27 1987: 25 1988: 28 1989: 27 1990: 27 1991: 34 1992: 43 1993*b: 31 1994: 41 1995: 30 1996: 31 1997: 39 1998: 34 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 56 1981: 61 1982: 61 1983: 69 1984*b: 90 1985: 59 1986: 69 1987: 57 1988: 96 1989: 63 1990: 48 1991: 75 1992: 82 1993*b: 164 1994: 99 1995: 104 1996: 81 1997: 71 1998: 71 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 89 1981: 83 1982: 84 1983: 80 1984*b: 86 1985: 113 1986: 73 1987: 84 1988: 106 1989: 93 1990: 130 1991: 114 1992: 101 1993*b: 116 1994: 131 1995: 149 1996: 141 1997: 160 1998: 101 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 173 1981: 174 1982: 193 1983: 206 1984*b: 234 1985: 225 1986: 192 1987: 190 1988: 177 1989: 222 1990: 198 1991: 201 1992: 202 1993*b: 225 1994: 213 1995: 183 1996: 186 1997: 184 1998: 177 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 57 1981: 58 1982: 68 1983: 84 1984*b: 81 1985: 86 1986: 84 1987: 98 1988: 89 1989: 79 1990: 70 1991: 106 1992: 83 1993*b: 97 1994: 74 1995: 53 1996: 80 1997: 74 1998: 67 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 60 1981: 44 1982: 56 1983: 60 1984*b: 63 1985: 50 1986: 59 1987: 63 1988: 61 1989: 61 1990: 74 1991: 81 1992: 53 1993*b: 53 1994: 49 1995: 59 1996: 61 1997: 57 1998: 64 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 86 1981: 108 1982: 101 1983: 100 1984*b: 87 1985: 94 1986: 93 1987: 96 1988: 111 1989: 106 1990: 100 1991: 95 1992: 105 1993*b: 98 1994: 126 1995: 68 1996: 72 1997: 113 1998: 118 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 12 1981: 8 1982: 18 1983: 19 1984*b: 16 1985: 21 1986: 21 1987: 23 1988: 20 1989: 22 1990: 18 1991: 17 1992: 16 1993*b: 17 1994: 16 1995: 23 1996: 28 1997: 28 1998: 28 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 17 1981: 22 1982: 24 1983: 23 1984*b: 25 1985: 10 1986: 19 1987: 24 1988: 23 1989: 16 1990: 26 1991: 26 1992: 19 1993*b: 16 1994: 26 1995: 24 1996: 29 1997: 28 1998: 18 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 17 1981: 13 1982: 13 1983: 10 1984*b: 14 1985: 17 1986: 17 1987: 22 1988: 20 1989: 14 1990: 13 1991: 21 1992: 23 1993*b: 36 1994: 22 1995: 29 1996: 22 1997: 24 1998: 31 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 9 1981: 22 1982: 17 1983: 16 1984*b: 16 1985: 12 1986: 19 1987: 14 1988: 21 1989: 17 1990: 20 1991: 25 1992: 25 1993*b: 29 1994: 28 1995: 29 1996: 30 1997: 19 1998: 20 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 87 1981: 113 1982: 100 1983: 98 1984*b: 121 1985: 109 1986: 126 1987: 98 1988: 88 1989: 84 1990: 86 1991: 80 1992: 102 1993*b: 126 1994: 117 1995: 102 1996: 142 1997: 99 1998: 117 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 31 1981: 38 1982: 29 1983: 33 1984*b: 30 1985: 23 1986: 30 1987: 33 1988: 31 1989: 34 1990: 33 1991: 29 1992: 43 1993*b: 49 1994: 42 1995: 41 1996: 50 1997: 46 1998: 34 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 231 1981: 271 1982: 248 1983: 295 1984*b: 309 1985: 325 1986: 236 1987: 276 1988: 309 1989: 276 1990: 308 1991: 294 1992: 344 1993*b: 373 1994: 348 1995: 327 1996: 371 1997: 311 1998: 375 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 126 1981: 156 1982: 122 1983: 130 1984*b: 132 1985: 152 1986: 126 1987: 121 1988: 112 1989: 122 1990: 130 1991: 139 1992: 128 1993*b: 142 1994: 129 1995: 157 1996: 129 1997: 171 1998: 164 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 9 1981: 10 1982: 10 1983: 9 1984*b: 8 1985: 9 1986: 11 1987: 12 1988: 10 1989: 13 1990: 12 1991: 11 1992: 8 1993*b: 9 1994: 9 1995: 8 1996: 9 1997: 10 1998: 7 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 221 1981: 201 1982: 200 1983: 215 1984*b: 217 1985: 181 1986: 211 1987: 211 1988: 227 1989: 217 1990: 220 1991: 229 1992: 217 1993*b: 218 1994: 208 1995: 259 1996: 245 1997: 216 1998: 239 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 55 1981: 59 1982: 55 1983: 59 1984*b: 40 1985: 55 1986: 69 1987: 47 1988: 78 1989: 73 1990: 81 1991: 90 1992: 69 1993*b: 94 1994: 81 1995: 73 1996: 69 1997: 77 1998: 81 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 63 1981: 59 1982: 62 1983: 55 1984*b: 47 1985: 66 1986: 75 1987: 80 1988: 68 1989: 49 1990: 61 1991: 70 1992: 56 1993*b: 60 1994: 60 1995: 60 1996: 58 1997: 47 1998: 57 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 256 1981: 205 1982: 200 1983: 227 1984*b: 268 1985: 265 1986: 281 1987: 193 1988: 219 1989: 178 1990: 191 1991: 255 1992: 283 1993*b: 210 1994: 257 1995: 258 1996: 296 1997: 275 1998: 231 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 20 1981: 16 1982: 19 1983: 19 1984*b: 15 1985: 17 1986: 16 1987: 17 1988: 19 1989: 16 1990: 19 1991: 21 1992: 23 1993*b: 17 1994: 27 1995: 22 1996: 20 1997: 23 1998: 22 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 65 1981: 39 1982: 60 1983: 66 1984*b: 67 1985: 63 1986: 73 1987: 55 1988: 49 1989: 95 1990: 83 1991: 94 1992: 89 1993*b: 83 1994: 125 1995: 92 1996: 50 1997: 54 1998: 81 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 7 1981: 12 1982: 11 1983: 9 1984*b: 11 1985: 12 1986: 9 1987: 8 1988: 10 1989: 11 1990: 11 1991: 13 1992: 18 1993*b: 12 1994: 10 1995: 12 1996: 12 1997: 11 1998: 11 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 79 1981: 101 1982: 112 1983: 103 1984*b: 116 1985: 133 1986: 119 1987: 105 1988: 113 1989: 115 1990: 111 1991: 131 1992: 165 1993*b: 162 1994: 176 1995: 144 1996: 171 1997: 129 1998: 103 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 260 1981: 216 1982: 206 1983: 272 1984*b: 279 1985: 262 1986: 318 1987: 304 1988: 270 1989: 360 1990: 270 1991: 309 1992: 308 1993*b: 302 1994: 342 1995: 336 1996: 245 1997: 360 1998: 344 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 19 1981: 23 1982: 18 1983: 14 1984*b: 18 1985: 21 1986: 16 1987: 13 1988: 18 1989: 19 1990: 20 1991: 18 1992: 23 1993*b: 34 1994: 27 1995: 25 1996: 26 1997: 32 1998: 26 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 14 1981: 11 1982: 7 1983: 10 1984*b: 9 1985: 9 1986: 9 1987: 11 1988: 9 1989: 8 1990: 12 1991: 13 1992: 15 1993*b: 12 1994: 12 1995: 13 1996: 15 1997: 14 1998: 10 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 108 1981: 81 1982: 98 1983: 82 1984*b: 126 1985: 117 1986: 111 1987: 130 1988: 117 1989: 109 1990: 109 1991: 100 1992: 104 1993*b: 125 1994: 141 1995: 151 1996: 135 1997: 128 1998: 90 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 104 1981: 86 1982: 82 1983: 76 1984*b: 75 1985: 115 1986: 102 1987: 69 1988: 83 1989: 106 1990: 134 1991: 115 1992: 100 1993*b: 101 1994: 106 1995: 118 1996: 125 1997: 97 1998: 108 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 57 1981: 67 1982: 59 1983: 68 1984*b: 56 1985: 55 1986: 56 1987: 51 1988: 51 1989: 55 1990: 49 1991: 55 1992: 67 1993*b: 63 1994: 78 1995: 57 1996: 79 1997: 61 1998: 52 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 87 1981: 79 1982: 81 1983: 67 1984*b: 83 1985: 54 1986: 62 1987: 66 1988: 79 1989: 81 1990: 80 1991: 82 1992: 110 1993*b: 109 1994: 74 1995: 67 1996: 103 1997: 120 1998: 133 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 6 1981: 7 1982: 8 1983: 7 1984*b: 8 1985: 10 1986: 8 1987: 8 1988: 11 1989: 11 1990: 9 1991: 11 1992: 9 1993*b: 10 1994: 9 1995: 9 1996: 13 1997: 8 1998: 10 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 3c. Estimated Population of Non-Institutionalized Civilian Women without a Disability Aged 25 through 61 in the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, 1980 through 1998 (in thousands)a Location United States Employment Year 1980: 48,618 1981: 49,506 1982: 50,564 1983: 51,496 1984*b: 52,344 1985: 53,450 1986: 54,438 1987: 55,567 1988: 56,424 1989: 57,137 1990: 57,753 1991: 58,480 1992: 59,205 1993*b: 59,597 1994: 60,157 1995: 60,938 1996: 61,740 1997: 62,486 1998: 63,494 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 806 1981: 822 1982: 833 1983: 840 1984*b: 873 1985: 902 1986: 928 1987: 874 1988: 881 1989: 923 1990: 919 1991: 929 1992: 933 1993*b: 896 1994: 918 1995: 953 1996: 988 1997: 997 1998: 1,013 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 80 1981: 85 1982: 96 1983: 111 1984*b: 123 1985: 122 1986: 119 1987: 117 1988: 115 1989: 121 1990: 124 1991: 125 1992: 125 1993*b: 142 1994: 150 1995: 150 1996: 156 1997: 152 1998: 149 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 583 1981: 570 1982: 574 1983: 570 1984*b: 668 1985: 674 1986: 729 1987: 810 1988: 778 1989: 787 1990: 823 1991: 842 1992: 861 1993*b: 854 1994: 907 1995: 930 1996: 1,014 1997: 1,013 1998: 1,106 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 443 1981: 453 1982: 429 1983: 456 1984*b: 475 1985: 460 1986: 497 1987: 512 1988: 521 1989: 538 1990: 512 1991: 510 1992: 481 1993*b: 521 1994: 543 1995: 520 1996: 535 1997: 535 1998: 538 Location California Employment Year 1980: 5,230 1981: 5,420 1982: 5,561 1983: 5,761 1984*b: 5,790 1985: 6,008 1986: 6,215 1987: 6,421 1988: 6,547 1989: 6,698 1990: 6,782 1991: 7,031 1992: 7,144 1993*b: 7,149 1994: 7,275 1995: 7,227 1996: 7,349 1997: 7,565 1998: 7,710 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 669 1981: 658 1982: 694 1983: 748 1984*b: 727 1985: 801 1986: 774 1987: 759 1988: 774 1989: 795 1990: 755 1991: 759 1992: 751 1993*b: 828 1994: 879 1995: 901 1996: 887 1997: 940 1998: 964 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 692 1981: 746 1982: 767 1983: 747 1984*b: 743 1985: 775 1986: 769 1987: 727 1988: 775 1989: 747 1990: 786 1991: 807 1992: 781 1993*b: 791 1994: 776 1995: 805 1996: 837 1997: 789 1998: 807 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 121 1981: 129 1982: 134 1983: 145 1984*b: 138 1985: 143 1986: 144 1987: 146 1988: 154 1989: 161 1990: 168 1991: 173 1992: 175 1993*b: 167 1994: 169 1995: 175 1996: 179 1997: 173 1998: 182 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 148 1981: 157 1982: 144 1983: 132 1984*b: 142 1985: 144 1986: 160 1987: 143 1988: 146 1989: 140 1990: 139 1991: 140 1992: 132 1993*b: 142 1994: 153 1995: 146 1996: 131 1997: 126 1998: 127 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 2,188 1981: 2,143 1982: 2,205 1983: 2,270 1984*b: 2,375 1985: 2,475 1986: 2,580 1987: 2,792 1988: 2,786 1989: 2,879 1990: 2,976 1991: 2,998 1992: 3,155 1993*b: 3,208 1994: 3,190 1995: 3,243 1996: 3,242 1997: 3,283 1998: 3,254 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 1,135 1981: 1,161 1982: 1,187 1983: 1,257 1984*b: 1,291 1985: 1,363 1986: 1,425 1987: 1,385 1988: 1,472 1989: 1,438 1990: 1,571 1991: 1,563 1992: 1,568 1993*b: 1,687 1994: 1,720 1995: 1,741 1996: 1,719 1997: 1,823 1998: 1,946 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 217 1981: 219 1982: 222 1983: 227 1984*b: 239 1985: 252 1986: 246 1987: 258 1988: 255 1989: 265 1990: 266 1991: 273 1992: 274 1993*b: 289 1994: 266 1995: 270 1996: 274 1997: 271 1998: 264 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 178 1981: 187 1982: 195 1983: 201 1984*b: 212 1985: 195 1986: 207 1987: 201 1988: 205 1989: 217 1990: 218 1991: 225 1992: 225 1993*b: 254 1994: 251 1995: 244 