Economics of Disability Research Report #1: Estimates of the Prevalence of Disability in the United States by State, 1981 through 1999 Andrew J. Houtenville, Ph.D. Rehabilitation Research and Training Center School of Industrial and Labor Relations Cornell University This research is funded by the United States Department of Education, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, cooperative agreement No. 13313980038. It does not necessarily reflect the view of the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. The author thanks Richard V. Burkhauser for his helpful comments. ABSTRACT This report uses data from the March Current Population Survey to estimate the prevalence of disability among the non-institutionalized working-age (aged 25 through 61) civilian population in the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia for the years 1981 through 1999. Two definitions of disability that are commonly used in the literature-work limitation and work disability-are utilized. The prevalence of work limitation and work disability varies greatly across states and over time. However, rankings by state and variation in prevalence over time are not dramatically affected by choice of definition. INTRODUCTION Working-age people (aged 25 through 61) are a heterogeneous group. State governments are able to track those people with disabilities who participate in categorical programs for those with disabilities, e.g., Supplemental Security Income, Social Security Disability Insurance, state vocational rehabilitation services. But states are much less able to track their populations with disabilities who are not currently receiving state services. Yet it is important that states be able to identify both groups to determine the population that might be categorically eligible for state and federal initiatives targeted on the working-age population with disabilities. Hence it is valuable to know the prevalence of disability among working-age people in a state in a given year. Furthermore, it is useful to track this population over time to allow state governments to better understand the changing population they serve and, if necessary, to reallocate their resources accordingly. By making such information available for all states, individual state governments can then compare their population with disabilities to those of other states. More importantly, they can better compare the size and scope of their programs targeted on those with disabilities to those of other states. For instance, with such information state vocational rehabilitation agencies could compare the number of people they serve to the estimated number of working-age persons with disabilities in their state. Using this number, they could then compare their service delivery rate to that of other states. In a similar manner, advocates for persons with disabilities will find such data useful in making comparisons over time and across states in their effort to change not only government policy but also the practices of private business. For example, in an effort to persuade businesses to increase access and/or marketing toward persons with disabilities, advocates can show both state government and private businesses the size of the population with disabilities within their states and how it is changing over time. The purpose of this report is to provide estimates of the percentage of the non- institutionalized working-age (aged 25 through 61) civilian population with disabilities for the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia, from 1981 through 1999 using the March Supplement of the Current Population Survey (CPS). Brief summaries of state rankings and changes over time are provided. The appendix provides instructions on how to calculate the number of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with disabilities. Estimated coefficients of variation (relative standard errors) and sample sizes are discussed. These estimated coefficients of variation are used to judge the accuracy of the estimated percentage of the non-institutionalized working-age civilian population with disabilities. The appendix also provides information for those wishing to average or compare these estimates for consecutive years. DATA SOURCE The CPS is a monthly survey of the non-institutionalized population of the United States, conducted by the Bureau of the Census on behalf of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Information is collected from approximately 50,000 households (about 150,000 individuals) on labor force characteristics (e.g., employment, earnings, hours of work). One person in the household answers questions for all household members. In March of each year, the CPS basic monthly survey is supplemented with the Annual Demographic Survey, also known as the March Supplement or the March Income Supplement. This supplement focuses on sources of income, government program participation, previous employment, insurance, and a variety of demographic characteristics. In 1981, the March Supplement was expanded to include several questions about disability and income derived from disability programs and insurance. The CPS and the March Supplement are used extensively by government agencies, academic researchers, policy makers, journalists, and the general public to evaluate government programs, economic well-being and behavior of individuals, families and households.*1 A major advantage of using the CPS to track the population with disabilities is its large sample size. Because the CPS samples approximately 150,000 people, it is possible to track this population at both the national and state level.*2 The March CPS also provides a relatively consistent set of questions on disability from year to year. Since 1981 the March CPS has asked the household respondent who, if anyone, has "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." However, other aspects of the survey have changed. In 1994 the CPS moved to fully computer-assisted survey interviews, and sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census.*3 The Monthly Basic Survey was also revised and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the relative measurement of the population with disabilities over time. RESULTS Unlike most other demographic characteristics, there is no universally accepted definition of disability. Nagi (1991) distinguishes three components of disability. The first component is the presence of a pathology-a physical or mental disorders or interruption of a normal process, or both. This leads to the second component, impairment, which Nagi defines as a physiological, anatomical, or mental loss or abnormality that limits a person's capacity and level of function. The final component of disability is the inability to perform or a limitation in performing socially expected roles and tasks. Market work is a socially expected role. Hence, those who are unable to perform or are limited in their ability to work are considered to have a disability. While the relative importance of environment on a person's ability to perform a socially expected task in this definition is controversial, the basic conceptualization is a useful one. Table 1 provides estimated percentages of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a disability in the United States from 1981 through 1999 using two operational definitions of disability that are both consistent with Nagi's conceptualization. Both definitions are based on questions in the CPS. The first row of Table 1 provides estimated percentages of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a work limitation in the United States. Persons with a work limitation are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent to have) "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do."*4 Clearly, this definition does not completely capture the Nagi conceptualization of disability, although it does put disability in the social context of work. (It is for this reason that this report focuses on the working-age population, aged 25 through 61.) This simple definition of disability is not directly affected by program participation. This measure of disability is commonly used in the economics literature (see Bound and Burkhauser, 1999). Most recently, Burkhauser, Daly and Houtenville (2000) use this definition to estimate the employment and economic well-being of the non-institutionalized working-age civilian population with a disability. The work limitation concept of disability can also be found in many national surveys (e.g., National Health Interview Survey, Survey of Income and Program Participation, Panel Study of Income Dynamics) that have been used to measure the working-age population with disabilities. Using this definition, the percentage of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a disability in the United States between 1981 and 1999 ranged from a low of 7.2 percent in 1988 to a high of 8.4 percent in 1994 (Table 1, row 1). The second row of Table 1 provides the estimated percentage of non- institutionalized working-age civilians with a work disability in the United States. This is a more all encompassing operationalization of the Nagi definition. Persons with a work disability are those who participate in disability-related government programs and/or have work restrictions due to health or disability. Specifically, persons with a work disability fall into one of the following categories, each of which is related to a question on the CPS: (1) they have a work limitation, (2) they did not work in the previous year because they were ill or disabled and unable to work, (3) they retired or left a job for health reasons, (4) they received veterans' benefits due to a service- contracted disability in the previous year, (5) they received workers' compensation benefits or other benefits in the previous year as a result of job- related injury or illness, (6) they received Supplemental Security Income benefits and were less than 65 years old in the previous year, and/or (7) they received Medicare and were less than 65 years in the previous year.