1996: 266 1997: 264 1998: 262 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 2,476 1981: 2,512 1982: 2,495 1983: 2,478 1984*b: 2,551 1985: 2,693 1986: 2,660 1987: 2,645 1988: 2,590 1989: 2,624 1990: 2,738 1991: 2,843 1992: 2,804 1993*b: 2,786 1994: 2,804 1995: 2,850 1996: 2,845 1997: 2,778 1998: 2,837 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 1,149 1981: 1,147 1982: 1,163 1983: 1,158 1984*b: 1,160 1985: 1,189 1986: 1,256 1987: 1,258 1988: 1,316 1989: 1,269 1990: 1,291 1991: 1,344 1992: 1,350 1993*b: 1,347 1994: 1,323 1995: 1,277 1996: 1,304 1997: 1,319 1998: 1,401 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 603 1981: 586 1982: 569 1983: 622 1984*b: 630 1985: 604 1986: 614 1987: 634 1988: 641 1989: 640 1990: 611 1991: 631 1992: 655 1993*b: 612 1994: 606 1995: 657 1996: 676 1997: 650 1998: 621 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 461 1981: 465 1982: 488 1983: 506 1984*b: 518 1985: 508 1986: 508 1987: 562 1988: 566 1989: 559 1990: 568 1991: 598 1992: 578 1993*b: 562 1994: 526 1995: 529 1996: 536 1997: 535 1998: 572 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 748 1981: 780 1982: 814 1983: 867 1984*b: 823 1985: 779 1986: 812 1987: 862 1988: 785 1989: 848 1990: 823 1991: 817 1992: 851 1993*b: 843 1994: 835 1995: 864 1996: 907 1997: 908 1998: 906 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 880 1981: 855 1982: 901 1983: 952 1984*b: 879 1985: 905 1986: 922 1987: 968 1988: 1,002 1989: 959 1990: 968 1991: 923 1992: 1,005 1993*b: 965 1994: 971 1995: 972 1996: 958 1997: 1,025 1998: 1,002 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 231 1981: 248 1982: 254 1983: 271 1984*b: 272 1985: 243 1986: 249 1987: 260 1988: 275 1989: 297 1990: 304 1991: 295 1992: 294 1993*b: 282 1994: 276 1995: 298 1996: 284 1997: 305 1998: 312 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 951 1981: 1,031 1982: 992 1983: 990 1984*b: 1,040 1985: 1,090 1986: 1,112 1987: 1,136 1988: 1,117 1989: 1,164 1990: 1,176 1991: 1,241 1992: 1,254 1993*b: 1,176 1994: 1,226 1995: 1,246 1996: 1,268 1997: 1,321 1998: 1,295 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 1,255 1981: 1,283 1982: 1,274 1983: 1,293 1984*b: 1,335 1985: 1,383 1986: 1,404 1987: 1,425 1988: 1,417 1989: 1,409 1990: 1,423 1991: 1,392 1992: 1,425 1993*b: 1,449 1994: 1,458 1995: 1,489 1996: 1,499 1997: 1,451 1998: 1,499 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 1,919 1981: 1,960 1982: 2,007 1983: 1,934 1984*b: 1,988 1985: 1,975 1986: 1,992 1987: 2,009 1988: 2,044 1989: 2,090 1990: 2,089 1991: 2,099 1992: 2,117 1993*b: 2,147 1994: 2,165 1995: 2,204 1996: 2,171 1997: 2,158 1998: 2,177 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 798 1981: 856 1982: 880 1983: 927 1984*b: 910 1985: 925 1986: 923 1987: 974 1988: 1,010 1989: 979 1990: 1,049 1991: 1,006 1992: 1,034 1993*b: 1,023 1994: 1,043 1995: 1,087 1996: 1,129 1997: 1,157 1998: 1,124 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 485 1981: 481 1982: 502 1983: 504 1984*b: 486 1985: 509 1986: 522 1987: 520 1988: 517 1989: 560 1990: 535 1991: 536 1992: 554 1993*b: 570 1994: 577 1995: 649 1996: 637 1997: 618 1998: 625 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 1,033 1981: 1,026 1982: 1,066 1983: 1,090 1984*b: 1,115 1985: 1,091 1986: 1,093 1987: 1,119 1988: 1,180 1989: 1,197 1990: 1,212 1991: 1,218 1992: 1,183 1993*b: 1,198 1994: 1,082 1995: 1,233 1996: 1,168 1997: 1,212 1998: 1,267 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 165 1981: 171 1982: 164 1983: 162 1984*b: 183 1985: 183 1986: 185 1987: 180 1988: 180 1989: 188 1990: 186 1991: 189 1992: 182 1993*b: 187 1994: 183 1995: 181 1996: 198 1997: 200 1998: 202 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 313 1981: 334 1982: 327 1983: 324 1984*b: 357 1985: 345 1986: 355 1987: 359 1988: 352 1989: 379 1990: 373 1991: 378 1992: 387 1993*b: 365 1994: 385 1995: 356 1996: 363 1997: 362 1998: 362 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 191 1981: 210 1982: 206 1983: 203 1984*b: 217 1985: 242 1986: 258 1987: 243 1988: 274 1989: 286 1990: 279 1991: 285 1992: 301 1993*b: 326 1994: 350 1995: 353 1996: 392 1997: 424 1998: 438 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 205 1981: 208 1982: 213 1983: 223 1984*b: 226 1985: 237 1986: 236 1987: 252 1988: 274 1989: 267 1990: 274 1991: 295 1992: 279 1993*b: 258 1994: 267 1995: 273 1996: 273 1997: 270 1998: 282 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 1,683 1981: 1,605 1982: 1,653 1983: 1,783 1984*b: 1,772 1985: 1,779 1986: 1,844 1987: 1,838 1988: 1,860 1989: 1,895 1990: 1,907 1991: 1,875 1992: 1,873 1993*b: 1,929 1994: 1,919 1995: 1,909 1996: 1,916 1997: 2,002 1998: 2,046 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 284 1981: 268 1982: 297 1983: 289 1984*b: 310 1985: 308 1986: 313 1987: 327 1988: 334 1989: 348 1990: 343 1991: 349 1992: 351 1993*b: 353 1994: 376 1995: 383 1996: 388 1997: 412 1998: 392 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 3,826 1981: 3,836 1982: 4,015 1983: 4,056 1984*b: 4,133 1985: 4,212 1986: 4,235 1987: 4,230 1988: 4,223 1989: 4,236 1990: 4,260 1991: 4,369 1992: 4,354 1993*b: 4,430 1994: 4,348 1995: 4,369 1996: 4,361 1997: 4,174 1998: 4,317 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 1,320 1981: 1,349 1982: 1,352 1983: 1,349 1984*b: 1,357 1985: 1,417 1986: 1,474 1987: 1,458 1988: 1,515 1989: 1,463 1990: 1,518 1991: 1,581 1992: 1,607 1993*b: 1,602 1994: 1,636 1995: 1,672 1996: 1,699 1997: 1,740 1998: 1,762 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 127 1981: 126 1982: 137 1983: 141 1984*b: 138 1985: 145 1986: 137 1987: 137 1988: 141 1989: 138 1990: 142 1991: 141 1992: 137 1993*b: 130 1994: 138 1995: 139 1996: 134 1997: 134 1998: 139 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 2,286 1981: 2,334 1982: 2,459 1983: 2,372 1984*b: 2,390 1985: 2,412 1986: 2,493 1987: 2,496 1988: 2,508 1989: 2,474 1990: 2,553 1991: 2,557 1992: 2,580 1993*b: 2,526 1994: 2,553 1995: 2,528 1996: 2,550 1997: 2,657 1998: 2,609 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 593 1981: 625 1982: 630 1983: 675 1984*b: 700 1985: 728 1986: 716 1987: 731 1988: 719 1989: 726 1990: 724 1991: 702 1992: 726 1993*b: 739 1994: 757 1995: 726 1996: 746 1997: 721 1998: 735 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 579 1981: 608 1982: 608 1983: 595 1984*b: 624 1985: 633 1986: 634 1987: 563 1988: 617 1989: 675 1990: 628 1991: 693 1992: 709 1993*b: 715 1994: 713 1995: 722 1996: 712 1997: 787 1998: 832 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 2,517 1981: 2,527 1982: 2,622 1983: 2,608 1984*b: 2,615 1985: 2,607 1986: 2,659 1987: 2,695 1988: 2,894 1989: 2,830 1990: 2,797 1991: 2,752 1992: 2,741 1993*b: 2,681 1994: 2,699 1995: 2,782 1996: 2,822 1997: 2,813 1998: 2,817 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 203 1981: 210 1982: 194 1983: 208 1984*b: 210 1985: 219 1986: 224 1987: 232 1988: 223 1989: 220 1990: 217 1991: 233 1992: 220 1993*b: 229 1994: 221 1995: 194 1996: 226 1997: 223 1998: 222 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 647 1981: 707 1982: 737 1983: 755 1984*b: 756 1985: 728 1986: 710 1987: 813 1988: 797 1989: 822 1990: 810 1991: 830 1992: 843 1993*b: 850 1994: 843 1995: 866 1996: 867 1997: 875 1998: 931 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 134 1981: 140 1982: 134 1983: 133 1984*b: 143 1985: 137 1986: 147 1987: 152 1988: 154 1989: 147 1990: 144 1991: 140 1992: 144 1993*b: 149 1994: 150 1995: 149 1996: 151 1997: 137 1998: 147 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 1,011 1981: 979 1982: 934 1983: 954 1984*b: 1,007 1985: 1,010 1986: 988 1987: 1,097 1988: 1,094 1989: 1,107 1990: 1,109 1991: 1,128 1992: 1,158 1993*b: 1,218 1994: 1,289 1995: 1,280 1996: 1,244 1997: 1,274 1998: 1,347 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 3,073 1981: 3,156 1982: 3,273 1983: 3,412 1984*b: 3,480 1985: 3,602 1986: 3,628 1987: 3,686 1988: 3,715 1989: 3,968 1990: 3,904 1991: 3,902 1992: 4,025 1993*b: 4,084 1994: 4,254 1995: 4,321 1996: 4,556 1997: 4,597 1998: 4,686 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 280 1981: 283 1982: 283 1983: 292 1984*b: 303 1985: 313 1986: 327 1987: 331 1988: 338 1989: 326 1990: 335 1991: 342 1992: 354 1993*b: 384 1994: 356 1995: 380 1996: 413 1997: 430 1998: 428 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 113 1981: 116 1982: 106 1983: 109 1984*b: 116 1985: 124 1986: 123 1987: 126 1988: 131 1989: 138 1990: 140 1991: 136 1992: 142 1993*b: 138 1994: 147 1995: 149 1996: 137 1997: 135 1998: 147 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 1,214 1981: 1,258 1982: 1,254 1983: 1,290 1984*b: 1,329 1985: 1,314 1986: 1,345 1987: 1,423 1988: 1,482 1989: 1,490 1990: 1,500 1991: 1,475 1992: 1,568 1993*b: 1,584 1994: 1,620 1995: 1,557 1996: 1,571 1997: 1,585 1998: 1,567 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 879 1981: 936 1982: 992 1983: 965 1984*b: 977 1985: 1,004 1986: 959 1987: 1,051 1988: 1,131 1989: 1,151 1990: 1,174 1991: 1,184 1992: 1,222 1993*b: 1,186 1994: 1,151 1995: 1,222 1996: 1,304 1997: 1,453 1998: 1,436 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 397 1981: 417 1982: 406 1983: 410 1984*b: 431 1985: 421 1986: 428 1987: 437 1988: 411 1989: 396 1990: 407 1991: 401 1992: 371 1993*b: 390 1994: 406 1995: 405 1996: 381 1997: 390 1998: 387 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 1,002 1981: 1,021 1982: 1,014 1983: 1,021 1984*b: 965 1985: 1,017 1986: 1,053 1987: 1,094 1988: 1,086 1989: 1,060 1990: 1,097 1991: 1,125 1992: 1,116 1993*b: 1,150 1994: 1,194 1995: 1,248 1996: 1,265 1997: 1,211 1998: 1,191 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 96 1981: 104 1982: 107 1983: 111 1984*b: 104 1985: 103 1986: 104 1987: 99 1988: 101 1989: 105 1990: 108 1991: 100 1992: 103 1993*b: 108 1994: 117 1995: 110 1996: 114 1997: 111 1998: 111 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 3d. Estimated Population of Non-Institutionalized Civilian Women with a Disability Aged 25 through 61 in the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, 1980 through 1998 (in thousands)a Location United States Employment Year 1980: 4,024 1981: 4,097 1982: 3,910 1983: 4,000 1984*b: 4,217 1985: 4,174 1986: 4,216 1987: 4,009 1988: 4,146 1989: 4,284 1990: 4,495 1991: 4,557 1992: 4,590 1993*b: 5,151 1994: 5,348 1995: 5,568 1996: 5,625 1997: 5,657 1998: 5,423 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 88 1981: 72 1982: 60 1983: 65 1984*b: 84 1985: 106 1986: 87 1987: 82 1988: 72 1989: 88 1990: 108 1991: 90 1992: 73 1993*b: 122 1994: 100 1995: 96 1996: 102 1997: 134 1998: 124 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 6 1981: 5 1982: 5 1983: 5 1984*b: 5 1985: 6 1986: 9 1987: 7 1988: 4 1989: 6 1990: 6 1991: 9 1992: 7 1993*b: 11 1994: 8 1995: 8 1996: 10 1997: 14 1998: 12 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 48 1981: 45 1982: 51 1983: 70 1984*b: 59 1985: 67 1986: 72 1987: 40 1988: 48 1989: 51 1990: 47 1991: 60 1992: 63 1993*b: 83 1994: 71 1995: 79 1996: 111 1997: 95 1998: 68 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 66 1981: 59 1982: 62 1983: 59 1984*b: 52 1985: 54 1986: 56 1987: 59 1988: 61 1989: 47 1990: 46 1991: 58 1992: 66 1993*b: 60 1994: 60 1995: 77 1996: 65 1997: 67 1998: 67 Location California Employment Year 1980: 421 1981: 490 1982: 477 1983: 442 1984*b: 476 1985: 487 1986: 508 1987: 470 1988: 476 1989: 481 1990: 521 1991: 488 1992: 595 1993*b: 567 1994: 615 1995: 590 1996: 605 1997: 636 1998: 594 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 36 1981: 40 1982: 42 1983: 34 1984*b: 58 1985: 36 1986: 60 1987: 68 1988: 56 1989: 53 1990: 51 1991: 81 1992: 55 1993*b: 50 1994: 60 1995: 88 1996: 65 1997: 78 1998: 88 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 46 1981: 36 1982: 48 1983: 45 1984*b: 51 1985: 48 1986: 38 1987: 47 1988: 62 1989: 30 1990: 43 1991: 48 1992: 61 1993*b: 70 1994: 34 1995: 38 1996: 47 1997: 49 1998: 71 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 12 1981: 14 1982: 10 1983: 5 1984*b: 10 1985: 11 1986: 10 1987: 9 1988: 11 1989: 11 1990: 8 1991: 9 1992: 11 1993*b: 9 1994: 12 1995: 16 1996: 14 1997: 12 1998: 12 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 13 1981: 14 1982: 16 1983: 15 1984*b: 13 1985: 12 1986: 13 1987: 15 1988: 12 1989: 12 1990: 9 1991: 11 1992: 10 1993*b: 12 1994: 15 1995: 13 1996: 17 1997: 9 1998: 10 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 181 1981: 208 1982: 225 1983: 238 1984*b: 211 1985: 215 1986: 198 1987: 198 1988: 189 1989: 187 1990: 196 1991: 244 1992: 221 1993*b: 228 1994: 300 1995: 327 1996: 304 1997: 279 1998: 246 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 128 1981: 97 1982: 103 1983: 113 1984*b: 138 1985: 124 1986: 146 1987: 156 1988: 162 1989: 153 1990: 128 1991: 158 1992: 146 1993*b: 155 1994: 185 1995: 194 1996: 150 1997: 143 1998: 170 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 17 1981: 12 1982: 14 1983: 16 1984*b: 13 1985: 14 1986: 15 1987: 10 1988: 9 1989: 16 1990: 14 1991: 14 1992: 19 1993*b: 15 1994: 15 1995: 12 1996: 15 1997: 17 1998: 11 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 16 1981: 19 1982: 16 1983: 17 1984*b: 15 1985: 19 1986: 15 1987: 16 1988: 22 1989: 17 1990: 19 1991: 20 1992: 16 1993*b: 13 1994: 21 1995: 24 1996: 24 1997: 25 1998: 20 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 167 1981: 171 1982: 165 1983: 166 1984*b: 201 1985: 168 1986: 163 1987: 159 1988: 176 1989: 191 1990: 198 1991: 141 1992: 214 1993*b: 233 1994: 241 1995: 233 1996: 222 1997: 251 1998: 196 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 89 1981: 94 1982: 82 1983: 95 1984*b: 105 1985: 105 1986: 110 1987: 80 1988: 83 1989: 74 1990: 75 1991: 92 1992: 100 1993*b: 110 1994: 161 1995: 120 1996: 104 1997: 131 1998: 92 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 60 1981: 46 1982: 30 1983: 23 1984*b: 39 1985: 43 1986: 50 1987: 37 1988: 32 1989: 47 1990: 42 1991: 35 1992: 43 1993*b: 35 1994: 34 1995: 47 1996: 51 1997: 51 1998: 35 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 44 1981: 29 1982: 30 1983: 29 1984*b: 23 1985: 33 1986: 23 1987: 31 1988: 27 1989: 43 1990: 37 1991: 28 1992: 28 1993*b: 46 1994: 39 1995: 32 1996: 39 1997: 57 1998: 50 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 57 1981: 79 1982: 79 1983: 47 1984*b: 55 1985: 73 1986: 85 1987: 89 1988: 82 1989: 72 1990: 124 1991: 107 1992: 85 1993*b: 89 1994: 148 1995: 140 1996: 111 1997: 128 1998: 115 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 71 1981: 110 1982: 77 1983: 75 1984*b: 95 1985: 103 1986: 104 1987: 103 1988: 98 1989: 96 1990: 81 1991: 94 1992: 106 1993*b: 126 1994: 81 1995: 105 1996: 92 1997: 75 1998: 98 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 19 1981: 14 1982: 19 1983: 22 1984*b: 20 1985: 28 1986: 26 1987: 31 1988: 27 1989: 21 1990: 18 1991: 21 1992: 29 1993*b: 31 1994: 41 1995: 29 1996: 29 1997: 36 1998: 31 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 68 1981: 66 1982: 71 1983: 57 1984*b: 70 1985: 73 1986: 61 1987: 57 1988: 76 1989: 77 1990: 97 1991: 81 1992: 55 1993*b: 78 1994: 75 1995: 71 1996: 81 1997: 73 1998: 89 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 88 1981: 97 1982: 60 1983: 87 1984*b: 86 1985: 88 1986: 78 1987: 91 1988: 84 1989: 117 1990: 115 1991: 106 1992: 106 1993*b: 99 1994: 118 1995: 147 1996: 128 1997: 122 1998: 113 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 170 1981: 192 1982: 167 1983: 223 1984*b: 216 1985: 197 1986: 217 1987: 173 1988: 211 1989: 209 1990: 206 1991: 204 1992: 200 1993*b: 210 1994: 205 1995: 223 1996: 238 1997: 230 1998: 205 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 60 1981: 52 1982: 59 1983: 56 1984*b: 66 1985: 63 1986: 76 1987: 64 1988: 36 1989: 58 1990: 79 1991: 81 1992: 79 1993*b: 90 1994: 67 1995: 64 1996: 81 1997: 74 1998: 69 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 65 1981: 61 1982: 53 1983: 57 1984*b: 61 1985: 52 1986: 54 1987: 52 1988: 64 1989: 63 1990: 73 1991: 61 1992: 62 1993*b: 62 1994: 66 1995: 71 1996: 75 1997: 77 1998: 53 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 84 1981: 70 1982: 65 1983: 76 1984*b: 96 1985: 89 1986: 89 1987: 86 1988: 84 1989: 75 1990: 113 1991: 87 1992: 108 1993*b: 99 1994: 126 1995: 99 1996: 152 1997: 113 1998: 98 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 12 1981: 11 1982: 14 1983: 17 1984*b: 13 1985: 18 1986: 13 1987: 16 1988: 16 1989: 12 1990: 15 1991: 19 1992: 15 1993*b: 18 1994: 17 1995: 16 1996: 15 1997: 15 1998: 17 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 27 1981: 20 1982: 16 1983: 19 1984*b: 17 1985: 17 1986: 20 1987: 17 1988: 15 1989: 20 1990: 23 1991: 18 1992: 19 1993*b: 25 1994: 15 1995: 27 1996: 26 1997: 29 1998: 31 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 14 1981: 9 1982: 13 1983: 14 1984*b: 15 1985: 16 1986: 11 1987: 22 1988: 18 1989: 14 1990: 22 1991: 27 1992: 20 1993*b: 27 1994: 34 1995: 27 1996: 29 1997: 31 1998: 28 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 12 1981: 17 1982: 17 1983: 17 1984*b: 13 1985: 13 1986: 17 1987: 12 1988: 16 1989: 16 1990: 17 1991: 17 1992: 21 1993*b: 19 1994: 13 1995: 16 1996: 33 1997: 28 1998: 28 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 110 1981: 141 1982: 129 1983: 92 1984*b: 103 1985: 113 1986: 114 1987: 105 1988: 82 1989: 91 1990: 80 1991: 100 1992: 102 1993*b: 121 1994: 130 1995: 126 1996: 135 1997: 139 1998: 117 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 19 1981: 30 1982: 22 1983: 20 1984*b: 22 1985: 21 1986: 30 1987: 20 1988: 24 1989: 28 1990: 30 1991: 28 1992: 33 1993*b: 40 1994: 30 1995: 41 1996: 36 1997: 29 1998: 34 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 299 1981: 324 1982: 262 1983: 296 1984*b: 347 1985: 278 1986: 292 1987: 260 1988: 286 1989: 295 1990: 326 1991: 296 1992: 312 1993*b: 361 1994: 374 1995: 404 1996: 384 1997: 414 1998: 455 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 121 1981: 134 1982: 135 1983: 97 1984*b: 114 1985: 108 1986: 98 1987: 108 1988: 125 1989: 132 1990: 112 1991: 119 1992: 137 1993*b: 170 1994: 193 1995: 165 1996: 155 1997: 165 1998: 164 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 9 1981: 8 1982: 4 1983: 9 1984*b: 10 1985: 9 1986: 6 1987: 8 1988: 9 1989: 10 1990: 10 1991: 8 1992: 6 1993*b: 7 1994: 7 1995: 6 1996: 9 1997: 9 1998: 12 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 209 1981: 215 1982: 193 1983: 226 1984*b: 209 1985: 192 1986: 162 1987: 151 1988: 170 1989: 184 1990: 195 1991: 204 1992: 185 1993*b: 241 1994: 226 1995: 258 1996: 226 1997: 226 1998: 287 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 50 1981: 53 1982: 56 1983: 50 1984*b: 56 1985: 64 1986: 43 1987: 36 1988: 66 1989: 60 1990: 55 1991: 62 1992: 47 1993*b: 71 1994: 65 1995: 71 1996: 72 1997: 92 1998: 90 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 64 1981: 58 1982: 42 1983: 61 1984*b: 58 1985: 41 1986: 36 1987: 46 1988: 67 1989: 55 1990: 66 1991: 80 1992: 77 1993*b: 49 1994: 60 1995: 85 1996: 87 1997: 89 1998: 74 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 259 1981: 235 1982: 175 1983: 246 1984*b: 214 1985: 193 1986: 202 1987: 217 1988: 209 1989: 212 1990: 227 1991: 240 1992: 221 1993*b: 249 1994: 278 1995: 283 1996: 275 1997: 235 1998: 270 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 24 1981: 21 1982: 20 1983: 23 1984*b: 22 1985: 23 1986: 17 1987: 21 1988: 19 1989: 12 1990: 16 1991: 18 1992: 19 1993*b: 20 1994: 11 1995: 28 1996: 22 1997: 20 1998: 16 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 52 1981: 64 1982: 53 1983: 51 1984*b: 68 1985: 73 1986: 70 1987: 64 1988: 68 1989: 75 1990: 71 1991: 85 1992: 80 1993*b: 78 1994: 79 1995: 85 1996: 96 1997: 107 1998: 109 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 7 1981: 6 1982: 12 1983: 7 1984*b: 7 1985: 12 1986: 8 1987: 10 1988: 9 1989: 11 1990: 13 1991: 9 1992: 13 1993*b: 14 1994: 13 1995: 12 1996: 12 1997: 12 1998: 12 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 80 1981: 79 1982: 133 1983: 114 1984*b: 109 1985: 148 1986: 148 1987: 116 1988: 135 1989: 126 1990: 98 1991: 119 1992: 167 1993*b: 197 1994: 134 1995: 144 1996: 216 1997: 193 1998: 138 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 213 1981: 182 1982: 210 1983: 231 1984*b: 199 1985: 221 1986: 259 1987: 247 1988: 268 1989: 256 1990: 287 1991: 307 1992: 249 1993*b: 359 1994: 297 1995: 337 1996: 347 1997: 373 1998: 353 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 16 1981: 13 1982: 23 1983: 20 1984*b: 22 1985: 20 1986: 17 1987: 15 1988: 19 1989: 27 1990: 13 1991: 19 1992: 13 1993*b: 24 1994: 26 1995: 30 1996: 22 1997: 28 1998: 27 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 9 1981: 8 1982: 10 1983: 8 1984*b: 8 1985: 9 1986: 11 1987: 8 1988: 9 1989: 9 1990: 11 1991: 16 1992: 15 1993*b: 16 1994: 13 1995: 9 1996: 11 1997: 14 1998: 13 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 88 1981: 87 1982: 93 1983: 55 1984*b: 70 1985: 86 1986: 84 1987: 86 1988: 84 1989: 114 1990: 117 1991: 135 1992: 100 1993*b: 67 1994: 119 1995: 148 1996: 170 1997: 154 1998: 140 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 110 1981: 72 1982: 79 1983: 65 1984*b: 84 1985: 92 1986: 96 1987: 88 1988: 50 1989: 86 1990: 121 1991: 92 1992: 52 1993*b: 108 1994: 156 1995: 127 1996: 135 1997: 105 1998: 140 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 43 1981: 40 1982: 53 1983: 43 1984*b: 44 1985: 26 1986: 30 1987: 45 1988: 45 1989: 46 1990: 37 1991: 39 1992: 47 1993*b: 62 1994: 57 1995: 65 1996: 71 1997: 56 1998: 50 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 52 1981: 74 1982: 55 1983: 76 1984*b: 67 1985: 58 1986: 60 1987: 54 1988: 66 1989: 90 1990: 72 1991: 64 1992: 78 1993*b: 97 1994: 94 1995: 103 1996: 104 1997: 108 1998: 74 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 6 1981: 6 1982: 7 1983: 7 1984*b: 6 1985: 9 1986: 10 1987: 10 1988: 7 1989: 7 1990: 5 1991: 8 1992: 7 1993*b: 7 1994: 8 1995: 11 1996: 8 1997: 9 1998: 