*5 By definition the prevalence of work disability will always be as high or higher than the prevalence of work limitation since having a work limitation is just one of several possible reasons for having a work disability. Using work disability to operationalize the Nagi conceptualization captures a broader population with disabilities in the CPS data. Bennefield and McNeil (1989) and Burkhauser, Haveman and Wolfe (1993) use a definition similar to work disability to look at the economic well-being of people with a disability. A shortcoming of using work disability to define disability is that changes in public policy that increase or decrease program participation will change the number of persons with a work disability. Using this definition, the percentage of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a disability in the United States between 1981 and 1999 ranged from a low of 10.1 percent in 1988 and 1989 to a high of 11.5 percent in 1994 (Table 1, row 2). It is important to note that respondents' self-perception of disability as captured by either of these two measures can be influenced by social context (accommodations and restrictions). For instance, self-reports of work limitation may change over time, even holding the underlying health conditions constant, because access to accommodation may change over time and change one's self-perception of work limitation. See Kirchner (1996) for a fuller discussion of this issue and the uses of the CPS to analyze "access-oriented" policies. While by definition the prevalence of disability captured in Table 1 using the work disability measure of disability is higher than when using the work limitation definition, the trends in both measures are similar. To illustrate, row three of Table 1 shows the percentage point difference in the prevalence using the two measures, and row four shows the percentage change between work limitations and work disabilities.*6 Table 2 provides the estimated percentage of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a work limitation for each state and the District of Columbia from 1981 through 1999. The prevalence of work limitation varies greatly across states and over time, from a low of 3.5 percent in Connecticut in 1990 to a high of 17.0 percent in West Virginia in 1997. The range is larger across states than it is over time. Table 3 facilitates comparisons across states by showing the percentage of those with a work limitations averaged over all years, 1981 through 1999. The states are ranked and listed in descending order. The average annual estimated percentage of those with a work limitation ranges from 12.2 percent for West Virginia to 5.7 percent for New Jersey. The highest five states are West Virginia, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi, while the lowest five states are Hawaii, Utah, Nebraska, Connecticut, and New Jersey. These findings are consistent with those of McCoy and Weems (1989) who found the highest rates of Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Insurance receipt occurred in the "disability belt" of Appalachia and the lower Mississippi Valley. LaPlante (1993) reports a similar finding using the 1980 and 1990 Census. Table 3 also illustrates changes in the prevalence of work limitations over time. It shows the percentage of the working-age civilian population with a work limitation averaged over the first five years of available data, 1981 through 1985, and over the last five years, 1995 through 1999. Corresponding state rankings are provided. The top five states are remarkably stable: West Virginia, Arkansas and Tennessee are among the top five states in both the first five-year span and the last five-year span.*7 The District of Columbia and Mississippi are ranked in the top five in the first five-year span and are replaced by Maine and Kentucky in the last five-year span. The last two columns of Table 3 contain the percentage change from the first five-years to the last five-years and the corresponding state rankings. Percentage change expresses the change in prevalence in terms relative to the magnitude of prevalence, which allows changes in high prevalence states to be compared to changes in low prevalence states.*8 According to these calculations, Kentucky has the largest percentage increase-the prevalence of work limitation in 1995 through 1999 is 34.4 percent larger than in 1981 through 1985. Kansas, Wyoming, Massachusetts, and Maine follow Kentucky. Hawaii has the largest percentage decrease-the prevalence of work limitation in 1995 through 1999 is 20.6 percent smaller than in 1981 through 1985. Minnesota, Delaware, Mississippi, and Arizona follow Hawaii. The smallest percentage changes are in Florida, Washington, and New Mexico, between 1 and -1 percent. Tables 4 and 5 repeat the same exercise as Tables 2 and 3 but use the work disability definition. The state ranking and changes in the prevalence of disability over time in Tables 4 and 5 are very similar to those in Tables 2 and 3.*9 The estimated percentages of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a work disability range from a low of 5.8 percent in Connecticut in 1990 to a high of 19.5 percent in West Virginia in 1997 (Table 4). These are the same states and years cited as the high and low in Table 2. Table 5 shows that the average annual estimated percentage of non- institutionalized working-age civilians with a work disability from 1981 to 1999 ranges from 15.5 percent for West Virginia to 8.2 percent for Connecticut. The highest five states-West Virginia, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi-are the same highest five states with the work limitation definition, while the lowest five states are now North Dakota, Utah, Nebraska, New Jersey, and Connecticut Table 5 captures change in the prevalence of work disability over time. West Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Mississippi are among the top five states in both the first five-year span and the last five-year span. Rhode Island, ranked in the top five in the first five-year span, is replaced by Kentucky in the last five-year span. The last two columns of Table 5 contain the percentage change from the first- five years to the last five years and the corresponding state rankings. Kansas has the largest percentage increase-the prevalence of work disability in 1995 through 1999 is 29.9 percent larger than in 1981 through 1985. Kentucky, Oklahoma, Montana and Maine follow Kansas. Hawaii has the largest percentage decrease-21.6 percent smaller in 1995 through 1999 than in 1981 through 1985. Rhode Island, Oregon, Michigan, and Arizona follow Hawaii. The smallest absolute changes are in Georgia, Mississippi, Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey who have percentage changes between 1 and -1 percent. CONCLUSION The prevalence of disability over the last two decades (1981 through 1999) for the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia has varied widely using either a work limitation or a work disability definition of disability. Determining the percentage of the population with disabilities is the first step in evaluating the employment and economic well-being of this population across states and over time. APPENDIX The number of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a work limitation or with a work disability can be calculated using Appendix Table 1 and Tables 2 and 4. Appendix Table 1 contains the estimated non-institutionalized working- age civilian population (regardless of disability status) for the United States, and for each state and the District of Columbia from 1981 through 1999 (in thousands). These are the denominators of the estimated percentages presented in Tables 2 and 4. For example, the estimated non-institutionalized working-age civilian population with a work limitation for New York 1981 is 530,808 persons. This number is obtained by multiplying the estimated percentage of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a work limitation in New York in 1981 (Table 2) by the estimated number of non-institutionalized working-age civilians (in thousands) in New York in 1981 (Appendix Table 1) and then multiplying by 10 (i.e., 6.8 multiplied by 7806 multiplied by 10 equals 530808). Appendix Tables 2 and 3 contain the estimated coefficients of variation (CV, also known as relative standard error) that correspond to the estimated percentages in Tables 2 and 4, respectively. Estimated CVs are used to judge the precision of the estimates. How precisely an estimated value reflects the actual value is based on the amount of sampling error and non-sampling error. Non-sampling error is due to such things as differences in interpreting survey questions, incorrect recording of survey responses, or the design of the survey. Sampling error exists because the sample being used to calculate the estimated value may not accurately represent the population. An estimated CV is a measure of the amount of sampling error and is calculated by dividing the estimated standard error of the estimated percentage by the estimated percentage and multiplying by 100 (Hamburg 1985). Smaller estimated CVs indicate smaller sampling error and thus more precise estimates. A rule of thumb is that an estimated CV of more than 30 indicates low statistical accuracy. This did not occur in any instance. The highest estimated CV is 22.3 for the estimated percentage of non-institutionalized working-age civilians with a work limitation in Connecticut for 1990. Following the guidelines of the Census Bureau, the estimated standard error of a state's estimated percentages, is calculated by taking the square root of the following: an adjustment factor that accounts for the non-random nature of the CPS sample multiplied by a state specific an adjustment factor that accounts for the non-random nature of the state's sample multiplied by the reciprocal of that state's estimated population multiplied by that state's percentage multiplied by the difference between 100 and that state's percentage. The estimated population of states are available in Appendix Table 1. Following LaPlante (1993), the adjustment factor for estimating employment characteristics is used for estimating standard error for the estimated percentage with a disability and is equal to 2,485 for the 1990 March CPS. See U.S. Bureau of the Census (1998) for the state-specific adjustment factors and more detail on estimating standard errors for statistics from the CPS. The accuracy of an estimated value is linked to the number of people used to calculate the estimated value. Appendix Table 4 contains the sample sizes used to calculate the estimated percentages in Tables 1, 2, and 4. Note that the estimated percentage with a work limitation and the estimated percentage with a work disability for a given location use the same sample size because both are based on the same sample. This is similar to the estimated population in Appendix Table 1. The estimated population is the weighted sample size. The Census Bureau provides weights that allow for population estimates. A sample member's weight is roughly interpreted as the number of persons in the United States population that he or she represents. Summing