9 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 4a. Sample Size of Non-Institutionalized Civilian Men without Disabilities Aged 25 through 61 in the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Employment Years 1980 through 1998 (in thousands)*a Location United States Employment Year 1980: 35,584 1981: 32,186 1982: 32,731 1983: 32,503 1984*b: 32,771 1985: 32,389 1986: 32,156 1987: 32,726 1988: 30,512 1989: 33,429 1990: 33,700 1991: 33,210 1992: 32,940 1993*b: 31,747 1994: 31,804 1995: 27,791 1996: 28,298 1997: 28,653 1998: 28,930 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 513 1981: 467 1982: 505 1983: 495 1984*b: 401 1985: 312 1986: 383 1987: 387 1988: 368 1989: 372 1990: 395 1991: 396 1992: 380 1993*b: 341 1994: 388 1995: 320 1996: 330 1997: 356 1998: 343 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 447 1981: 458 1982: 531 1983: 524 1984*b: 551 1985: 602 1986: 502 1987: 460 1988: 496 1989: 476 1990: 487 1991: 492 1992: 501 1993*b: 438 1994: 399 1995: 341 1996: 354 1997: 348 1998: 360 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 541 1981: 441 1982: 413 1983: 421 1984*b: 374 1985: 346 1986: 344 1987: 374 1988: 370 1989: 374 1990: 367 1991: 355 1992: 312 1993*b: 363 1994: 426 1995: 418 1996: 447 1997: 474 1998: 505 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 459 1981: 352 1982: 366 1983: 359 1984*b: 367 1985: 339 1986: 347 1987: 398 1988: 402 1989: 380 1990: 402 1991: 398 1992: 387 1993*b: 348 1994: 364 1995: 346 1996: 338 1997: 323 1998: 305 Location California Employment Year 1980: 3,233 1981: 3,216 1982: 3,262 1983: 3,228 1984*b: 3,226 1985: 2,911 1986: 2,870 1987: 2,952 1988: 1,704 1989: 3,094 1990: 3,252 1991: 3,252 1992: 3,133 1993*b: 2,934 1994: 2,910 1995: 2,802 1996: 2,950 1997: 2,923 1998: 2,944 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 609 1981: 611 1982: 634 1983: 619 1984*b: 476 1985: 393 1986: 356 1987: 366 1988: 353 1989: 358 1990: 397 1991: 428 1992: 417 1993*b: 417 1994: 444 1995: 432 1996: 465 1997: 485 1998: 498 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 411 1981: 361 1982: 384 1983: 395 1984*b: 392 1985: 380 1986: 344 1987: 324 1988: 305 1989: 345 1990: 316 1991: 304 1992: 337 1993*b: 306 1994: 277 1995: 280 1996: 266 1997: 299 1998: 302 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 392 1981: 294 1982: 315 1983: 311 1984*b: 324 1985: 299 1986: 308 1987: 330 1988: 323 1989: 326 1990: 315 1991: 286 1992: 294 1993*b: 280 1994: 262 1995: 278 1996: 278 1997: 269 1998: 274 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 351 1981: 285 1982: 283 1983: 296 1984*b: 294 1985: 303 1986: 288 1987: 312 1988: 288 1989: 302 1990: 275 1991: 263 1992: 270 1993*b: 256 1994: 268 1995: 226 1996: 251 1997: 268 1998: 240 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 1,001 1981: 992 1982: 1,009 1983: 1,011 1984*b: 1,219 1985: 1,335 1986: 1,421 1987: 1,476 1988: 1,618 1989: 1,623 1990: 1,590 1991: 1,464 1992: 1,478 1993*b: 1,405 1994: 1,343 1995: 1,323 1996: 1,301 1997: 1,351 1998: 1,362 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 571 1981: 550 1982: 596 1983: 572 1984*b: 449 1985: 358 1986: 368 1987: 380 1988: 366 1989: 360 1990: 362 1991: 324 1992: 335 1993*b: 387 1994: 700 1995: 442 1996: 485 1997: 482 1998: 436 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 402 1981: 353 1982: 351 1983: 350 1984*b: 324 1985: 319 1986: 294 1987: 324 1988: 320 1989: 319 1990: 313 1991: 304 1992: 315 1993*b: 278 1994: 283 1995: 294 1996: 278 1997: 240 1998: 268 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 460 1981: 364 1982: 377 1983: 388 1984*b: 406 1985: 411 1986: 390 1987: 381 1988: 401 1989: 428 1990: 452 1991: 403 1992: 403 1993*b: 444 1994: 401 1995: 396 1996: 407 1997: 435 1998: 459 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 1,283 1981: 1,237 1982: 1,236 1983: 1,228 1984*b: 1,309 1985: 1,366 1986: 1,322 1987: 1,341 1988: 1,376 1989: 1,432 1990: 1,377 1991: 1,404 1992: 1,378 1993*b: 1,292 1994: 1,342 1995: 1,166 1996: 1,155 1997: 1,213 1998: 1,246 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 655 1981: 626 1982: 607 1983: 596 1984*b: 550 1985: 508 1986: 454 1987: 458 1988: 390 1989: 384 1990: 363 1991: 346 1992: 385 1993*b: 370 1994: 308 1995: 352 1996: 363 1997: 399 1998: 377 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 572 1981: 485 1982: 488 1983: 494 1984*b: 444 1985: 369 1986: 401 1987: 411 1988: 396 1989: 406 1990: 439 1991: 421 1992: 436 1993*b: 395 1994: 345 1995: 350 1996: 356 1997: 365 1998: 350 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 478 1981: 368 1982: 377 1983: 397 1984*b: 431 1985: 381 1986: 392 1987: 386 1988: 369 1989: 405 1990: 413 1991: 404 1992: 434 1993*b: 378 1994: 366 1995: 342 1996: 324 1997: 349 1998: 340 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 534 1981: 426 1982: 451 1983: 429 1984*b: 381 1985: 361 1986: 351 1987: 358 1988: 315 1989: 316 1990: 333 1991: 337 1992: 356 1993*b: 343 1994: 325 1995: 325 1996: 338 1997: 333 1998: 338 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 456 1981: 454 1982: 448 1983: 426 1984*b: 382 1985: 344 1986: 320 1987: 308 1988: 309 1989: 298 1990: 287 1991: 322 1992: 283 1993*b: 262 1994: 335 1995: 324 1996: 346 1997: 356 1998: 341 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 461 1981: 398 1982: 397 1983: 400 1984*b: 351 1985: 308 1986: 324 1987: 315 1988: 322 1989: 337 1990: 331 1991: 332 1992: 322 1993*b: 313 1994: 259 1995: 288 1996: 290 1997: 284 1998: 304 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 584 1981: 563 1982: 566 1983: 588 1984*b: 530 1985: 481 1986: 464 1987: 454 1988: 326 1989: 351 1990: 360 1991: 333 1992: 347 1993*b: 302 1994: 321 1995: 321 1996: 322 1997: 336 1998: 316 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 738 1981: 730 1982: 769 1983: 790 1984*b: 1,020 1985: 1,211 1986: 1,233 1987: 1,258 1988: 1,245 1989: 1,235 1990: 1,258 1991: 1,277 1992: 1,286 1993*b: 1,273 1994: 1,284 1995: 650 1996: 651 1997: 661 1998: 679 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 1,111 1981: 1,020 1982: 1,015 1983: 1,002 1984*b: 1,128 1985: 1,288 1986: 1,275 1987: 1,328 1988: 1,293 1989: 1,303 1990: 1,379 1991: 1,378 1992: 1,337 1993*b: 1,314 1994: 1,325 1995: 937 1996: 946 1997: 927 1998: 991 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 561 1981: 563 1982: 590 1983: 677 1984*b: 525 1985: 401 1986: 384 1987: 377 1988: 361 1989: 329 1990: 339 1991: 341 1992: 371 1993*b: 370 1994: 387 1995: 408 1996: 423 1997: 415 1998: 391 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 470 1981: 380 1982: 389 1983: 387 1984*b: 339 1985: 392 1986: 374 1987: 389 1988: 367 1989: 377 1990: 376 1991: 375 1992: 399 1993*b: 348 1994: 309 1995: 290 1996: 323 1997: 310 1998: 287 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 602 1981: 585 1982: 583 1983: 550 1984*b: 528 1985: 476 1986: 447 1987: 445 1988: 368 1989: 352 1990: 364 1991: 356 1992: 355 1993*b: 345 1994: 288 1995: 332 1996: 325 1997: 304 1998: 335 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 534 1981: 455 1982: 453 1983: 482 1984*b: 423 1985: 419 1986: 415 1987: 407 1988: 409 1989: 438 1990: 453 1991: 402 1992: 409 1993*b: 402 1994: 403 1995: 353 1996: 359 1997: 393 1998: 395 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 518 1981: 438 1982: 412 1983: 389 1984*b: 405 1985: 398 1986: 394 1987: 403 1988: 395 1989: 410 1990: 409 1991: 421 1992: 430 1993*b: 399 1994: 380 1995: 346 1996: 369 1997: 361 1998: 403 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 681 1981: 421 1982: 396 1983: 384 1984*b: 335 1985: 312 1986: 317 1987: 352 1988: 375 1989: 391 1990: 422 1991: 419 1992: 394 1993*b: 390 1994: 388 1995: 358 1996: 372 1997: 387 1998: 470 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 423 1981: 310 1982: 321 1983: 308 1984*b: 280 1985: 266 1986: 281 1987: 312 1988: 287 1989: 298 1990: 284 1991: 275 1992: 305 1993*b: 276 1994: 270 1995: 279 1996: 267 1997: 289 1998: 321 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 952 1981: 901 1982: 875 1983: 879 1984*b: 1,150 1985: 1,384 1986: 1,355 1987: 1,338 1988: 1,344 1989: 1,423 1990: 1,486 1991: 1,523 1992: 1,493 1993*b: 1,472 1994: 1,440 1995: 906 1996: 925 1997: 908 1998: 915 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 637 1981: 393 1982: 454 1983: 475 1984*b: 498 1985: 463 1986: 462 1987: 419 1988: 437 1989: 488 1990: 466 1991: 455 1992: 404 1993*b: 389 1994: 446 1995: 445 1996: 498 1997: 483 1998: 516 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 2,014 1981: 1,967 1982: 1,957 1983: 1,891 1984*b: 2,122 1985: 2,232 1986: 2,253 1987: 2,176 1988: 1,452 1989: 2,447 1990: 2,440 1991: 2,336 1992: 2,218 1993*b: 2,141 1994: 2,112 1995: 1,837 1996: 1,850 1997: 1,835 1998: 1,769 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 620 1981: 535 1982: 584 1983: 599 1984*b: 935 1985: 1,214 1986: 1,209 1987: 1,248 1988: 1,279 1989: 1,359 1990: 1,296 1991: 1,274 1992: 1,260 1993*b: 1,194 1994: 1,082 1995: 636 1996: 740 1997: 690 1998: 684 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 514 1981: 410 1982: 403 1983: 404 1984*b: 458 1985: 402 1986: 405 1987: 451 1988: 435 1989: 409 1990: 405 1991: 411 1992: 385 1993*b: 409 1994: 356 1995: 333 1996: 323 1997: 331 1998: 328 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 1,226 1981: 1,235 1982: 1,232 1983: 1,187 1984*b: 1,250 1985: 1,343 1986: 1,343 1987: 1,411 1988: 1,359 1989: 1,361 1990: 1,412 1991: 1,420 1992: 1,453 1993*b: 1,385 1994: 1,295 1995: 1,013 1996: 993 1997: 1,018 1998: 1,015 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 515 1981: 441 1982: 445 1983: 415 1984*b: 440 1985: 416 1986: 366 1987: 372 1988: 359 1989: 378 1990: 379 1991: 397 1992: 393 1993*b: 413 1994: 390 1995: 366 1996: 379 1997: 409 1998: 398 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 583 1981: 446 1982: 434 1983: 450 1984*b: 394 1985: 306 1986: 329 1987: 318 1988: 319 1989: 336 1990: 352 1991: 349 1992: 367 1993*b: 365 1994: 390 1995: 353 1996: 343 1997: 385 1998: 394 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 1,323 1981: 1,299 1982: 1,286 1983: 1,226 1984*b: 1,256 1985: 1,333 1986: 1,268 1987: 1,342 1988: 1,333 1989: 1,390 1990: 1,344 1991: 1,371 1992: 1,330 1993*b: 1,334 1994: 1,363 1995: 1,147 1996: 1,134 1997: 1,144 1998: 1,155 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 382 1981: 268 1982: 286 1983: 322 1984*b: 286 1985: 270 1986: 299 1987: 295 1988: 295 1989: 297 1990: 272 1991: 287 1992: 284 1993*b: 290 1994: 266 1995: 284 1996: 264 1997: 258 1998: 305 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 401 1981: 348 1982: 337 1983: 314 1984*b: 355 1985: 375 1986: 401 1987: 430 1988: 448 1989: 434 1990: 424 1991: 422 1992: 399 1993*b: 365 1994: 319 1995: 280 1996: 298 1997: 303 1998: 288 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 509 1981: 459 1982: 466 1983: 485 1984*b: 455 1985: 446 1986: 460 1987: 481 1988: 458 1989: 449 1990: 431 1991: 432 1992: 487 