the sample weights of sample members is an estimate of the population. For example, the estimated number of non-institutionalized working-age civilians for Alabama in 1981 (1,676,000, taken from Appendix Table 1) is the sum of these weights for the 1,232 non-institutionalized working-age civilians from Alabama in the 1981 March CPS. Averaging estimated percentages over consecutive years and subtracting estimated percentage of one year from to the next year are straightforward exercises. However, determining the statistical accuracy of the resulting average or difference is not straightforward. The design of the CPS causes a problem. In the March CPS of any given year, approximately half of the households were surveyed the prior March, while the remaining households are eligible to be surveyed the following March. See Census Bureau (1998) for more information. The estimated standard errors of an average or a difference must be adjusted to account for correlation across consecutive years. For example, an individual's responses in March 1998 are correlated with his or her responses in March 1999. Roughly speaking, the estimated standard errors are measures of the variation, and the correlation across years must be taken into consideration. Following Census Bureau guidelines, the formula for the estimated CV for the difference in estimated percentages between 1990 and 1989 is the reciprocal of the difference the percentages in 1990 and 1989 multiplied by the square root of the following: the standard error of the percentage in 1990 squared plus the standard error of the percentage in 1989 minus the following product 2 multiplied by the correlation coefficient of 1990 and 1989 multiplied by the standard error of the percentage in 1990 multiplied by the standard error of the percentage in 1989. Appendix Table 5 contains estimated correlation coefficients for the United States, which can be used to approximate estimated correlation coefficients for a given state. The estimated standard errors can be obtained by multiplying the estimated coefficient of variation by the estimated percentage and then dividing by 100. The general formula for averaging over more than consecutive years is the reciprocal of the sum of the percentages of each year multiplied by the square root of the following: the summation of the squared standard error of the percentage of each year plus the summation over all the consecutive year pairs of the following product: the correlation coefficient of a pair of consecutive multiplied by the standard error of the first year multiplied by the standard error of the second year. The correlation coefficient of a pair of consecutive are available in Appendix Table 5. ENDNOTES 1. For a more in depth history of the CPS, see U.S. Bureau of the Census (1998) or http://www.bls.census.gov/cps/. 2. See LaPlante (1993) for a fuller discussion of the statistical accuracy of CPS estimates of state populations with disabilities in comparison to estimates from the Decennial Census and the National Health Interview Survey. 3. Ryscavage (1995) found that these changes influenced the estimation income inequality in the United States. 4. Work limitation is based on the following questions: (62A) Does anyone in this household have a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do? (62B) If yes to 62A., who is that? (Anyone else?) These questions are from the 1981 survey. The wording of the question reveals the fact that a single household member answers the survey for all household members. The Census Bureau recodes the survey to the individual level, so researchers can generate statistics for individuals. 5. Work disability is based on work limitation and the following questions. These questions are taken directly from the 1981 survey. (32) What was the main reason... did not work in 1980 (last year)? Was he...ill or disabled and unable to work? Taking care of home or family? Going to school? Could not find work? In the Armed Forces? Retired? Doing something else? (63A) Is there anyone in this household who ever retired or left a job for health reasons? (63B) Who is that? Anyone else? (60C) What type of Veterans' payments did ... receive? Service-contracted disability? Survivor benefits? Veterans' pension? Educational assistance? Other Veterans' payments? (52A) During 1980 did ... receive any Workers' Compensation payments or other payments as a result of job related injury or illness? Exclude sick pay and disability retirement. (57) During 1980 did anyone in this household receive: (57A) Any SSI payments, that is, Supplemental Security Income? (57B) If yes to 57A, who received SSI? (74) There are several government programs which provide medical care or help pay medical bills. During 19XX was anyone in this household covered by: (74A) Medicare (for the disabled and elderly)? (74B) If yes to 74A, who was that? (Anyone else?) 6. The percentage point difference in the prevalence of work disability minus the prevalence of work limitation. The percentage change is percentage point difference divided by the average of the two prevalences multiplied by 100. The difference between the two measures is in part due to the fact that work limitation is reported at the time of the survey while many of the other categories of work disability are categories reported for the previous year. For example, people may receive workers' compensation in the previous year and no longer have a work limitation at the time of the survey. 7. The estimated correlation of the prevalence of work limitation in the first five-year span and last five-year span is remarkably high, 0.80. This suggests the state level conditions that are conducive to work limitations are persistent over time and/or that geographic mobility among people with a work limitation is small. 8. Specifically, the percentage change is calculated by subtracting the prevalence in the last five-year span from the first five-year span and then dividing that difference by the average of two prevalences, all multiplied by 100. 9. The estimated correlation of the prevalence of work limitation averaged over 1981 through 1999 and the prevalence of work disability averaged over 1981 through 1999 is 0.985. This high degree of correlation suggests that there is very little difference between the ranking of states using work limitation and using work disability. The estimated correlation between the percentage changes presented in Tables 3 and 5 for the prevalence of work limitation and the prevalence of work disability is 0.892. This high correlation suggests very little difference between the changes in the populations with a work limitation and with a work disability. REFERENCES Bennefield, Robert L., and McNeil, John M. 1989. "Labor Force Status and Other Characteristics of Persons with a Work Disability: 1981 to 1988." Current Population Report P-23(160). Bound, John and Richard V. Burkhauser. 1999. "Economic Analysis of Transfer Programs Targeted on People with Disabilities." In Orley C. Ashenfelter and David Card (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3C. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 3417-3528. Burkhauser, Richard V., Mary C. Daly, and Andrew J. Houtenville. 2000. "How Working-age People with Disabilities Fared Over the 1990s Business Cycle." Ithaca, NY: Research and Rehabilitation Training Center for Economic Research on Employment Policy for Persons with Disabilities, Cornell University. Burkhauser, Richard V., Robert H. Haveman, and Barbara L. Wolfe. 1993. "How People with Disabilities Fare When Public Policies Change." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 12(2): 251-69. Hamburg, Morris. 1985. Basic Statistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanivich. Hanson, Robert L. 1978. The Current Population Survey, Design and Methodology, Technical Paper 40. Washington, D.C.: Department of Commerce. Kirchner, Corinne. 1996. "Looking Under the Street Lamp." Journal of Disability Policy Studies 7(1): 78-90. LaPlante, Mitchell P. 1993. "State Estimates of Disability in America". Disability Statistics Report, Number 3. Washington, DC: National Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research. McCoy, J.L. and Weems, K. 1999. "Disabled-Worker Beneficiaries and Disabled SSI Recipients: A Profile of Demographics and Program Characteristics." Social Security Bulletin 52(5): 16-28. Nagi, Saad. 1991. "Disability Concepts Revisited: Implications to Prevention." In A.M. Pope and A.R. Tarlove (eds.), Disability in America: Toward A National Agenda for Prevention. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Ryscavage, Paul. 1995. "A Surge in Growing Income Inequality?" Monthly Labor Review 118(8): 51-61. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1998. Current Population Survey, March 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce. Table 1. Estimated Percentage of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 with a Disability in the United States for Survey Years 1981 through 1999 using Alternative Definitions of Disability Survey Year: 1981 Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.9 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.8 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 3.0 Definition: Percentage Change*e 31.5 Survey Year: 1982 Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.9 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.8 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 2.9 Definition: Percentage Change*e 30.6 Survey Year: 1983 Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.5 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.3 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 2.8 Definition: Percentage Change*e 31.6 Survey Year: 1984 Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.6 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.2 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 2.6 Definition: Percentage Change*e 29.3 Survey Year: 1985*a Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.8 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.2 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 2.4 Definition: Percentage Change*e 26.4 Survey Year: 1986 Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.7 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.3 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 2.5 Definition: Percentage Change*e 28.2 Survey Year: 1987 Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.7 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.1 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 2.4 Definition: Percentage Change*e 27.5 Survey Year: 1988 Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.2 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.1 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 2.9 Definition: Percentage Change*e 33.5 Survey Year: 1989 Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.2 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.1 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 2.9 Definition: Percentage Change*e 33.2 Survey Year: 1990 Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.4 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.2 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 2.8 Definition: Percentage Change*e 32.2 Survey Year: 1991 Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.5 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.6 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 3.1 Definition: Percentage Change*e 34.5 Survey Year: 1992 Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.6 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.7 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 3.0 Definition: Percentage Change*e 32.9 Survey Year: 1993 Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.8 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.7 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 2.9 Definition: Percentage Change*e 31.6 Survey Year: 1994*a Definition: Work Limitation*b 8.4 Definition: Work Disability*c 11.5 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 3.1 Definition: Percentage Change*e 31.6 Survey Year: 1995 Definition: Work Limitation*b 8.3 Definition: Work Disability*c 11.3 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 3.0 Definition: Percentage Change*e 30.5 Survey Year: 1996 Definition: Work Limitation*b 8.3 Definition: Work Disability*c 11.3 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 3.0 Definition: Percentage Change*e 30.9 Survey Year: 1997 Definition: Work Limitation*b 8.3 Definition: Work Disability*c 11.3 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 3.0 Definition: Percentage Change*e 30.9 Survey Year: 1998 Definition: Work Limitation*b 8.1 Definition: Work Disability*c 11.0 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 2.9 Definition: Percentage Change*e 30.6 Survey Year: 1999 Definition: Work Limitation*b 7.9 Definition: Work Disability*c 10.8 Definition: Percentage Point Difference*d 2.9 Definition: Percentage Change*e 30.6 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. b. Persons with a work limitation are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." c. Persons with a work disability fall into one of the following categories, each of which is related to a question on the CPS: (1) they have a work limitation, (2) they did not work in the previous year because they were ill or disabled and unable to work, (3) they retired or left a job for health reasons, (4) they received veterans' benefits due to a service-contracted disability in the previous year, (5) they received workers' compensation benefits or other benefits in the previous year as a result of job-related injury or illness, (6) they received Supplemental Security Income benefits and were less than 65 years old in the previous year, and/or (7) they received Medicare and were less than 65 years in the previous year. d. The percentage point difference in the prevalence of work disability minus the prevalence of work limitation. The difference between the two measures is in part due to the fact that work limitation is reported at the time of the survey while many of the other categories of work disability are categories reported for the previous year. For example, people may receive workers' compensation in the previous year and no longer have a work limitation at the time of the survey. e. The percentage change is the percentage point difference divided by the average of the two prevalences multiplied by 100. Table 2. Estimated Percentage of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 with a Work Limitation for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Survey Years 1981 through 1999*a Location: United States Survey Year 1981: 7.9 1982: 7.9 1983: 7.5 1984: 7.6 1985*b: 7.8 1986: 7.7 1987: 7.7 1988: 7.2 1989: 7.2 1990: 7.4 1991: 7.5 1992: 7.6 1993: 7.8 1994*b: 8.4 1995: 8.3 1996: 8.3 1997: 8.3 1998: 8.1 1999: 7.9 Location: Alabama Survey Year 1981: 10.0 1982: 9.0 1983: 7.4 1984: 8.7 1985*b: 7.4 1986: 9.0 1987: 8.7 1988: 7.9 1989: 7.9 1990: 9.9 1991: 10.4 1992: 10.7 1993: 8.3 1994*b: 13.1 1995: 9.6 1996: 10.7 1997: 11.0 1998: 10.7 1999: 9.9 Location: Alaska Survey Year 1981: 7.1 1982: 5.9 1983: 5.7 1984: 5.1 1985*b: 4.7 1986: 4.6 1987: 7.3 1988: 5.4 1989: 5.6 1990: 5.0 1991: 5.3 1992: 6.5 1993: 5.2 1994*b: 7.2 1995: 7.0 1996: 6.5 1997: 7.2 1998: 8.5 1999: 6.9 Location: Arizona Survey Year 1981: 8.3 1982: 8.5 1983: 9.5 1984: 8.6 1985*b: 7.2 1986: 8.8 1987: 9.5 1988: 7.2 1989: 6.2 1990: 7.7 1991: 6.1 1992: 6.5 1993: 8.9 1994*b: 8.5 1995: 7.3 1996: 7.4 1997: 9.8 1998: 7.2 1999: 5.8 Location: Arkansas Survey Year 1981: 13.3 1982: 12.6 1983: 12.2 1984: 11.1 1985*b: 11.7 1986: 12.5 1987: 12.5 1988: 11.2 1989: 10.1 1990: 8.6 1991: 9.4 1992: 10.4 1993: 10.8 1994*b: 12.0 1995: 9.2 1996: 13.6 1997: 12.4 1998: 12.7 1999: 11.3 Location: California Survey Year 1981: 7.3 1982: 8.4 1983: 7.6 1984: 7.0 1985*b: 7.6 1986: 7.6 1987: 7.4 1988: 7.0 1989: 6.8 1990: 7.0 1991: 7.1 1992: 6.6 1993: 7.9 1994*b: 7.6 1995: 7.7 1996: 7.6 1997: 7.5 1998: 7.4 1999: 7.2 Location: Colorado Survey Year 1981: 4.7 1982: 5.7 1983: 6.8 1984: 6.1 1985*b: 7.2 1986: 4.6 1987: 8.4 1988: 7.5 1989: 7.2 1990: 7.8 1991: 6.2 1992: 8.6 1993: 8.4 1994*b: 5.5 1995: 6.3 1996: 7.9 1997: 6.7 1998: 6.7 1999: 7.6 Location: Connecticut Survey Year 1981: 6.2 1982: 4.8 1983: 5.4 1984: 5.3 1985*b: 6.5 1986: 5.7 1987: 4.2 1988: 5.7 1989: 6.1 1990: 3.5 1991: 4.7 1992: 6.0 1993: 6.1 1994*b: 7.3 1995: 4.9 1996: 4.7 1997: 5.8 1998: 8.0 1999: 9.2 Location: Delaware Survey Year 1981: 8.8 1982: 9.9 1983: 6.8 1984: 5.3 1985*b: 7.5 1986: 6.6 1987: 6.3 1988: 5.2 1989: 7.0 1990: 6.9 1991: 5.3 1992: 6.2 1993: 7.1 1994*b: 6.4 1995: 7.9 1996: 7.5 1997: 6.7 1998: 6.1 1999: 5.6 Location: District of Columbia Survey Year 1981: 10.0 1982: 8.2 1983: 8.7 1984: 10.2 1985*b: 10.0 1986: 7.8 1987: 7.8 1988: 8.2 1989: 7.2 1990: 8.0 1991: 10.6 1992: 7.8 1993: 7.9 1994*b: 8.3 1995: 8.7 1996: 10.2 1997: 10.4 1998: 6.6 1999: 8.5 Location: Florida Survey Year 1981: 7.7 1982: 8.9 1983: 9.4 1984: 9.1 1985*b: 8.6 1986: 8.2 1987: 7.6 1988: 7.6 1989: 7.7 1990: 7.2 1991: 7.2 1992: 8.5 1993: 7.2 1994*b: 8.4 1995: 9.2 1996: 8.9 1997: 9.2 1998: 8.3 1999: 8.6 Location: Georgia Survey Year 1981: 11.2 1982: 8.6 1983: 8.3 1984: 8.0 1985*b: 10.1 1986: 10.5 1987: 9.8 1988: 9.0 1989: 9.0 1990: 9.1 1991: 7.9 1992: 9.1 1993: 9.2 1994*b: 8.8 1995: 9.7 1996: 10.2 1997: 8.3 1998: 7.8 1999: 9.0 Location: Hawaii Survey Year 1981: 7.6 1982: 7.0 1983: 6.6 1984: 7.0 1985*b: 7.1 1986: 6.4 1987: 7.5 1988: 4.2 1989: 4.0 1990: 6.0 1991: 4.5 1992: 6.2 1993: 7.0 1994*b: 6.7 1995: 6.6 1996: 4.6 1997: 6.1 1998: 6.7 1999: 4.7 Location: Idaho Survey Year 1981: 8.2 1982: 7.2 1983: 8.3 1984: 9.2 1985*b: 8.9 1986: 9.6 1987: 8.1 1988: 8.6 1989: 7.2 1990: 8.3 1991: 8.0 1992: 8.6 1993: 7.1 1994*b: 5.5 1995: 8.4 1996: 9.5 1997: 7.7 1998: 9.2 1999: 5.9 Location: Illinois Survey Year 1981: 6.8 1982: 6.5 1983: 5.8 1984: 6.5 1985*b: 6.7 1986: 5.8 1987: 6.3 1988: 6.4 1989: 6.1 1990: 6.7 1991: 6.9 1992: 5.8 1993: 7.5 1994*b: 7.8 1995: 7.6 1996: 6.9 1997: 7.5 1998: 7.3 1999: 7.0 Location: Indiana Survey Year 1981: 6.3 1982: 7.9 1983: 7.4 1984: 7.2 1985*b: 6.6 1986: 7.4 1987: 8.5 1988: 7.2 1989: 5.9 1990: 5.7 1991: 6.3 1992: 6.9 1993: 5.9 1994*b: 6.6 1995: 9.3 1996: 7.5 1997: 7.4 1998: 7.1 1999: 7.5 Location: Iowa Survey Year 1981: 7.2 1982: 6.6 1983: 5.5 1984: 5.2 1985*b: 5.8 1986: 7.1 1987: 7.5 1988: 5.9 1989: 4.8 1990: 6.6 1991: 6.2 1992: 6.1 1993: 7.2 1994*b: 7.2 1995: 7.6 1996: 6.3 1997: 6.3 1998: 6.3 1999: 5.7 Location: Kansas Survey Year 1981: 7.1 1982: 5.3 1983: 5.3 1984: 5.7 1985*b: 4.8 1986: 6.4 1987: 5.6 1988: 5.1 1989: 4.8 1990: 6.3 1991: 5.2 1992: 5.0 1993: 5.9 1994*b: 7.6 1995: 6.8 1996: 8.2 1997: 7.9 1998: 8.3 1999: 7.3 Location: Kentucky Survey Year 1981: 8.6 1982: 10.6 1983: 8.9 1984: 8.3 1985*b: 8.1 1986: 9.3 1987: 9.8 1988: 9.9 1989: 10.4 1990: 10.0 1991: 13.6 1992: 12.8 1993: 12.4 1994*b: 13.0 1995: 14.4 1996: 14.0 1997: 10.6 1998: 11.6 1999: 12.2 Location: Louisiana Survey Year 1981: 9.6 1982: 10.9 1983: 9.2 1984: 8.3 1985*b: 8.9 1986: 10.8 1987: 10.4 1988: 10.3 1989: 10.5 1990: 10.5 1991: 8.9 1992: 7.8 1993: 9.5 1994*b: 14.4 1995: 9.9 1996: 10.9 1997: 10.3 1998: 8.2 1999: 9.9 Location: Maine Survey Year 1981: 8.6 1982: 7.6 1983: 7.7 1984: 8.6 1985*b: 8.4 1986: 10.0 1987: 9.7 1988: 10.1 1989: 9.3 1990: 7.9 1991: 7.1 1992: 8.8 1993: 11.2 1994*b: 10.2 1995: 13.2 1996: 9.2 1997: 9.5 1998: 11.4 1999: 9.8 Location: Maryland Survey Year 1981: 6.2 1982: 6.2 1983: 6.6 1984: 6.2 1985*b: 7.5 1986: 6.1 1987: 5.7 1988: 5.0 1989: 7.2 1990: 5.8 1991: 5.8 1992: 6.1 1993: 5.3 1994*b: 9.5 1995: 6.7 1996: 6.7 1997: 6.2 1998: 5.4 1999: 6.0 Location: Massachusetts Survey Year 1981: 6.8 1982: 6.7 1983: 5.4 1984: 6.1 1985*b: 6.3 1986: 7.2 1987: 5.4 1988: 6.1 1989: 6.5 1990: 7.2 1991: 8.2 1992: 7.3 1993: 6.8 1994*b: 7.0 1995: 8.0 1996: 9.2 1997: 8.5 1998: 9.0 1999: 6.9 Location: Michigan Survey Year 1981: 8.3 1982: 8.8 1983: 8.7 1984: 10.1 1985*b: 10.6 1986: 9.9 1987: 9.5 1988: 8.3 1989: 8.7 1990: 9.6 1991: 8.9 1992: 8.9 1993: 8.8 1994*b: 9.3 1995: 9.0 1996: 8.6 1997: 9.0 1998: 8.8 1999: 8.0 Location: Minnesota Survey Year 1981: 6.7 1982: 6.1 1983: 6.8 1984: 7.0 1985*b: 7.5 1986: 7.6 1987: 7.8 1988: 7.7 1989: 5.9 1990: 6.7 1991: 6.9 1992: 8.8 1993: 7.4 1994*b: 8.4 1995: 6.2 1996: 5.1 1997: 6.7 1998: 6.2 1999: 5.8 Location: Mississippi Survey Year 1981: 12.2 1982: 10.5 1983: 10.2 1984: 10.8 1985*b: 12.0 1986: 9.3 1987: 9.9 1988: 10.1 1989: 11.1 1990: 10.6 1991: 12.4 1992: 12.0 1993: 9.8 1994*b: 9.8 1995: 9.5 1996: 10.1 1997: 10.3 1998: 10.2 1999: 9.1 Location: Missouri Survey Year 1981: 7.8 1982: 8.1 1983: 7.5 1984: 7.8 1985*b: 8.0 1986: 8.0 1987: 7.7 1988: 7.6 1989: 7.8 1990: 7.4 1991: 8.3 1992: 7.1 1993: 8.6 1994*b: 7.7 1995: 10.4 1996: 6.4 1997: 8.8 1998: 8.9 1999: 7.8 Location: Montana Survey Year 1981: 6.8 1982: 5.2 1983: 8.5 1984: 9.6 1985*b: 7.4 1986: 9.9 1987: 8.8 1988: 10.0 1989: 9.4 1990: 8.5 1991: 8.1 1992: 9.0 1993: 7.9 1994*b: 8.6 1995: 8.3 1996: 9.9 1997: 9.9 1998: 9.8 1999: 10.2 Location: Nebraska Survey Year 1981: 6.7 1982: 6.1 1983: 5.8 1984: 6.3 1985*b: 5.8 1986: 3.9 1987: 5.4 1988: 5.6 1989: 5.2 1990: 4.7 1991: 6.4 1992: 5.7 1993: 5.0 1994*b: 5.6 1995: 5.4 1996: 6.8 1997: 7.0 1998: 7.3 1999: 6.2 Location: Nevada Survey Year 