1993*b: 469 1994: 447 1995: 386 1996: 357 1997: 334 1998: 334 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 471 1981: 440 1982: 452 1983: 441 1984*b: 410 1985: 344 1986: 355 1987: 384 1988: 382 1989: 371 1990: 381 1991: 371 1992: 372 1993*b: 359 1994: 310 1995: 324 1996: 325 1997: 362 1998: 369 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 1,778 1981: 1,828 1982: 1,767 1983: 1,804 1984*b: 1,819 1985: 1,740 1986: 1,749 1987: 1,695 1988: 1,775 1989: 1,772 1990: 1,828 1991: 1,728 1992: 1,761 1993*b: 1,720 1994: 1,672 1995: 1,591 1996: 1,639 1997: 1,638 1998: 1,668 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 621 1981: 463 1982: 480 1983: 461 1984*b: 378 1985: 331 1986: 369 1987: 370 1988: 355 1989: 356 1990: 374 1991: 336 1992: 353 1993*b: 377 1994: 367 1995: 382 1996: 374 1997: 374 1998: 380 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 412 1981: 331 1982: 345 1983: 333 1984*b: 312 1985: 286 1986: 287 1987: 289 1988: 287 1989: 279 1990: 253 1991: 273 1992: 246 1993*b: 258 1994: 271 1995: 293 1996: 297 1997: 281 1998: 288 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 576 1981: 553 1982: 622 1983: 608 1984*b: 526 1985: 445 1986: 473 1987: 483 1988: 457 1989: 486 1990: 508 1991: 492 1992: 493 1993*b: 448 1994: 706 1995: 383 1996: 422 1997: 430 1998: 427 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 525 1981: 461 1982: 506 1983: 503 1984*b: 434 1985: 356 1986: 342 1987: 367 1988: 402 1989: 431 1990: 399 1991: 372 1992: 348 1993*b: 353 1994: 373 1995: 382 1996: 394 1997: 425 1998: 415 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 475 1981: 340 1982: 365 1983: 347 1984*b: 356 1985: 340 1986: 345 1987: 337 1988: 358 1989: 371 1990: 372 1991: 372 1992: 340 1993*b: 319 1994: 325 1995: 332 1996: 319 1997: 333 1998: 316 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 522 1981: 516 1982: 534 1983: 507 1984*b: 431 1985: 467 1986: 464 1987: 463 1988: 462 1989: 464 1990: 466 1991: 472 1992: 467 1993*b: 448 1994: 416 1995: 438 1996: 422 1997: 414 1998: 414 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 477 1981: 349 1982: 377 1983: 356 1984*b: 342 1985: 307 1986: 259 1987: 291 1988: 299 1989: 309 1990: 302 1991: 305 1992: 298 1993*b: 270 1994: 358 1995: 361 1996: 323 1997: 363 1998: 372 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 4b. Sample Size of Non-Institutionalized Civilian Men with Disabilities Aged 25 through 61 in the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Employment Years 1980 through 1998 (in thousands)*a Location United States Employment Year 1980: 3,093 1981: 2,828 1982: 2,762 1983: 2,793 1984*b: 2,781 1985: 2,789 1986: 2,743 1987: 2,653 1988: 2,491 1989: 2,745 1990: 2,734 1991: 2,828 1992: 2,893 1993*b: 2,818 1994: 2,785 1995: 2,382 1996: 2,475 1997: 2,323 1998: 2,368 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 52 1981: 52 1982: 49 1983: 53 1984*b: 25 1985: 24 1986: 37 1987: 30 1988: 34 1989: 45 1990: 41 1991: 52 1992: 39 1993*b: 50 1994: 36 1995: 43 1996: 42 1997: 37 1998: 34 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 34 1981: 33 1982: 41 1983: 35 1984*b: 28 1985: 30 1986: 35 1987: 27 1988: 40 1989: 25 1990: 30 1991: 31 1992: 28 1993*b: 29 1994: 33 1995: 28 1996: 30 1997: 28 1998: 24 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 55 1981: 42 1982: 44 1983: 31 1984*b: 29 1985: 31 1986: 36 1987: 37 1988: 26 1989: 36 1990: 30 1991: 25 1992: 40 1993*b: 30 1994: 32 1995: 28 1996: 39 1997: 29 1998: 30 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 73 1981: 58 1982: 53 1983: 41 1984*b: 49 1985: 53 1986: 59 1987: 54 1988: 44 1989: 39 1990: 46 1991: 48 1992: 44 1993*b: 51 1994: 32 1995: 53 1996: 50 1997: 49 1998: 44 Location California Employment Year 1980: 242 1981: 292 1982: 252 1983: 244 1984*b: 254 1985: 230 1986: 222 1987: 216 1988: 128 1989: 229 1990: 234 1991: 230 1992: 253 1993*b: 236 1994: 219 1995: 206 1996: 221 1997: 184 1998: 199 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 33 1981: 38 1982: 51 1983: 53 1984*b: 37 1985: 22 1986: 39 1987: 24 1988: 30 1989: 31 1990: 29 1991: 40 1992: 46 1993*b: 25 1994: 28 1995: 32 1996: 36 1997: 32 1998: 38 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 25 1981: 20 1982: 19 1983: 21 1984*b: 23 1985: 22 1986: 14 1987: 20 1988: 16 1989: 13 1990: 14 1991: 17 1992: 17 1993*b: 19 1994: 16 1995: 15 1996: 17 1997: 29 1998: 28 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 39 1981: 30 1982: 23 1983: 22 1984*b: 26 1985: 21 1986: 21 1987: 17 1988: 26 1989: 24 1990: 16 1991: 22 1992: 26 1993*b: 18 1994: 22 1995: 21 1996: 19 1997: 16 1998: 15 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 44 1981: 22 1982: 24 1983: 31 1984*b: 31 1985: 25 1986: 24 1987: 19 1988: 18 1989: 24 1990: 40 1991: 20 1992: 22 1993*b: 22 1994: 21 1995: 28 1996: 23 1997: 19 1998: 22 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 78 1981: 95 1982: 97 1983: 95 1984*b: 117 1985: 121 1986: 120 1987: 132 1988: 145 1989: 142 1990: 134 1991: 144 1992: 126 1993*b: 157 1994: 143 1995: 112 1996: 128 1997: 115 1998: 143 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 81 1981: 59 1982: 54 1983: 51 1984*b: 49 1985: 49 1986: 38 1987: 33 1988: 35 1989: 32 1990: 32 1991: 30 1992: 33 1993*b: 33 1994: 70 1995: 42 1996: 41 1997: 43 1998: 46 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 36 1981: 35 1982: 31 1983: 27 1984*b: 32 1985: 31 1986: 29 1987: 18 1988: 17 1989: 22 1990: 11 1991: 24 1992: 25 1993*b: 24 1994: 21 1995: 15 1996: 20 1997: 17 1998: 16 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 42 1981: 20 1982: 36 1983: 48 1984*b: 47 1985: 45 1986: 42 1987: 43 1988: 20 1989: 44 1990: 37 1991: 39 1992: 29 1993*b: 27 1994: 37 1995: 40 1996: 32 1997: 45 1998: 27 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 92 1981: 83 1982: 72 1983: 83 1984*b: 83 1985: 79 1986: 93 1987: 93 1988: 84 1989: 97 1990: 96 1991: 98 1992: 107 1993*b: 101 1994: 93 1995: 70 1996: 85 1997: 70 1998: 87 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 37 1981: 52 1982: 54 1983: 45 1984*b: 30 1985: 33 1986: 45 1987: 39 1988: 24 1989: 26 1990: 28 1991: 27 1992: 19 1993*b: 20 1994: 24 1995: 24 1996: 29 1997: 21 1998: 35 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 31 1981: 35 1982: 29 1983: 37 1984*b: 28 1985: 30 1986: 31 1987: 28 1988: 20 1989: 28 1990: 29 1991: 31 1992: 39 1993*b: 39 1994: 33 1995: 21 1996: 22 1997: 20 1998: 22 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 28 1981: 18 1982: 22 1983: 24 1984*b: 21 1985: 25 1986: 27 1987: 20 1988: 19 1989: 23 1990: 18 1991: 24 1992: 31 1993*b: 28 1994: 25 1995: 40 1996: 34 1997: 25 1998: 24 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 57 1981: 57 1982: 42 1983: 52 1984*b: 40 1985: 42 1986: 43 1987: 42 1988: 44 1989: 44 1990: 54 1991: 55 1992: 64 1993*b: 62 1994: 50 1995: 53 1996: 41 1997: 38 1998: 53 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 57 1981: 52 1982: 54 1983: 45 1984*b: 33 1985: 45 1986: 38 1987: 42 1988: 45 1989: 40 1990: 33 1991: 23 1992: 31 1993*b: 45 1994: 45 1995: 42 1996: 40 1997: 35 1998: 42 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 48 1981: 43 1982: 39 1983: 42 1984*b: 40 1985: 29 1986: 34 1987: 30 1988: 34 1989: 35 1990: 31 1991: 37 1992: 45 1993*b: 36 1994: 40 1995: 32 1996: 34 1997: 38 1998: 34 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 33 1981: 36 1982: 36 1983: 40 1984*b: 48 1985: 27 1986: 26 1987: 23 1988: 27 1989: 19 1990: 14 1991: 21 1992: 23 1993*b: 35 1994: 27 1995: 23 1996: 19 1997: 19 1998: 17 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 58 1981: 51 1982: 56 1983: 48 1984*b: 69 1985: 109 1986: 70 1987: 83 1988: 99 1989: 91 1990: 114 1991: 98 1992: 89 1993*b: 100 1994: 119 1995: 68 1996: 62 1997: 74 1998: 48 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 95 1981: 93 1982: 107 1983: 106 1984*b: 146 1985: 148 1986: 122 1987: 123 1988: 113 1989: 141 1990: 126 1991: 131 1992: 128 1993*b: 127 1994: 135 1995: 74 1996: 78 1997: 72 1998: 71 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 38 1981: 41 1982: 45 1983: 62 1984*b: 41 1985: 36 1986: 33 1987: 37 1988: 33 1989: 27 1990: 25 1991: 36 1992: 29 1993*b: 33 1994: 27 1995: 20 1996: 29 1997: 27 1998: 24 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 66 1981: 42 1982: 49 1983: 50 1984*b: 51 1985: 42 1986: 42 1987: 49 1988: 48 1989: 48 1990: 49 1991: 52 1992: 42 1993*b: 39 1994: 28 1995: 33 1996: 33 1997: 28 1998: 34 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 53 1981: 63 1982: 58 1983: 59 1984*b: 47 1985: 44 1986: 37 1987: 39 1988: 39 1989: 34 1990: 30 1991: 29 1992: 39 1993*b: 28 1994: 29 1995: 19 1996: 21 1997: 28 1998: 28 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 39 1981: 23 1982: 50 1983: 52 1984*b: 38 1985: 50 1986: 52 1987: 55 1988: 49 1989: 55 1990: 44 1991: 37 1992: 37 1993*b: 38 1994: 36 1995: 45 1996: 51 1997: 49 1998: 54 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 31 1981: 30 1982: 28 1983: 30 1984*b: 29 1985: 12 1986: 22 1987: 29 1988: 25 1989: 18 1990: 29 1991: 31 1992: 24 1993*b: 20 1994: 29 1995: 24 1996: 27 1997: 28 1998: 18 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 60 1981: 23 1982: 22 1983: 20 1984*b: 21 1985: 24 1986: 22 1987: 32 1988: 27 1989: 18 1990: 20 1991: 28 1992: 26 1993*b: 36 1994: 20 1995: 25 1996: 20 1997: 24 1998: 32 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 20 1981: 36 1982: 30 1983: 28 1984*b: 20 1985: 14 1986: 23 1987: 19 1988: 23 1989: 23 1990: 20 1991: 20 1992: 26 1993*b: 24 1994: 27 1995: 31 1996: 30 1997: 20 1998: 21 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 55 1981: 69 1982: 56 1983: 46 1984*b: 75 1985: 88 1986: 93 1987: 74 1988: 67 1989: 64 1990: 66 1991: 66 1992: 76 1993*b: 90 1994: 81 1995: 47 1996: 70 1997: 43 1998: 56 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 83 1981: 70 1982: 56 1983: 56 1984*b: 49 1985: 38 1986: 47 1987: 48 1988: 48 1989: 54 1990: 52 1991: 46 1992: 52 1993*b: 55 1994: 49 1995: 52 1996: 64 1997: 57 1998: 47 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 135 1981: 149 1982: 145 1983: 165 1984*b: 173 1985: 193 1986: 137 1987: 155 1988: 114 1989: 164 1990: 192 1991: 175 1992: 194 1993*b: 189 1994: 187 1995: 148 1996: 165 1997: 141 1998: 165 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 61 1981: 64 1982: 58 1983: 62 1984*b: 98 1985: 136 1986: 115 1987: 106 1988: 105 1989: 106 1990: 102 1991: 114 1992: 112 1993*b: 107 1994: 89 1995: 57 1996: 52 1997: 70 1998: 68 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 37 1981: 31 1982: 33 1983: 27 1984*b: 24 1985: 26 1986: 33 1987: 40 1988: 30 1989: 38 1990: 37 1991: 35 1992: 25 1993*b: 29 1994: 25 1995: 19 1996: 22 1997: 24 1998: 18 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 123 1981: 109 1982: 104 1983: 111 1984*b: 114 1985: 105 1986: 124 1987: 125 1988: 134 1989: 128 1990: 133 1991: 131 1992: 124 1993*b: 120 1994: 112 1995: 98 1996: 94 1997: 86 1998: 90 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 