1981: 7.5 1982: 4.8 1983: 5.7 1984: 5.5 1985*b: 6.3 1986: 6.5 1987: 5.3 1988: 8.2 1989: 6.5 1990: 4.7 1991: 5.9 1992: 7.7 1993: 6.5 1994*b: 8.3 1995: 7.0 1996: 7.0 1997: 5.9 1998: 6.3 1999: 6.3 Location: New Hampshire Survey Year 1981: 5.0 1982: 8.9 1983: 7.6 1984: 7.1 1985*b: 6.3 1986: 5.1 1987: 7.1 1988: 5.0 1989: 6.5 1990: 6.1 1991: 6.2 1992: 6.8 1993: 7.5 1994*b: 8.1 1995: 7.1 1996: 7.9 1997: 10.1 1998: 7.9 1999: 7.6 Location: New Jersey Survey Year 1981: 5.8 1982: 7.6 1983: 6.7 1984: 5.3 1985*b: 6.1 1986: 6.1 1987: 6.4 1988: 5.4 1989: 4.5 1990: 4.5 1991: 4.3 1992: 4.6 1993: 5.2 1994*b: 6.1 1995: 6.1 1996: 5.7 1997: 6.8 1998: 5.8 1999: 5.7 Location: New Mexico Survey Year 1981: 8.8 1982: 12.2 1983: 8.6 1984: 9.0 1985*b: 8.1 1986: 6.8 1987: 8.9 1988: 7.9 1989: 8.2 1990: 8.7 1991: 8.6 1992: 7.9 1993: 10.2 1994*b: 11.5 1995: 9.1 1996: 10.1 1997: 10.2 1998: 8.9 1999: 8.1 Location: New York Survey Year 1981: 6.8 1982: 7.5 1983: 6.4 1984: 7.3 1985*b: 7.8 1986: 7.1 1987: 6.2 1988: 6.3 1989: 6.9 1990: 6.5 1991: 7.2 1992: 6.7 1993: 7.4 1994*b: 8.1 1995: 8.0 1996: 8.0 1997: 8.3 1998: 8.2 1999: 9.1 Location: North Carolina Survey Year 1981: 8.8 1982: 10.3 1983: 9.1 1984: 8.1 1985*b: 8.6 1986: 8.8 1987: 7.5 1988: 7.5 1989: 7.5 1990: 8.0 1991: 7.5 1992: 7.8 1993: 8.0 1994*b: 9.3 1995: 9.3 1996: 9.0 1997: 7.8 1998: 9.0 1999: 8.7 Location: North Dakota Survey Year 1981: 6.6 1982: 6.7 1983: 5.1 1984: 6.0 1985*b: 6.0 1986: 6.1 1987: 6.0 1988: 6.6 1989: 6.2 1990: 7.7 1991: 7.5 1992: 6.5 1993: 5.0 1994*b: 5.7 1995: 5.7 1996: 4.9 1997: 6.2 1998: 6.5 1999: 6.5 Location: Ohio Survey Year 1981: 8.9 1982: 8.3 1983: 7.7 1984: 8.8 1985*b: 8.5 1986: 7.4 1987: 7.3 1988: 7.0 1989: 7.6 1990: 7.8 1991: 7.8 1992: 8.1 1993: 7.4 1994*b: 8.4 1995: 8.2 1996: 9.4 1997: 8.5 1998: 7.9 1999: 9.3 Location: Oklahoma Survey Year 1981: 8.3 1982: 8.5 1983: 8.4 1984: 7.9 1985*b: 6.6 1986: 8.0 1987: 7.6 1988: 5.7 1989: 9.5 1990: 8.6 1991: 8.9 1992: 9.9 1993: 7.7 1994*b: 10.4 1995: 9.3 1996: 9.5 1997: 9.1 1998: 10.6 1999: 10.6 Location: Oregon Survey Year 1981: 9.9 1982: 9.1 1983: 8.2 1984: 9.0 1985*b: 8.0 1986: 8.0 1987: 8.2 1988: 9.8 1989: 10.0 1990: 7.4 1991: 9.1 1992: 10.1 1993: 8.7 1994*b: 7.0 1995: 7.5 1996: 9.1 1997: 9.1 1998: 7.9 1999: 7.4 Location: Pennsylvania Survey Year 1981: 9.5 1982: 8.1 1983: 6.9 1984: 8.7 1985*b: 8.9 1986: 8.3 1987: 8.6 1988: 7.2 1989: 7.2 1990: 6.6 1991: 7.3 1992: 8.5 1993: 8.7 1994*b: 7.9 1995: 9.1 1996: 9.2 1997: 9.5 1998: 8.5 1999: 8.4 Location: Rhode Island Survey Year 1981: 10.6 1982: 9.0 1983: 9.5 1984: 9.5 1985*b: 8.4 1986: 8.7 1987: 6.8 1988: 7.7 1989: 8.1 1990: 6.1 1991: 7.5 1992: 7.8 1993: 8.6 1994*b: 7.5 1995: 8.2 1996: 10.8 1997: 9.0 1998: 9.0 1999: 7.7 Location: South Carolina Survey Year 1981: 8.4 1982: 7.2 1983: 7.7 1984: 8.0 1985*b: 8.6 1986: 8.9 1987: 9.5 1988: 7.3 1989: 6.9 1990: 10.0 1991: 9.1 1992: 10.0 1993: 9.6 1994*b: 9.0 1995: 11.1 1996: 9.6 1997: 7.9 1998: 8.5 1999: 9.7 Location: South Dakota Survey Year 1981: 5.1 1982: 6.1 1983: 7.9 1984: 5.5 1985*b: 5.8 1986: 8.0 1987: 5.6 1988: 5.8 1989: 6.0 1990: 7.1 1991: 7.4 1992: 7.4 1993: 9.2 1994*b: 7.8 1995: 7.0 1996: 7.2 1997: 7.2 1998: 7.6 1999: 7.1 Location: Tennessee Survey Year 1981: 7.5 1982: 8.9 1983: 11.8 1984: 10.3 1985*b: 10.3 1986: 12.7 1987: 12.2 1988: 9.3 1989: 10.4 1990: 10.1 1991: 8.8 1992: 10.7 1993: 13.4 1994*b: 13.5 1995: 11.8 1996: 10.6 1997: 14.2 1998: 11.3 1999: 8.6 Location: Texas Survey Year 1981: 7.4 1982: 6.0 1983: 6.1 1984: 7.0 1985*b: 6.5 1986: 6.4 1987: 7.4 1988: 7.2 1989: 6.9 1990: 7.5 1991: 6.8 1992: 7.5 1993: 6.5 1994*b: 7.6 1995: 7.1 1996: 7.3 1997: 6.2 1998: 7.5 1999: 7.1 Location: Utah Survey Year 1981: 6.0 1982: 6.2 1983: 6.8 1984: 5.6 1985*b: 6.1 1986: 6.2 1987: 4.9 1988: 4.1 1989: 5.3 1990: 6.8 1991: 4.9 1992: 5.4 1993: 4.8 1994*b: 7.0 1995: 6.6 1996: 6.6 1997: 5.6 1998: 6.7 1999: 5.8 Location: Vermont Survey Year 1981: 9.5 1982: 7.6 1983: 7.4 1984: 7.6 1985*b: 6.9 1986: 6.8 1987: 7.8 1988: 7.2 1989: 6.6 1990: 6.0 1991: 8.1 1992: 9.9 1993: 9.5 1994*b: 9.4 1995: 8.1 1996: 7.0 1997: 8.4 1998: 9.5 1999: 7.3 Location: Virginia Survey Year 1981: 8.0 1982: 6.8 1983: 7.3 1984: 5.3 1985*b: 7.2 1986: 7.4 1987: 7.0 1988: 7.4 1989: 6.8 1990: 7.3 1991: 7.3 1992: 7.4 1993: 6.2 1994*b: 5.9 1995: 7.6 1996: 9.3 1997: 9.0 1998: 8.3 1999: 6.9 Location: Washington Survey Year 1981: 11.2 1982: 8.1 1983: 7.8 1984: 7.0 1985*b: 7.7 1986: 9.4 1987: 9.5 1988: 7.1 1989: 5.6 1990: 7.7 1991: 10.2 1992: 8.3 1993: 6.0 1994*b: 8.0 1995: 9.9 1996: 8.8 1997: 8.8 1998: 6.5 1999: 8.1 Location: West Virginia Survey Year 1981: 11.7 1982: 12.5 1983: 12.8 1984: 12.4 1985*b: 11.0 1986: 9.4 1987: 9.7 1988: 10.7 1989: 11.0 1990: 11.6 1991: 9.9 1992: 10.9 1993: 13.5 1994*b: 14.4 1995: 14.9 1996: 13.8 1997: 17.0 1998: 13.3 1999: 12.2 Location: Wisconsin Survey Year 1981: 6.6 1982: 7.1 1983: 6.3 1984: 6.7 1985*b: 7.2 1986: 5.1 1987: 5.5 1988: 5.2 1989: 6.2 1990: 7.4 1991: 6.5 1992: 6.1 1993: 7.9 1994*b: 8.2 1995: 6.7 1996: 6.4 1997: 7.6 1998: 8.5 1999: 7.9 Location: Wyoming Survey Year 1981: 5.7 1982: 5.7 1983: 6.4 1984: 5.7 1985*b: 6.3 1986: 8.4 1987: 8.1 1988: 8.2 1989: 8.1 1990: 7.9 1991: 6.1 1992: 8.4 1993: 7.1 1994*b: 7.6 1995: 7.0 1996: 8.5 1997: 9.1 1998: 7.5 1999: 7.9 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a work limitation are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Please note that Table 3 is described here twice: First in alphabetical order by location, then by rank order for each of the survey year periods Table 3. Estimated Percentages of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 with a Work Limitation for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia Averaged over Various Periods , Percentage Changes for these Periods, and Corresponding State Rankingsa Location Alabama Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 9.5 Rank*c: 7 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 15 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 10.4 Rank*c: 6 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 19.9** Rank*c: 9 Location Alaska Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 46 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 5.7 Rank*c: 49 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 7.2 Rank*c: 37 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 23.7** Rank*c: 7 Location Arizona Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 26 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 18 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 7.5 Rank*c: 33 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -11.5 Rank*c: 47 Location Arkansas Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 11.5 Rank*c: 2 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 12.2 Rank*c: 1 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 3 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -2.6 Rank*c: 38 Location California Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 7.4 Rank*c: 27 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 7.6 Rank*c: 27 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 7.5 Rank*c: 34 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -2.1 Rank*c: 36 Location Colorado Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 37 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 43 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 39 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 14.5 Rank*c: 17 Location Connecticut Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 5.8 Rank*c: 50 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 5.6 Rank*c: 50 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 6.5 Rank*c: 44 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 14.0 Rank*c: 18 Location Delaware Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 38 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 7.7 Rank*c: 26 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 41 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -12.5 Rank*c: 49 Location District of Columbia Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 14 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 5 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 16 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -5.9 Rank*c: 44 Location Florida Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 19 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 14 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 17 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 1.0 Rank*c: 32 Location Georgia Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 9.1 Rank*c: 9 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 10 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 13 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -2.9 Rank*c: 40 Location Hawaii Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 47 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 31 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 5.7 Rank*c: 51 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -20.6** Rank*c: 51 Location Idaho Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 23 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 20 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 27 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -2.8 Rank*c: 39 Location Illinois Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 6.7 Rank*c: 40 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.4 Rank*c: 38 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 7.3 Rank*c: 36 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 12.1** Rank*c: 19 Location Indiana Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 31 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 30 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 31 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 9.0 Rank*c: 21 Location Iowa Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 6.4 Rank*c: 42 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 46 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 6.4 Rank*c: 45 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 5.8 Rank*c: 26 Location Kansas Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 44 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 5.6 Rank*c: 51 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 7.7 Rank*c: 32 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 31.0** Rank*c: 2 Location Kentucky Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 11.0 Rank*c: 3 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 12 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 12.6 Rank*c: 2 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 34.4** Rank*c: 1 Location