50 1981: 47 1982: 45 1983: 40 1984*b: 27 1985: 37 1986: 40 1987: 27 1988: 41 1989: 41 1990: 45 1991: 49 1992: 39 1993*b: 51 1994: 43 1995: 39 1996: 38 1997: 41 1998: 44 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 61 1981: 45 1982: 43 1983: 46 1984*b: 32 1985: 33 1986: 41 1987: 44 1988: 38 1989: 26 1990: 31 1991: 36 1992: 30 1993*b: 28 1994: 27 1995: 29 1996: 26 1997: 21 1998: 27 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 134 1981: 110 1982: 107 1983: 112 1984*b: 133 1985: 141 1986: 132 1987: 100 1988: 101 1989: 87 1990: 95 1991: 134 1992: 145 1993*b: 102 1994: 125 1995: 101 1996: 119 1997: 112 1998: 100 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 45 1981: 24 1982: 29 1983: 33 1984*b: 23 1985: 24 1986: 21 1987: 22 1988: 26 1989: 21 1990: 24 1991: 25 1992: 31 1993*b: 20 1994: 32 1995: 29 1996: 24 1997: 29 1998: 27 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 39 1981: 22 1982: 29 1983: 33 1984*b: 31 1985: 37 1986: 42 1987: 32 1988: 26 1989: 54 1990: 45 1991: 50 1992: 44 1993*b: 41 1994: 45 1995: 30 1996: 16 1997: 19 1998: 25 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 31 1981: 42 1982: 40 1983: 32 1984*b: 34 1985: 35 1986: 30 1987: 27 1988: 31 1989: 31 1990: 29 1991: 37 1992: 54 1993*b: 37 1994: 27 1995: 29 1996: 29 1997: 25 1998: 25 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 38 1981: 51 1982: 59 1983: 46 1984*b: 45 1985: 47 1986: 44 1987: 39 1988: 42 1989: 39 1990: 38 1991: 49 1992: 57 1993*b: 52 1994: 47 1995: 40 1996: 49 1997: 36 1998: 32 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 160 1981: 130 1982: 116 1983: 146 1984*b: 150 1985: 132 1986: 152 1987: 149 1988: 135 1989: 176 1990: 143 1991: 145 1992: 140 1993*b: 131 1994: 144 1995: 127 1996: 88 1997: 125 1998: 120 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 45 1981: 39 1982: 30 1983: 26 1984*b: 23 1985: 24 1986: 18 1987: 16 1988: 22 1989: 24 1990: 24 1991: 18 1992: 22 1993*b: 32 1994: 23 1995: 23 1996: 24 1997: 27 1998: 22 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 53 1981: 33 1982: 25 1983: 33 1984*b: 20 1985: 20 1986: 20 1987: 26 1988: 21 1989: 19 1990: 25 1991: 27 1992: 26 1993*b: 22 1994: 23 1995: 26 1996: 30 1997: 31 1998: 20 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 53 1981: 41 1982: 52 1983: 45 1984*b: 48 1985: 39 1986: 41 1987: 47 1988: 39 1989: 38 1990: 39 1991: 33 1992: 33 1993*b: 34 1994: 54 1995: 41 1996: 37 1997: 29 1998: 22 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 67 1981: 50 1982: 46 1983: 43 1984*b: 32 1985: 38 1986: 38 1987: 26 1988: 30 1989: 41 1990: 50 1991: 37 1992: 32 1993*b: 28 1994: 32 1995: 33 1996: 35 1997: 28 1998: 29 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 76 1981: 66 1982: 55 1983: 60 1984*b: 54 1985: 53 1986: 53 1987: 45 1988: 46 1989: 56 1990: 50 1991: 56 1992: 63 1993*b: 56 1994: 69 1995: 52 1996: 64 1997: 54 1998: 47 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 42 1981: 38 1982: 41 1983: 35 1984*b: 36 1985: 24 1986: 26 1987: 28 1988: 33 1989: 33 1990: 34 1991: 32 1992: 43 1993*b: 38 1994: 26 1995: 23 1996: 35 1997: 38 1998: 42 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 28 1981: 24 1982: 26 1983: 21 1984*b: 28 1985: 26 1986: 20 1987: 24 1988: 30 1989: 32 1990: 26 1991: 33 1992: 24 1993*b: 24 1994: 28 1995: 32 1996: 41 1997: 28 1998: 32 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 4c. Sample Size of Non-Institutionalized Civilian Women without Disabilities Aged 25 through 61 in the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Employment Years 1980 through 1998 (in thousands)*a Location United States Employment Year 1980: 38,977 1981: 35,409 1982: 35,808 1983: 35,863 1984*b: 36,278 1985: 35,712 1986: 35,540 1987: 35,963 1988: 33,375 1989: 36,731 1990: 36,842 1991: 36,347 1992: 36,141 1993*b: 34,974 1994: 34,834 1995: 30,371 1996: 30,725 1997: 30,884 1998: 31,194 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 600 1981: 544 1982: 559 1983: 536 1984*b: 460 1985: 347 1986: 452 1987: 425 1988: 401 1989: 431 1990: 440 1991: 445 1992: 424 1993*b: 391 1994: 415 1995: 382 1996: 390 1997: 393 1998: 391 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 468 1981: 492 1982: 536 1983: 565 1984*b: 616 1985: 630 1986: 540 1987: 505 1988: 534 1989: 508 1990: 535 1991: 543 1992: 536 1993*b: 471 1994: 435 1995: 361 1996: 378 1997: 344 1998: 370 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 621 1981: 498 1982: 469 1983: 451 1984*b: 427 1985: 356 1986: 368 1987: 419 1988: 394 1989: 419 1990: 416 1991: 391 1992: 386 1993*b: 376 1994: 451 1995: 469 1996: 509 1997: 527 1998: 554 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 520 1981: 416 1982: 417 1983: 418 1984*b: 420 1985: 359 1986: 412 1987: 444 1988: 445 1989: 449 1990: 449 1991: 422 1992: 400 1993*b: 398 1994: 380 1995: 374 1996: 367 1997: 361 1998: 354 Location California Employment Year 1980: 3,434 1981: 3,473 1982: 3,498 1983: 3,551 1984*b: 3,450 1985: 3,078 1986: 3,075 1987: 3,146 1988: 1,848 1989: 3,299 1990: 3,378 1991: 3,345 1992: 3,315 1993*b: 3,158 1994: 3,098 1995: 2,955 1996: 3,034 1997: 3,113 1998: 3,073 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 647 1981: 633 1982: 645 1983: 659 1984*b: 503 1985: 424 1986: 410 1987: 389 1988: 410 1989: 410 1990: 395 1991: 405 1992: 416 1993*b: 415 1994: 426 1995: 431 1996: 464 1997: 471 1998: 483 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 460 1981: 409 1982: 420 1983: 416 1984*b: 409 1985: 438 1986: 381 1987: 349 1988: 320 1989: 333 1990: 342 1991: 342 1992: 354 1993*b: 342 1994: 315 1995: 319 1996: 329 1997: 344 1998: 347 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 407 1981: 318 1982: 341 1983: 387 1984*b: 371 1985: 332 1986: 319 1987: 332 1988: 340 1989: 350 1990: 339 1991: 326 1992: 315 1993*b: 293 1994: 285 1995: 313 1996: 322 1997: 320 1998: 317 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 436 1981: 351 1982: 340 1983: 318 1984*b: 360 1985: 352 1986: 387 1987: 351 1988: 338 1989: 364 1990: 340 1991: 314 1992: 304 1993*b: 298 1994: 319 1995: 323 1996: 302 1997: 304 1998: 278 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 1,203 1981: 1,159 1982: 1,179 1983: 1,162 1984*b: 1,405 1985: 1,520 1986: 1,639 1987: 1,738 1988: 1,768 1989: 1,809 1990: 1,798 1991: 1,687 1992: 1,690 1993*b: 1,680 1994: 1,552 1995: 1,514 1996: 1,459 1997: 1,476 1998: 1,491 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 660 1981: 619 1982: 664 1983: 636 1984*b: 517 1985: 425 1986: 426 1987: 426 1988: 429 1989: 403 1990: 423 1991: 389 1992: 396 1993*b: 431 1994: 785 1995: 504 1996: 504 1997: 540 1998: 535 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 471 1981: 399 1982: 398 1983: 420 1984*b: 386 1985: 378 1986: 353 1987: 369 1988: 363 1989: 362 1990: 337 1991: 345 1992: 348 1993*b: 341 1994: 308 1995: 325 1996: 319 1997: 276 1998: 278 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 461 1981: 361 1982: 396 1983: 425 1984*b: 443 1985: 408 1986: 426 1987: 415 1988: 410 1989: 448 1990: 450 1991: 420 1992: 415 1993*b: 470 1994: 402 1995: 391 1996: 422 1997: 435 1998: 437 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 1,417 1981: 1,372 1982: 1,287 1983: 1,319 1984*b: 1,426 1985: 1,539 1986: 1,456 1987: 1,459 1988: 1,445 1989: 1,474 1990: 1,486 1991: 1,541 1992: 1,513 1993*b: 1,468 1994: 1,523 1995: 1,307 1996: 1,311 1997: 1,294 1998: 1,314 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 711 1981: 670 1982: 657 1983: 632 1984*b: 537 1985: 523 1986: 506 1987: 513 1988: 427 1989: 402 1990: 389 1991: 399 1992: 405 1993*b: 400 1994: 323 1995: 358 1996: 373 1997: 400 1998: 411 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 600 1981: 505 1982: 499 1983: 542 1984*b: 475 1985: 408 1986: 417 1987: 425 1988: 412 1989: 421 1990: 440 1991: 449 1992: 463 1993*b: 404 1994: 359 1995: 378 1996: 379 1997: 381 1998: 351 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 495 1981: 388 1982: 386 1983: 418 1984*b: 427 1985: 408 1986: 408 1987: 424 1988: 414 1989: 437 1990: 443 1991: 448 1992: 454 1993*b: 412 1994: 369 1995: 348 1996: 334 1997: 340 1998: 354 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 576 1981: 484 1982: 505 1983: 514 1984*b: 437 1985: 395 1986: 414 1987: 415 1988: 366 1989: 380 1990: 388 1991: 404 1992: 420 1993*b: 394 1994: 363 1995: 357 1996: 386 1997: 377 1998: 392 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 540 1981: 497 1982: 489 1983: 479 1984*b: 419 1985: 385 1986: 348 1987: 367 1988: 378 1989: 354 1990: 358 1991: 356 1992: 360 1993*b: 342 1994: 389 1995: 373 1996: 393 1997: 403 1998: 416 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 506 1981: 439 1982: 442 1983: 474 1984*b: 412 1985: 326 1986: 335 1987: 340 1988: 357 1989: 385 1990: 375 1991: 359 1992: 351 1993*b: 340 1994: 285 1995: 309 1996: 299 1997: 321 1998: 332 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 615 1981: 654 1982: 645 1983: 648 1984*b: 602 1985: 563 1986: 517 1987: 515 1988: 350 1989: 390 1990: 388 1991: 385 1992: 390 1993*b: 334 1994: 360 1995: 370 1996: 364 1997: 388 1998: 364 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 817 1981: 796 1982: 819 1983: 834 1984*b: 1,162 1985: 1,429 1986: 1,412 1987: 1,440 1988: 1,369 1989: 1,387 1990: 1,405 1991: 1,359 1992: 1,374 1993*b: 1,397 1994: 1,437 1995: 712 1996: 718 1997: 729 1998: 762 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 1,187 1981: 1,131 1982: 1,166 1983: 1,072 1984*b: 1,275 1985: 1,393 1986: 1,360 1987: 1,379 1988: 1,354 1989: 1,441 1990: 1,446 1991: 1,456 1992: 1,435 1993*b: 1,403 1994: 1,451 1995: 1,026 1996: 1,018 1997: 971 1998: 987 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 567 1981: 574 1982: 604 1983: 678 1984*b: 529 1985: 427 1986: 380 1987: 386 1988: 378 1989: 358 1990: 379 1991: 369 1992: 403 1993*b: 385 1994: 380 1995: 424 1996: 434 1997: 450 1998: 422 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 560 1981: 453 1982: 453 1983: 443 1984*b: 405 1985: 428 1986: 409 1987: 426 1988: 412 1989: 455 1990: 430 1991: 428 1992: 457 1993*b: 444 1994: 366 1995: 385 1996: 384 1997: 351 1998: 348 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 650 1981: 615 1982: 644 1983: 623 1984*b: 602 1985: 518 1986: 469 1987: 468 1988: 392 1989: 393 1990: 384 1991: 388 1992: 401 1993*b: 371 1994: 294 1995: 355 1996: 346 1997: 343 1998: 341 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 525 1981: 451 1982: 454 1983: 449 1984*b: 438 1985: 462 1986: 462 1987: 451 1988: 445 1989: 467 1990: 467 1991: 430 1992: 429 1993*b: 427 1994: 410 1995: 359 1996: 382 1997: 403 1998: 415 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 535 1981: 467 1982: 432 1983: 420 1984*b: 461 1985: 426 1986: 439 1987: 433 1988: 414 1989: 454 1990: 459 1991: 468 1992: 492 1993*b: 450 1994: 437 1995: 370 1996: 375 1997: 381 1998: 381 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 674 1981: 424 1982: 376 1983: 369 1984*b: 349 1985: 347 1986: 353 1987: 358 1988: 383 