Louisiana Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 10.0 Rank*c: 6 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 7 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 9.9 Rank*c: 7 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 5.1 Rank*c: 28 Location Maine Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 8 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 21 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 10.6 Rank*c: 5 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 26.3** Rank*c: 5 Location Maryland Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 6.3 Rank*c: 43 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.5 Rank*c: 37 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 47 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -5.1 Rank*c: 43 Location Massachusetts Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 32 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.3 Rank*c: 40 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 23 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 28.1** Rank*c: 4 Location Michigan Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 11 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 9 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 19 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -6.9 Rank*c: 45 Location Minnesota Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 6.9 Rank*c: 35 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 34 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 49 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -13.2 Rank*c: 50 Location Mississippi Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 5 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 3 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 9.8 Rank*c: 8 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -12.5 Rank*c: 48 Location Missouri Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 8.0 Rank*c: 24 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 24 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 21 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 7.7 Rank*c: 23 Location Montana Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 13 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 7.5 Rank*c: 28 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 9.6 Rank*c: 10 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 24.7** Rank*c: 6 Location Nebraska Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 5.8 Rank*c: 49 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 42 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 6.5 Rank*c: 42 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 6.4 Rank*c: 24 Location Nevada Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 6.4 Rank*c: 41 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 48 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 6.5 Rank*c: 43 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 8.7 Rank*c: 22 Location New Hampshire Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 33 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 7.0 Rank*c: 32 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 28 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 15.1 Rank*c: 15 Location New Jersey Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 5.7 Rank*c: 51 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.3 Rank*c: 39 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 48 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -4.6 Rank*c: 41 Location New Mexico Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 10 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 8 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 12 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -0.5 Rank*c: 34 Location New York Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 7.3 Rank*c: 28 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 29 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 24 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 15.1** Rank*c: 14 Location North Carolina Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 18 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 11 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 18 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -2.5 Rank*c: 37 Location North Dakota Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 45 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 45 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 5.9 Rank*c: 50 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -2.1 Rank*c: 35 Location Ohio Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 22 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 16 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 20 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 2.5 Rank*c: 30 Location Oklahoma Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 15 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 23 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 9.8 Rank*c: 9 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 21.4** Rank*c: 8 Location Oregon Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 8.6 Rank*c: 16 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 13 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 25 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -7.7 Rank*c: 46 Location Pennsylvania Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 20 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 17 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 15 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 5.8 Rank*c: 27 Location Rhode Island Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 17 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 6 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 14 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -4.9 Rank*c: 42 Location South Carolina Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 12 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 8.0 Rank*c: 22 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 11 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 15.9 Rank*c: 13 Location South Dakota Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 6.9 Rank*c: 36 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 44 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 7.2 Rank*c: 38 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 16.6 Rank*c: 11 Location Tennessee Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 10.9 Rank*c: 4 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 9.8 Rank*c: 4 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 11.3 Rank*c: 4 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 14.6 Rank*c: 16 Location Texas Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 7.0 Rank*c: 34 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.6 Rank*c: 36 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 7.0 Rank*c: 40 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 6.3 Rank*c: 25 Location United States Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 7.8 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 7.7 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 5.6** Rank*c: - Location Utah Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 5.9 Rank*c: 48 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 41 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 46 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 1.3 Rank*c: 31 Location Vermont Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 25 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 25 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 29 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 3.4 Rank*c: 29 Location Virginia Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 7.3 Rank*c: 30 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.9 Rank*c: 33 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 26 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 16.9 Rank*c: 10 Location Washington Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 21 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 19 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 22 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 0.8 Rank*c: 33 Location West Virginia Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 12.2 Rank*c: 1 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 2 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 14.2 Rank*c: 1 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 16.5** Rank*c: 12 Location Wisconsin Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 39 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 35 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 7.4 Rank*c: 35 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 9.0 Rank*c: 20 Location Wyoming Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Average: 7.3 Rank*c: 29 Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 47 Period Survey Years 1995-1999*b Average: 8.0 Rank*c: 30 Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 29.0** Rank*c: 3 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a work limitation are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. c. Looking at the percentages, some states appear to be tied and thus should have the same rank. However, the rankings are based on three decimal places. There were no ties. d. The percentage change is the difference between the two averages divided by the average of the two averages multiplied by 100. Double asterisks (**) note locations where the absolute change in the percentage with disabilities from period to period is statistically different from zero, assuming a 90 percent confidence level. Table 3. Estimated Percentages of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 with a Work Limitation for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia Averaged over Various Periods , Percentage Changes for these Periods, and Corresponding State Rankingsa Period Survey Years 1981-1999*b Location West Virginia Average: 12.2 Rank*c: 1 Location Arkansas Average: 11.5 Rank*c: 2 Location Kentucky Average: 11.0 Rank*c: 3 Location Tennessee Average: 10.9 Rank*c: 4 Location Mississippi Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 5 Location Louisiana Average: 10.0 Rank*c: 6 Location Alabama Average: 9.5 Rank*c: 7 Location Maine Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 8 Location Georgia Average: 9.1 Rank*c: 9 Location New Mexico Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 10 Location Michigan Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 11 Location South