1989: 410 1990: 425 1991: 421 1992: 394 1993*b: 374 1994: 374 1995: 337 1996: 375 1997: 428 1998: 477 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 443 1981: 340 1982: 343 1983: 338 1984*b: 318 1985: 282 1986: 291 1987: 323 1988: 312 1989: 322 1990: 281 1991: 294 1992: 309 1993*b: 265 1994: 279 1995: 298 1996: 277 1997: 294 1998: 316 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 1,078 1981: 994 1982: 974 1983: 1,000 1984*b: 1,280 1985: 1,544 1986: 1,535 1987: 1,464 1988: 1,478 1989: 1,558 1990: 1,612 1991: 1,615 1992: 1,583 1993*b: 1,611 1994: 1,566 1995: 992 1996: 994 1997: 1,011 1998: 1,053 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 743 1981: 469 1982: 545 1983: 555 1984*b: 570 1985: 496 1986: 501 1987: 483 1988: 520 1989: 564 1990: 515 1991: 500 1992: 468 1993*b: 441 1994: 510 1995: 525 1996: 558 1997: 573 1998: 570 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 2,331 1981: 2,234 1982: 2,353 1983: 2,329 1984*b: 2,559 1985: 2,671 1986: 2,615 1987: 2,593 1988: 1,693 1989: 2,796 1990: 2,812 1991: 2,775 1992: 2,695 1993*b: 2,615 1994: 2,552 1995: 2,145 1996: 2,146 1997: 2,029 1998: 2,027 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 685 1981: 626 1982: 671 1983: 680 1984*b: 1,041 1985: 1,377 1986: 1,410 1987: 1,379 1988: 1,411 1989: 1,433 1990: 1,419 1991: 1,437 1992: 1,464 1993*b: 1,349 1994: 1,208 1995: 715 1996: 782 1997: 750 1998: 764 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 531 1981: 403 1982: 429 1983: 422 1984*b: 442 1985: 436 1986: 430 1987: 450 1988: 452 1989: 428 1990: 456 1991: 454 1992: 430 1993*b: 427 1994: 391 1995: 345 1996: 334 1997: 344 1998: 349 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 1,373 1981: 1,335 1982: 1,357 1983: 1,312 1984*b: 1,412 1985: 1,472 1986: 1,523 1987: 1,535 1988: 1,515 1989: 1,514 1990: 1,593 1991: 1,566 1992: 1,581 1993*b: 1,495 1994: 1,445 1995: 1,070 1996: 1,054 1997: 1,126 1998: 1,106 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 547 1981: 479 1982: 497 1983: 488 1984*b: 472 1985: 476 1986: 408 1987: 429 1988: 397 1989: 403 1990: 416 1991: 413 1992: 440 1993*b: 452 1994: 454 1995: 418 1996: 433 1997: 421 1998: 424 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 600 1981: 477 1982: 472 1983: 482 1984*b: 425 1985: 334 1986: 353 1987: 306 1988: 336 1989: 368 1990: 349 1991: 385 1992: 384 1993*b: 371 1994: 370 1995: 367 1996: 346 1997: 382 1998: 416 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 1,424 1981: 1,389 1982: 1,430 1983: 1,378 1984*b: 1,439 1985: 1,460 1986: 1,387 1987: 1,440 1988: 1,500 1989: 1,507 1990: 1,537 1991: 1,526 1992: 1,474 1993*b: 1,423 1994: 1,470 1995: 1,273 1996: 1,250 1997: 1,241 1998: 1,277 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 454 1981: 335 1982: 313 1983: 354 1984*b: 331 1985: 310 1986: 309 1987: 308 1988: 309 1989: 312 1990: 282 1991: 299 1992: 299 1993*b: 317 1994: 299 1995: 278 1996: 302 1997: 289 1998: 309 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 437 1981: 415 1982: 424 1983: 410 1984*b: 404 1985: 427 1986: 447 1987: 506 1988: 479 1989: 525 1990: 488 1991: 472 1992: 473 1993*b: 430 1994: 365 1995: 322 1996: 324 1997: 328 1998: 321 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 553 1981: 516 1982: 481 1983: 469 1984*b: 466 1985: 443 1986: 494 1987: 495 1988: 476 1989: 457 1990: 431 1991: 425 1992: 468 1993*b: 469 1994: 429 1995: 369 1996: 364 1997: 322 1998: 331 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 523 1981: 510 1982: 476 1983: 464 1984*b: 451 1985: 383 1986: 382 1987: 411 1988: 412 1989: 407 1990: 414 1991: 448 1992: 443 1993*b: 412 1994: 398 1995: 379 1996: 373 1997: 376 1998: 420 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 1,965 1981: 1,949 1982: 1,913 1983: 1,961 1984*b: 1,984 1985: 1,926 1986: 1,850 1987: 1,897 1988: 1,959 1989: 2,033 1990: 1,982 1991: 1,893 1992: 1,882 1993*b: 1,869 1994: 1,822 1995: 1,726 1996: 1,809 1997: 1,796 1998: 1,817 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 682 1981: 508 1982: 498 1983: 491 1984*b: 390 1985: 340 1986: 378 1987: 390 1988: 380 1989: 384 1990: 404 1991: 377 1992: 371 1993*b: 372 1994: 344 1995: 371 1996: 400 1997: 403 1998: 394 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 441 1981: 344 1982: 342 1983: 335 1984*b: 309 1985: 305 1986: 315 1987: 319 1988: 312 1989: 308 1990: 309 1991: 303 1992: 259 1993*b: 259 1994: 301 1995: 317 1996: 295 1997: 284 1998: 287 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 690 1981: 690 1982: 707 1983: 708 1984*b: 606 1985: 490 1986: 531 1987: 563 1988: 546 1989: 568 1990: 575 1991: 517 1992: 532 1993*b: 515 1994: 769 1995: 455 1996: 464 1997: 455 1998: 454 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 577 1981: 521 1982: 549 1983: 549 1984*b: 456 1985: 369 1986: 367 1987: 389 1988: 421 1989: 452 1990: 449 1991: 405 1992: 380 1993*b: 361 1994: 370 1995: 367 1996: 379 1997: 437 1998: 442 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 545 1981: 422 1982: 422 1983: 401 1984*b: 417 1985: 404 1986: 410 1987: 415 1988: 404 1989: 406 1990: 410 1991: 414 1992: 364 1993*b: 364 1994: 374 1995: 385 1996: 351 1997: 361 1998: 359 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 553 1981: 549 1982: 550 1983: 532 1984*b: 439 1985: 445 1986: 470 1987: 475 1988: 462 1989: 472 1990: 488 1991: 490 1992: 500 1993*b: 459 1994: 441 1995: 457 1996: 444 1997: 411 1998: 408 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 439 1981: 312 1982: 342 1983: 347 1984*b: 344 1985: 298 1986: 261 1987: 286 1988: 305 1989: 321 1990: 316 1991: 305 1992: 302 1993*b: 289 1994: 386 1995: 368 1996: 376 1997: 387 1998: 375 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 4d. Sample Size of Non-Institutionalized Civilian Women with Disabilities Aged 25 through 61 in the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Employment Years 1980 through 1998 (in thousands)*a Location United States Employment Year 1980: 3,224 1981: 2,918 1982: 2,761 1983: 2,727 1984*b: 2,829 1985: 2,679 1986: 2,626 1987: 2,530 1988: 2,410 1989: 2,705 1990: 2,754 1991: 2,762 1992: 2,781 1993*b: 2,970 1994: 3,008 1995: 2,725 1996: 2,759 1997: 2,764 1998: 2,649 Location Alabama Employment Year 1980: 67 1981: 49 1982: 38 1983: 42 1984*b: 42 1985: 40 1986: 38 1987: 38 1988: 31 1989: 39 1990: 51 1991: 44 1992: 35 1993*b: 54 1994: 46 1995: 39 1996: 41 1997: 53 1998: 50 Location Alaska Employment Year 1980: 33 1981: 25 1982: 29 1983: 28 1984*b: 25 1985: 26 1986: 37 1987: 24 1988: 20 1989: 29 1990: 26 1991: 35 1992: 26 1993*b: 40 1994: 27 1995: 20 1996: 24 1997: 32 1998: 29 Location Arizona Employment Year 1980: 53 1981: 44 1982: 33 1983: 48 1984*b: 41 1985: 31 1986: 34 1987: 20 1988: 26 1989: 25 1990: 23 1991: 26 1992: 29 1993*b: 34 1994: 38 1995: 35 1996: 52 1997: 47 1998: 34 Location Arkansas Employment Year 1980: 79 1981: 55 1982: 59 1983: 51 1984*b: 45 1985: 41 1986: 47 1987: 47 1988: 49 1989: 38 1990: 38 1991: 48 1992: 54 1993*b: 48 1994: 42 1995: 55 1996: 46 1997: 45 1998: 42 Location California Employment Year 1980: 277 1981: 308 1982: 288 1983: 269 1984*b: 268 1985: 234 1986: 242 1987: 217 1988: 134 1989: 217 1990: 238 1991: 215 1992: 255 1993*b: 236 1994: 239 1995: 220 1996: 235 1997: 235 1998: 222 Location Colorado Employment Year 1980: 34 1981: 43 1982: 45 1983: 34 1984*b: 41 1985: 21 1986: 32 1987: 36 1988: 30 1989: 28 1990: 27 1991: 51 1992: 32 1993*b: 28 1994: 32 1995: 42 1996: 36 1997: 41 1998: 45 Location Connecticut Employment Year 1980: 31 1981: 19 1982: 25 1983: 25 1984*b: 28 1985: 28 1986: 18 1987: 22 1988: 26 1989: 14 1990: 19 1991: 19 1992: 27 1993*b: 29 1994: 14 1995: 17 1996: 19 1997: 21 1998: 31 Location Delaware Employment Year 1980: 39 1981: 38 1982: 27 1983: 15 1984*b: 29 1985: 26 1986: 20 1987: 21 1988: 24 1989: 26 1990: 15 1991: 17 1992: 19 1993*b: 16 1994: 21 1995: 29 1996: 26 1997: 24 1998: 22 Location DC Employment Year 1980: 38 1981: 34 1982: 37 1983: 38 1984*b: 31 1985: 28 1986: 31 1987: 35 1988: 26 1989: 30 1990: 21 1991: 25 1992: 22 1993*b: 24 1994: 30 1995: 28 1996: 34 1997: 19 1998: 24 Location Florida Employment Year 1980: 99 1981: 113 1982: 121 1983: 117 1984*b: 119 1985: 119 1986: 118 1987: 120 1988: 118 1989: 110 1990: 111 1991: 129 1992: 114 1993*b: 125 1994: 146 1995: 150 1996: 135 1997: 126 1998: 114 Location Georgia Employment Year 1980: 74 1981: 55 1982: 60 1983: 60 1984*b: 53 1985: 39 1986: 44 1987: 47 1988: 48 1989: 45 1990: 37 1991: 39 1992: 35 1993*b: 38 1994: 81 1995: 56 1996: 44 1997: 42 1998: 46 Location Hawaii Employment Year 1980: 36 1981: 26 1982: 27 1983: 30 1984*b: 21 1985: 20 1986: 21 1987: 14 1988: 14 1989: 22 1990: 19 1991: 16 1992: 22 1993*b: 18 1994: 18 1995: 15 1996: 18 1997: 19 1998: 13 Location Idaho Employment Year 1980: 38 1981: 35 1982: 29 1983: 37 1984*b: 35 1985: 41 1986: 30 1987: 30 1988: 42 1989: 35 1990: 39 1991: 37 1992: 30 1993*b: 26 1994: 32 1995: 39 1996: 36 1997: 40 1998: 32 Location Illinois Employment Year 1980: 95 1981: 94 1982: 83 1983: 85 1984*b: 114 1985: 93 1986: 88 1987: 79 1988: 92 1989: 104 1990: 102 1991: 80 1992: 112 1993*b: 120 1994: 124 1995: 99 1996: 95 1997: 116 1998: 90 Location Indiana Employment Year 1980: 56 1981: 56 1982: 46 1983: 52 1984*b: 53 1985: 47 1986: 44 1987: 33 1988: 25 1989: 22 1990: 25 1991: 24 1992: 34 1993*b: 32 1994: 34 1995: 34 1996: 31 1997: 42 1998: 27 Location Iowa Employment Year 1980: 61 1981: 46 1982: 29 1983: 17 1984*b: 30 1985: 29 1986: 33 1987: 23 1988: 21 1989: 30 1990: 30 1991: 25 1992: 30 1993*b: 23 1994: 19 1995: 26 1996: 28 1997: 30 1998: 21 Location Kansas Employment Year 1980: 48 1981: 23 1982: 23 1983: 24 1984*b: 21 1985: 27 1986: 18 1987: 23 1988: 17 1989: 33 1990: 28 1991: 21 1992: 23 1993*b: 34 1994: 26 1995: 21 1996: 25 1997: 36 1998: 29 Location Kentucky Employment Year 1980: 46 1981: 46 1982: 49 1983: 27 1984*b: 29 1985: 32 1986: 43 1987: 46 1988: 37 1989: 32 1990: 58 1991: 54 1992: 41 1993*b: 40 1994: 61 1995: 56 1996: 47 1997: 54 1998: 51 Location Louisiana Employment Year 1980: 40 1981: 61 1982: 43 1983: 42 1984*b: 46 1985: 43 1986: 37 1987: 39 1988: 37 1989: 35 1990: 30 1991: 35 1992: 37 1993*b: 44 1994: 31 1995: 42 1996: 37 1997: 30 1998: 42 Location Maine Employment Year 1980: 43 1981: 28 1982: 33 1983: 38 1984*b: 31 1985: 37 1986: 34 1987: 41 1988: 34 1989: 28 1990: 24 1991: 27 1992: 35 1993*b: 40 1994: 44 1995: 31 1996: 31 1997: 38 1998: 35 Location Maryland Employment Year 1980: 42 1981: 42 1982: 48 1983: 38 1984*b: 42 1985: 38 1986: 27 1987: 27 1988: 23 1989: 27 1990: 30 1991: 23 1992: 18 1993*b: 22 1994: 22 1995: 22 1996: 23 1997: 21 1998: 24 Location Massachusetts Employment Year 1980: 57 1981: 61 1982: 39 1983: 57 1984*b: 78 1985: 93 1986: 79 1987: 94 1988: 83 1989: 115 1990: 113 1991: 102 1992: 102 1993*b: 97 1994: 121 1995: 71 1996: 64 1997: 62 1998: 59 Location Michigan Employment Year 1980: 102 1981: 113 1982: 96 1983: 124 1984*b: 139 1985: 136 1986: 141 1987: 118 1988: 139 1989: 143 1990: 141 1991: 140 1992: 139 1993*b: 138 1994: 136 1995: 102 1996: 115 1997: 102 1998: 93 Location Minnesota Employment Year 1980: 39 1981: 37 1982: 37 1983: 41 1984*b: 36 1985: 28 1986: 30 1987: 25 1988: 13 1989: 21 1990: 28 1991: 30 1992: 30 1993*b: 33 1994: 24 1995: 25 1996: 31 1997: 31 1998: 25 Location Mississippi Employment Year 1980: 77 1981: 58 1982: 50 1983: 49 1984*b: 51 1985: 47 1986: 45 1987: 42 1988: 49 1989: 50 1990: 57 1991: 46 1992: 52 1993*b: 49 1994: 44 1995: 44 1996: 45 1997: 43 1998: 30 Location Missouri Employment Year 1980: 54 1981: 43 1982: 40 1983: 45 1984*b: 52 1985: 42 1986: 37 1987: 36 1988: 30 1989: 28 1990: 38 1991: 30 1992: 39 1993*b: 33 1994: 34 1995: 28 1996: 45 1997: 31 1998: 23 Location Montana Employment Year 1980: 38 1981: 27 1982: 32 1983: 43 1984*b: 33 1985: 43 1986: 31 1987: 40 1988: 39 1989: 30 1990: 38 1991: 44 1992: 34 1993*b: 39 1994: 39 1995: 33 1996: 31 1997: 30 1998: 37 Location Nebraska Employment Year 1980: 46 1981: 28 1982: 22 1983: 21 1984*b: 21 1985: 20 1986: 24 1987: 20 1988: 18 1989: 24 1990: 26 1991: 23 1992: 26 1993*b: 30 1994: 19 1995: 28 1996: 27 1997: 30 1998: 33 Location Nevada Employment Year 1980: 50 1981: 19 1982: 24 1983: 27 1984*b: 23 1985: 21 1986: 15 1987: 31 1988: 27 1989: 20 1990: 32 1991: 38 1992: 24 1993*b: 29 1994: 36 1995: 25 1996: 27 1997: 30 1998: 31 Location New Hampshire Employment Year 1980: 26 1981: 28 1982: 27 1983: 24 1984*b: 17 1985: 15 1986: 21 1987: 16 1988: 18 1989: 20 1990: 18 1991: 18 1992: 23 1993*b: 18 1994: 13 1995: 17 1996: 32 1997: 30 1998: 30 Location New Jersey Employment Year 1980: 72 1981: 87 1982: 76 1983: 52 1984*b: 73 1985: 98 1986: 100 1987: 83 1988: 66 1989: 78 1990: 71 1991: 86 1992: 89 1993*b: 98 1994: 104 1995: 66 1996: 77 1997: 72 1998: 61 Location New Mexico Employment Year 1980: 57 1981: 57 1982: 41 1983: 37 1984*b: 35 1985: 34 1986: 48 1987: 30 1988: 37 1989: 45 1990: 44 1991: 42 1992: 42 1993*b: 53 1994: 45 1995: 56 1996: 54 1997: 41 1998: 50 Location New York Employment Year 1980: 187 1981: 200 1982: 171 1983: 180 1984*b: 220 1985: 180 1986: 181 1987: 157 1988: 115 1989: 203 1990: 220 1991: 194 1992: 205 1993*b: 219 1994: 228 1995: 204 1996: 196 1997: 205 1998: 220 Location North Carolina Employment Year 1980: 62 1981: 63 1982: 66 1983: 47 1984*b: 90 1985: 100 1986: 93 1987: 100 1988: 115 1989: 128 1990: 104 1991: 103 1992: 124 1993*b: 141 1994: 136 1995: 69 1996: 67 1997: 70 1998: 70 Location North Dakota Employment Year 1980: 39 1981: 27 1982: 13 1983: 27 1984*b: 32 1985: 26 1986: 18 1987: 25 1988: 29 1989: 30 1990: 30 1991: 27 1992: 20 1993*b: 21 1994: 20 1995: 15 1996: 21 1997: 22 1998: 29 Location Ohio Employment Year 1980: 125 1981: 117 1982: 106 1983: 123 1984*b: 121 1985: 116 1986: 99 1987: 93 1988: 100 1989: 114 1990: 120 1991: 123 1992: 114 1993*b: 142 1994: 131 1995: 102 1996: 95 1997: 101 1998: 120 Location Oklahoma Employment Year 1980: 46 1981: 43 1982: 40 1983: 38 1984*b: 39 1985: 42 1986: 25 1987: 22 1988: 34 1989: 32 1990: 33 1991: 35 1992: 27 1993*b: 44 1994: 41 1995: 41 1996: 41 1997: 55 1998: 50 Location Oregon Employment Year 1980: 63 1981: 49 1982: 40 1983: 53 1984*b: 41 1985: 21 1986: 20 1987: 26 1988: 36 1989: 31 1990: 36 1991: 43 1992: 40 1993*b: 26 1994: 33 1995: 43 1996: 42 1997: 42 1998: 35 Location Pennsylvania Employment Year 1980: 146 1981: 130 1982: 97 1983: 119 1984*b: 119 1985: 110 1986: 106 1987: 117 1988: 110 1989: 114 1990: 122 1991: 131 1992: 119 1993*b: 134 1994: 152 1995: 127 1996: 125 1997: 105 1998: 125 Location Rhode Island Employment Year 1980: 50 1981: 35 1982: 33 1983: 38 1984*b: 35 1985: 32 1986: 24 1987: 27 1988: 27 1989: 18 1990: 20 1991: 22 1992: 24 1993*b: 28 1994: 15 1995: 39 1996: 31 1997: 28 1998: 23 Location South Carolina Employment Year 1980: 37 1981: 39 1982: 29 1983: 28 1984*b: 34 1985: 39 1986: 44 1987: 40 1988: 40 1989: 45 1990: 42 1991: 49 1992: 44 1993*b: 41 1994: 34 1995: 31 1996: 37 1997: 40 1998: 39 Location South Dakota Employment Year 1980: 28 1981: 21 1982: 40 1983: 24 1984*b: 21 1985: 39 1986: 27 1987: 33 1988: 28 1989: 33 1990: 37 1991: 28 1992: 41 1993*b: 43 1994: 37 1995: 31 1996: 29 1997: 30 1998: 28 Location Tennessee Employment Year 1980: 41 1981: 43 1982: 67 1983: 56 1984*b: 47 1985: 56 1986: 55 1987: 42 1988: 52 1989: 46 1990: 36 1991: 48 1992: 66 1993*b: 69 1994: 41 1995: 44 1996: 68 1997: 54 1998: 43 Location Texas Employment Year 1980: 137 1981: 116 1982: 122 1983: 127 1984*b: 120 1985: 116 1986: 134 1987: 135 1988: 140 1989: 133 1990: 138 1991: 144 1992: 126 1993*b: 150 1994: 127 1995: 141 1996: 136 1997: 147 1998: 134 Location Utah Employment Year 1980: 40 1981: 25 1982: 39 1983: 33 1984*b: 26 1985: 22 1986: 19 1987: 17 1988: 21 1989: 32 1990: 17 1991: 23 1992: 16 1993*b: 25 1994: 26 1995: 31 1996: 22 1997: 28 1998: 25 Location Vermont Employment Year 1980: 36 1981: 22 1982: 35 1983: 25 1984*b: 22 1985: 22 1986: 28 1987: 19 1988: 22 1989: 20 1990: 23 1991: 33 1992: 30 1993*b: 32 1994: 26 1995: 19 1996: 24 1997: 30 1998: 28 Location Virginia Employment Year 1980: 49 1981: 47 1982: 54 1983: 34 1984*b: 32 1985: 32 1986: 32 1987: 33 1988: 32 1989: 43 1990: 44 1991: 45 1992: 32 1993*b: 21 1994: 56 1995: 41 1996: 49 1997: 44 1998: 41 Location Washington Employment Year 1980: 74 1981: 42 1982: 46 1983: 36 1984*b: 38 1985: 34 1986: 35 1987: 32 1988: 19 1989: 32 1990: 46 1991: 33 1992: 17 1993*b: 31 1994: 49 1995: 38 1996: 37 1997: 31 1998: 42 Location West Virginia Employment Year 1980: 58 1981: 42 1982: 51 1983: 41 1984*b: 42 1985: 25 1986: 28 1987: 43 1988: 46 1989: 46 1990: 40 1991: 40 1992: 48 1993*b: 59 1994: 53 1995: 62 1996: 66 1997: 50 1998: 45 Location Wisconsin Employment Year 1980: 28 1981: 39 1982: 30 1983: 41 1984*b: 27 1985: 24 1986: 26 1987: 24 1988: 28 1989: 40 1990: 32 1991: 29 1992: 37 1993*b: 36 1994: 35 1995: 38 1996: 35 1997: 36 1998: 25 Location Wyoming Employment Year 1980: 31 1981: 20 1982: 26 1983: 20 1984*b: 21 1985: 26 1986: 25 1987: 28 1988: 23 1989: 22 1990: 17 1991: 23 1992: 21 1993*b: 20 1994: 26 1995: 38 1996: 27 1997: 33 1998: 32 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a disability are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 5. Estimated Correlation Coefficient of Employment from Year to Year in the United States, Employment Years 1980 through 1998*a,*b Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1980 to 1981 Men Without Disabilities: 0.548 With Disabilities: 0.712 Women Without Disabilities: 0.744 With Disabilities: 0.618 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1981 to 1982 Men Without Disabilities: 0.502 With Disabilities: 0.736 Women Without Disabilities: 0.751 With Disabilities: 0.660 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1982 to 1983 Men Without Disabilities: 0.520 With Disabilities: 0.727 Women Without Disabilities: 0.747 With Disabilities: 0.722 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1983 to 1984*c Men Without Disabilities: 0.538 With Disabilities: 0.742 Women Without Disabilities: 0.738 With Disabilities: 0.687 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1984 to 1985*d Men Without Disabilities: 0.548 With Disabilities: 0.720 Women Without Disabilities: 0.743 With Disabilities: 0.682 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1985 to 1986 Men Without Disabilities: 0.559 With Disabilities: 0.697 Women Without Disabilities: 0.749 With Disabilities: 0.677 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1986 to 1987 Men Without Disabilities: 0.527 With Disabilities: 0.646 Women Without Disabilities: 0.743 With Disabilities: 0.638 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1987 to 1988 Men Without Disabilities: 0.609 With Disabilities: 0.777 Women Without Disabilities: 0.741 With Disabilities: 0.660 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1988 to 1989 Men Without Disabilities: 0.611 With Disabilities: 0.740 Women Without Disabilities: 0.729 With Disabilities: 0.668 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1989 to 1990 Men Without Disabilities: 0.600 With Disabilities: 0.750 Women Without Disabilities: 0.744 With Disabilities: 0.699 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1990 to 1991 Men Without Disabilities: 0.553 With Disabilities: 0.685 Women Without Disabilities: 0.743 With Disabilities: 0.689 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1991 to 1992 Men Without Disabilities: 0.552 With Disabilities: 0.695 Women Without Disabilities: 0.733 With Disabilities: 0.665 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1992 to 1993*c Men Without Disabilities: 0.550 With Disabilities: 0.730 Women Without Disabilities: 0.734 With Disabilities: 0.652 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1993 to 1994*c Men Without Disabilities: 0.552 With Disabilities: 0.739 Women Without Disabilities: 0.731 With Disabilities: 0.682 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1994 to 1995*d Men Without Disabilities: 0.553 With Disabilities: 0.724 Women Without Disabilities: 0.723 With Disabilities: 0.671 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1995 to 1996 Men Without Disabilities: 0.555 With Disabilities: 0.708 Women Without Disabilities: 0.715 With Disabilities: 0.660 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1996 to 1997 Men Without Disabilities: 0.545 With Disabilities: 0.693 Women Without Disabilities: 0.682 With Disabilities: 0.726 Pair of Consecutive Employment Years: 1997 to 1998 Men Without Disabilities: 0.555 With Disabilities: 0.762 Women Without Disabilities: 0.680 With Disabilities: 0.726 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. In the March CPS of any given year, approximately half of the households were surveyed the prior March, while the remaining households are eligible to be surveyed the following March. These estimated correlation coefficients measure the degree to which people's disability status in one year are related to their disability status in the next year. b. Persons with disabilities are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." Individuals who report that they worked at least 52 hours annually in the previous calendar year, the "employment year", at civilian jobs or businesses, including temporary, part-time, or seasonal work are considered to have been employed. c. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increases the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994, there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes effected the measurement of the population with disabilities either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. d. It is not possible to identify individuals that are in both the March 1985 and March 1986 surveys, therefore estimated correlation coefficients for employment years 1984 to 1985 are not available. A conservative proxy is provided - the larger of the values from employment years 1983 to 1984 and 1985 to 1986. This problem occurs for employment years 1994 to 1995, as well.