Carolina Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 12 Location Montana Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 13 Location District of Columbia Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 14 Location Oklahoma Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 15 Location Oregon Average: 8.6 Rank*c: 16 Location Rhode Island Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 17 Location North Carolina Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 18 Location Florida Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 19 Location Pennsylvania Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 20 Location Washington Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 21 Location Ohio Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 22 Location Idaho Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 23 Location Missouri Average: 8.0 Rank*c: 24 Location Vermont Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 25 Location Arizona Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 26 Location California Average: 7.4 Rank*c: 27 Location New York Average: 7.3 Rank*c: 28 Location Wyoming Average: 7.3 Rank*c: 29 Location Virginia Average: 7.3 Rank*c: 30 Location Indiana Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 31 Location Massachusetts Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 32 Location New Hampshire Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 33 Location Texas Average: 7.0 Rank*c: 34 Location Minnesota Average: 6.9 Rank*c: 35 Location South Dakota Average: 6.9 Rank*c: 36 Location Colorado Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 37 Location Delaware Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 38 Location Wisconsin Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 39 Location Illinois Average: 6.7 Rank*c: 40 Location Nevada Average: 6.4 Rank*c: 41 Location Iowa Average: 6.4 Rank*c: 42 Location Maryland Average: 6.3 Rank*c: 43 Location Kansas Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 44 Location North Dakota Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 45 Location Alaska Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 46 Location Hawaii Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 47 Location Utah Average: 5.9 Rank*c: 48 Location Nebraska Average: 5.8 Rank*c: 49 Location Connecticut Average: 5.8 Rank*c: 50 Location New Jersey Average: 5.7 Rank*c: 51 Location United States Average: 7.8 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years 1981-1985*b Location Arkansas Average: 12.2 Rank*c: 1 Location West Virginia Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 2 Location Mississippi Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 3 Location Tennessee Average: 9.8 Rank*c: 4 Location District of Columbia Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 5 Location Rhode Island Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 6 Location Louisiana Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 7 Location New Mexico Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 8 Location Michigan Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 9 Location Georgia Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 10 Location North Carolina Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 11 Location Kentucky Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 12 Location Oregon Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 13 Location Florida Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 14 Location Alabama Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 15 Location Ohio Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 16 Location Pennsylvania Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 17 Location Arizona Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 18 Location Washington Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 19 Location Idaho Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 20 Location Maine Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 21 Location South Carolina Average: 8.0 Rank*c: 22 Location Oklahoma Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 23 Location Missouri Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 24 Location Vermont Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 25 Location Delaware Average: 7.7 Rank*c: 26 Location California Average: 7.6 Rank*c: 27 Location Montana Average: 7.5 Rank*c: 28 Location New York Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 29 Location Indiana Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 30 Location Hawaii Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 31 Location New Hampshire Average: 7.0 Rank*c: 32 Location Virginia Average: 6.9 Rank*c: 33 Location Minnesota Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 34 Location Wisconsin Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 35 Location Texas Average: 6.6 Rank*c: 36 Location Maryland Average: 6.5 Rank*c: 37 Location Illinois Average: 6.4 Rank*c: 38 Location New Jersey Average: 6.3 Rank*c: 39 Location Massachusetts Average: 6.3 Rank*c: 40 Location Utah Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 41 Location Nebraska Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 42 Location Colorado Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 43 Location South Dakota Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 44 Location North Dakota Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 45 Location Iowa Average: 6.1 Rank*c: 46 Location Wyoming Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 47 Location Nevada Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 48 Location Alaska Average: 5.7 Rank*c: 49 Location Connecticut Average: 5.6 Rank*c: 50 Location Kansas Average: 5.6 Rank*c: 51 Location United States Average: 7.7 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years 1995-1999 Location West Virginia Average: 14.2 Rank*c: 1 Location Kentucky Average: 12.6 Rank*c: 2 Location Arkansas Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 3 Location Tennessee Average: 11.3 Rank*c: 4 Location Maine Average: 10.6 Rank*c: 5 Location Alabama Average: 10.4 Rank*c: 6 Location Louisiana Average: 9.9 Rank*c: 7 Location Mississippi Average: 9.8 Rank*c: 8 Location Oklahoma Average: 9.8 Rank*c: 9 Location Montana Average: 9.6 Rank*c: 10 Location South Carolina Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 11 Location New Mexico Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 12 Location Georgia Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 13 Location Rhode Island Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 14 Location Pennsylvania Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 15 Location District of Columbia Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 16 Location Florida Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 17 Location North Carolina Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 18 Location Michigan Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 19 Location Ohio Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 20 Location Missouri Average: 8.5 Rank*c: 21 Location Washington Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 22 Location Massachusetts Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 23 Location New York Average: 8.3 Rank*c: 24 Location Oregon Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 25 Location Virginia Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 26 Location Idaho Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 27 Location New Hampshire Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 28 Location Vermont Average: 8.1 Rank*c: 29 Location Wyoming Average: 8.0 Rank*c: 30 Location Indiana Average: 7.8 Rank*c: 31 Location Kansas Average: 7.7 Rank*c: 32 Location Arizona Average: 7.5 Rank*c: 33 Location California Average: 7.5 Rank*c: 34 Location Wisconsin Average: 7.4 Rank*c: 35 Location Illinois Average: 7.3 Rank*c: 36 Location Alaska Average: 7.2 Rank*c: 37 Location South Dakota Average: 7.2 Rank*c: 38 Location Colorado Average: 7.1 Rank*c: 39 Location Texas Average: 7.0 Rank*c: 40 Location Delaware Average: 6.8 Rank*c: 41 Location Nebraska Average: 6.5 Rank*c: 42 Location Nevada Average: 6.5 Rank*c: 43 Location Connecticut Average: 6.5 Rank*c: 44 Location Iowa Average: 6.4 Rank*c: 45 Location Utah Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 46 Location Maryland Average: 6.2 Rank*c: 47 Location New Jersey Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 48 Location Minnesota Average: 6.0 Rank*c: 49 Location North Dakota Average: 5.9 Rank*c: 50 Location Hawaii Average: 5.7 Rank*c: 51 Location United States Average: 8.2 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Location Kentucky Percentage Change*d: 34.4** Rank*c: 1 Location Kansas Percentage Change*d: 31.0** Rank*c: 2 Location Wyoming Percentage Change*d: 29.0** Rank*c: 3 Location Massachusetts Percentage Change*d: 28.1** Rank*c: 4 Location Maine Percentage Change*d: 26.3** Rank*c: 5 Location Montana Percentage Change*d: 24.7** Rank*c: 6 Location Alaska Percentage Change*d: 23.7** Rank*c: 7 Location Oklahoma Percentage Change*d: 21.4** Rank*c: 8 Location Alabama Percentage Change*d: 19.9** Rank*c: 9 Location Virginia Percentage Change*d: 16.9 Rank*c: 10 Location South Dakota Percentage Change*d: 16.6 Rank*c: 11 Location West Virginia Percentage Change*d: 16.5** Rank*c: 12 Location South Carolina Percentage Change*d: 15.9 Rank*c: 13 Location New York Percentage Change*d: 15.1** Rank*c: 14 Location New Hampshire Percentage Change*d: 15.1 Rank*c: 15 Location Tennessee Percentage Change*d: 14.6 Rank*c: 16 Location Colorado Percentage Change*d: 14.5 Rank*c: 17 Location Connecticut Percentage Change*d: 14.0 Rank*c: 18 Location Illinois Percentage Change*d: 12.1** Rank*c: 19 Location Wisconsin Percentage Change*d: 9.0 Rank*c: 20 Location Indiana Percentage Change*d: 9.0 Rank*c: 21 Location Nevada Percentage Change*d: 8.7 Rank*c: 22 Location Missouri Percentage Change*d: 7.7 Rank*c: 23 Location Nebraska Percentage Change*d: 6.4 Rank*c: 24 Location Texas Percentage Change*d: 6.3 Rank*c: 25 Location Iowa Percentage Change*d: 5.8 Rank*c: 26 Location Pennsylvania Percentage Change*d: 5.8 Rank*c: 27 Location Louisiana Percentage Change*d: 5.1 Rank*c: 28 Location Vermont Percentage Change*d: 3.4 Rank*c: 29 Location Ohio Percentage Change*d: 2.5 Rank*c: 30 Location Utah Percentage Change*d: 1.3 Rank*c: 31 Location Florida Percentage Change*d: 1.0 Rank*c: 32 Location Washington Percentage Change*d: 0.8 Rank*c: 33 Location New Mexico Percentage Change*d: -0.5 Rank*c: 34 Location North Dakota Percentage Change*d: -2.1 Rank*c: 35 Location California Percentage Change*d: -2.1 Rank*c: 36 Location North Carolina Percentage Change*d: -2.5 Rank*c: 37 Location Arkansas Percentage Change*d: -2.6 Rank*c: 38 Location Idaho Percentage Change*d: -2.8 Rank*c: 39 Location Georgia Percentage Change*d: -2.9 Rank*c: 40 Location New Jersey Percentage Change*d: -4.6 Rank*c: 41 Location Rhode Island Percentage Change*d: -4.9 Rank*c: 42 Location Maryland Percentage Change*d: -5.1 Rank*c: 43 Location District of Columbia Percentage Change*d: -5.9 Rank*c: 44 Location Michigan Percentage Change*d: -6.9 Rank*c: 45 Location Oregon Percentage Change*d: -7.7 Rank*c: 46 Location Arizona Percentage Change*d: -11.5 Rank*c: 47 Location Mississippi Percentage Change*d: -12.5 Rank*c: 48 Location Delaware Percentage Change*d: -12.5 Rank*c: 49 Location Minnesota Percentage Change*d: -13.2 Rank*c: 50 Location Hawaii Percentage Change*d: -20.6** Rank*c: 51 Location United States Percentage Change*d: 5.6** Rank*c: - Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a work limitation are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. c. Looking at the percentages, some states appear to be tied and thus should have the same rank. However, the rankings are based on three decimal places. There were no ties. d. The percentage change is the difference between the two averages divided by the average of the two averages multiplied by 100. Double asterisks (**) note locations where the absolute change in the percentage with disabilities from period to period is statistically different from zero, assuming a 90 percent confidence level. Table 4. Estimated Percentage of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 with a Work Disability for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Survey Years 1981 through 1999*a Location: Alabama Survey Year 1981: 12.4 1982: 11.7 1983: 9.3 1984: 10.8 1985*b: 10.0 1986: 11.0 1987: 10.7 1988: 10.6 1989: 11.4 1990: 13.2 1991: 14.7 1992: 12.5 1993: 11.0 1994*b: 17.4 1995: 12.5 1996: 14.2 1997: 12.3 1998: 13.5 1999: 11.2 Location: Alaska Survey Year 1981: 10.7 1982: 10.2 1983: 8.9 1984: 8.2 1985*b: 8.5 1986: 7.2 1987: 9.6 1988: 7.8 1989: 8.6 1990: 7.3 1991: 8.3 1992: 10.1 1993: 9.0 1994*b: 10.6 1995: 9.9 1996: 10.2 1997: 10.0 1998: 12.9 1999: 10.6 Location: Arizona Survey Year 1981: 11.2 1982: 12.1 1983: 11.5 1984: 10.2 1985*b: 10.0 1986: 11.9 1987: 10.9 1988: 10.2 1989: 7.9 1990: 10.4 1991: 8.7 1992: 9.1 1993: 11.6 1994*b: 11.3 1995: 9.8 1996: 10.6 1997: 12.1 1998: 11.5 1999: 9.0 Location: Arkansas Survey Year 1981: 16.0 1982: 15.5 1983: 15.4 1984: 15.2 1985*b: 14.1 1986: 14.7 1987: 15.8 1988: 14.3 1989: 12.3 1990: 11.0 1991: 12.4 1992: 13.6 1993: 13.9 1994*b: 16.0 1995: 11.7 1996: 16.7 1997: 16.3 1998: 17.3 1999: 13.3 Location: California Survey Year 1981: 11.1 1982: 12.3 1983: 10.9 1984: 10.0 1985*b: 10.3 1986: 10.9 1987: 10.0 1988: 10.0 1989: 9.9 1990: 10.4 1991: 10.8 1992: 10.1 1993: 11.2 1994*b: 11.5 1995: 11.1 1996: 10.9 1997: 10.7 1998: 10.8 1999: 10.5 Location: Colorado Survey Year 1981: 7.9 1982: 8.1 1983: 8.9 1984: 8.8 1985*b: 9.7 1986: 7.0 1987: 11.0 1988: 9.5 1989: 10.1 1990: 11.4 1991: 9.2 1992: 12.5 1993: 11.7 1994*b: 8.5 1995: 8.6 1996: 10.6 1997: 9.1 1998: 9.5 1999: 9.5 Location: Connecticut Survey Year 1981: 8.2 1982: 7.2 1983: 7.3 1984: 7.3 1985*b: 9.2 1986: 7.7 1987: 7.2 1988: 7.7 1989: 8.4 1990: 5.8 1991: 8.6 1992: 8.1 1993: 9.3 1994*b: 9.3 1995: 6.8 1996: 7.4 1997: 9.3 1998: 9.4 1999: 11.7 Location: Delaware Survey Year 1981: 11.5 1982: 11.8 1983: 9.9 1984: 7.5 1985*b: 10.1 1986: 9.8 1987: 9.7 1988: 6.4 1989: 9.7 1990: 10.7 1991: 8.1 1992: 8.1 1993: 9.2 1994*b: 9.3 1995: 10.9 1996: 10.4 1997: 10.6 1998: 9.4 1999: 9.7 Location: District of Columbia Survey Year 1981: 13.6 1982: 11.7 1983: 10.4 1984: 14.2 1985*b: 13.9 1986: 12.8 1987: 9.4 1988: 10.9 1989: 10.4 1990: 9.5 1991: 12.9 1992: 9.4 1993: 11.1 1994*b: 11.5 1995: 11.5 1996: 13.4 1997: 15.1 1998: 10.0 1999: 12.6 Location: Florida Survey Year 1981: 10.5 1982: 11.8 1983: 12.6 1984: 11.6 1985*b: 10.8 1986: 11.2 1987: 10.0 1988: 10.5 1989: 10.5 1990: 10.1 1991: 10.0 1992: 11.3 1993: 9.9 1994*b: 11.2 1995: 12.5 1996: 12.1 1997: 12.2 1998: 11.0 1999: 11.4 Location: Georgia Survey Year 1981: 14.3 1982: 11.0 1983: 10.8 1984: 10.4 1985*b: 12.2 1986: 13.1 1987: 12.0 1988: 12.0 1989: 11.9 1990: 10.8 1991: 11.2 1992: 13.3 1993: 12.1 1994*b: 11.0 1995: 12.5 1996: 13.4 1997: 11.3 1998: 10.2 1999: 11.8 Location: Hawaii Survey Year 1981: 11.2 1982: 9.8 1983: 10.1 1984: 10.7 1985*b: 8.7 1986: 8.3 1987: 10.4 1988: 6.2 1989: 7.9 1990: 9.0 1991: 7.2 1992: 10.6 1993: 9.3 1994*b: 10.1 1995: 8.8 1996: 8.1 1997: 8.7 1998: 9.3 1999: 6.0 Location: Idaho Survey Year 1981: 11.4 1982: 9.0 1983: 12.4 1984: 12.9 1985*b: 12.6 1986: 12.6 1987: 10.6 1988: 10.8 1989: 11.3 1990: 10.7 1991: 10.6 1992: 12.6 1993: 8.7 1994*b: 9.7 1995: 10.8 1996: 14.0 1997: 11.2 1998: 12.2 1999: 8.7 Location: Illinois Survey Year 1981: 9.0 1982: 8.5 1983: 8.1 1984: 8.3 1985*b: 8.2 1986: 8.1 1987: 8.2 1988: 8.7 1989: 8.8 1990: 9.9 1991: 9.0 1992: 8.6 1993: 10.3 1994*b: 10.0 1995: 10.1 1996: 10.1 1997: 10.1 1998: 9.2 1999: 9.0 Location: Indiana Survey Year 1981: 9.7 1982: 10.5 1983: 10.4 1984: 9.5 1985*b: 8.7 1986: 9.6 1987: 10.0 1988: 10.6 1989: 7.8 1990: 8.1 1991: 8.5 1992: 9.7 1993: 8.4 1994*b: 10.8 1995: 12.8 1996: 9.8 1997: 10.6 1998: 8.9 1999: 10.4 Location: Iowa Survey Year 1981: 9.7 1982: 8.6 1983: 6.6 1984: 6.9 1985*b: 8.2 1986: 9.0 1987: 9.4 1988: 8.5 1989: 6.9 1990: 8.7 1991: 9.7 1992: 9.2 1993: 9.1 1994*b: 9.5 1995: 9.6 1996: 8.6 1997: 8.7 1998: 9.5 1999: 8.4 Location: Kansas Survey Year 1981: 8.7 1982: 7.3 1983: 7.9 1984: 8.7 1985*b: 6.7 1986: 8.9 1987: 8.2 1988: 7.5 1989: 7.1 1990: 8.2 1991: 8.1 1992: 6.6 1993: 8.8 1994*b: 9.9 1995: 10.1 1996: 12.2 1997: 10.8 1998: 10.8 1999: 9.2 Location: Kentucky Survey Year 1981: 11.6 1982: 14.6 1983: 11.4 1984: 11.1 1985*b: 10.1 1986: 11.8 1987: 11.9 1988: 12.3 1989: 13.2 1990: 14.2 1991: 16.8 1992: 15.1 1993: 15.7 1994*b: 16.2 1995: 17.4 1996: 16.6 1997: 14.8 1998: 14.7 1999: 14.8 Location: Louisiana Survey Year 1981: 12.3 1982: 13.4 1983: 12.1 1984: 12.1 1985*b: 11.4 1986: 12.5 1987: 12.6 1988: 13.4 1989: 13.8 1990: 14.4 1991: 12.0 1992: 10.8 1993: 12.2 1994*b: 17.3 1995: 14.3 1996: 15.1 1997: 14.2 1998: 11.2 1999: 13.1 Location: Maine Survey Year 1981: 12.0 1982: 12.0 1983: 11.9 1984: 12.0 1985*b: 10.7 1986: 12.6 1987: 12.9 1988: 13.5 1989: 12.2 1990: 11.7 1991: 9.8 1992: 12.4 1993: 14.5 1994*b: 13.6 1995: 17.4 1996: 11.8 1997: 12.8 1998: 15.8 1999: 12.8 Location: Maryland Survey Year 1981: 8.2 1982: 8.5 1983: 8.9 1984: 8.6 1985*b: 9.4 1986: 8.5 1987: 8.4 1988: 7.4 1989: 9.8 1990: 7.5 1991: 8.9 1992: 7.9 1993: 7.6 1994*b: 12.9 1995: 8.8 1996: 9.4 1997: 9.0 1998: 7.8 1999: 8.7 Location: Massachusetts Survey Year 1981: 10.2 1982: 10.1 1983: 8.6 1984: 9.5 1985*b: 9.1 1986: 10.3 1987: 7.8 1988: 8.7 1989: 9.7 1990: 9.9 1991: 11.5 1992: 10.6 1993: 9.4 1994*b: 9.7 1995: 11.0 1996: 12.0 1997: 12.0 1998: 11.1 1999: 9.3 Location: Michigan Survey Year 1981: 11.7 1982: 11.7 1983: 11.4 1984: 12.7 1985*b: 13.1 1986: 12.4 1987: 12.6 1988: 11.8 1989: 12.0 1990: 13.1 1991: 13.0 1992: 12.5 1993: 11.3 1994*b: 12.7 1995: 12.5 1996: 11.4 1997: 11.6 1998: 11.5 1999: 10.7 Location: Minnesota Survey Year 1981: 9.4 1982: 8.5 1983: 9.7 1984: 9.1 1985*b: 8.7 1986: 10.3 1987: 10.0 1988: 9.5 1989: 8.1 1990: 8.9 1991: 9.0 1992: 10.6 1993: 8.7 1994*b: 11.4 1995: 8.7 1996: 7.9 1997: 9.8 1998: 9.4 1999: 8.7 Location: Mississippi Survey Year 1981: 16.5 1982: 13.1 1983: 13.6 1984: 13.6 1985*b: 14.4 1986: 11.0 1987: 12.3 1988: 13.2 1989: 14.9 1990: 12.8 1991: 15.7 1992: 15.8 1993: 13.0 1994*b: 13.3 1995: 14.9 1996: 16.7 1997: 13.6 1998: 13.4 1999: 12.9 Location: Missouri Survey Year 1981: 10.7 1982: 11.2 1983: 10.5 1984: 9.6 1985*b: 9.6 1986: 9.3 1987: 9.4 1988: 10.6 1989: 10.4 1990: 9.6 1991: 10.9 1992: 8.8 1993: 11.4 1994*b: 10.7 1995: 13.3 1996: 9.1 1997: 12.8 1998: 11.6 1999: 9.4 Location: Montana Survey Year 1981: 9.2 1982: 8.7 1983: 11.7 1984: 12.6 1985*b: 9.8 1986: 13.0 1987: 11.1 1988: 12.9 1989: 11.6 1990: 11.6 1991: 10.3 1992: 11.9 1993: 12.4 1994*b: 11.8 1995: 12.2 1996: 13.9 1997: 12.4 1998: 11.8 1999: 13.6 Location: Nebraska Survey Year 1981: 9.0 1982: 7.9 1983: 7.7 1984: 8.3 1985*b: 8.3 1986: 6.0 1987: 7.0 1988: 6.8 1989: 8.3 1990: 8.0 1991: 9.7 1992: 8.1 1993: 7.4 1994*b: 8.5 1995: 9.2 1996: 8.2 1997: 10.4 1998: 10.4 1999: 9.8 Location: Nevada Survey Year 1981: 10.1 1982: 8.9 1983: 8.5 1984: 8.0 1985*b: 8.6 1986: 8.7 1987: 8.2 1988: 11.8 1989: 8.9 1990: 8.6 1991: 9.0 1992: 10.3 1993: 10.0 1994*b: 11.3 1995: 9.7 1996: 10.0 1997: 8.4 1998: 10.3 1999: 9.7 Location: New Hampshire Survey Year 1981: 8.0 1982: 12.3 1983: 11.5 1984: 9.0 1985*b: 9.6 1986: 8.3 1987: 9.6 1988: 9.0 1989: 10.1 1990: 10.0 1991: 10.7 1992: 10.8 1993: 10.9 1994*b: 10.3 1995: 9.4 1996: 12.3 1997: 12.3 1998: 10.9 1999: 9.6 Location: New Jersey Survey Year 1981: 8.6 1982: 10.4 1983: 9.4 1984: 7.5 1985*b: 7.9 1986: 8.5 1987: 9.0 1988: 8.4 1989: 6.9 1990: 7.0 1991: 7.1 1992: 7.2 1993: 8.0 1994*b: 9.7 1995: 8.4 1996: 8.8 1997: 9.6 1998: 8.7 1999: 8.1 Location: New Mexico Survey Year 1981: 11.6 1982: 14.1 1983: 11.0 1984: 11.0 1985*b: 12.0 1986: 9.6 1987: 10.9 1988: 10.8 1989: 10.8 1990: 11.3 1991: 11.0 1992: 10.6 1993: 12.6 1994*b: 13.9 1995: 11.6 1996: 13.3 1997: 12.8 1998: 11.4 1999: 11.5 Location: New York Survey Year 1981: 9.8 1982: 10.3 1983: 9.0 1984: 10.3 1985*b: 10.5 1986: 10.2 1987: 9.0 1988: 9.6 1989: 9.8 1990: 9.3 1991: 10.9 1992: 10.1 1993: 11.6 1994*b: 11.3 1995: 11.4 1996: 11.1 1997: 12.0 1998: 11.5 1999: 12.8 Location: North Carolina Survey Year 1981: 11.0 1982: 12.7 1983: 11.6 1984: 10.1 1985*b: 10.4 1986: 11.5 1987: 10.1 1988: 10.8 1989: 10.7 1990: 10.9 1991: 11.0 1992: 10.4 1993: 11.1 1994*b: 12.0 1995: 12.2 1996: 11.3 1997: 10.5 1998: 11.5 1999: 11.5 Location: North Dakota Survey Year 1981: 8.8 1982: 8.3 1983: 6.0 1984: 8.4 1985*b: 7.9 1986: 8.3 1987: 7.9 1988: 8.6 1989: 9.0 1990: 10.0 1991: 11.3 1992: 9.3 1993: 8.6 1994*b: 7.5 1995: 7.4 1996: 8.9 1997: 8.7 1998: 9.8 1999: 8.7 Location: Ohio Survey Year 1981: 11.7 1982: 11.0 1983: 10.2 1984: 10.8 1985*b: 11.0 1986: 9.6 1987: 9.9 1988: 9.9 1989: 10.4 1990: 10.3 1991: 10.4 1992: 10.3 1993: 10.2 1994*b: 11.3 1995: 11.6 1996: 11.8 1997: 11.5 1998: 10.9 1999: 12.1 Location: Oklahoma Survey Year 1981: 12.4 1982: 10.5 1983: 10.7 1984: 9.5 1985*b: 7.9 1986: 9.9 1987: 8.7 1988: 7.8 1989: 13.1 1990: 11.1 1991: 11.6 1992: 12.6 1993: 9.6 1994*b: 13.0 1995: 12.0 1996: 13.0 1997: 11.6 1998: 14.1 1999: 14.4 Location: Oregon Survey Year 1981: 13.2 1982: 12.6 1983: 11.7 1984: 13.0 1985*b: 10.4 1986: 10.8 1987: 11.1 1988: 13.1 1989: 13.8 1990: 10.4 1991: 12.6 1992: 13.7 1993: 12.2 1994*b: 10.8 1995: 11.0 1996: 12.9 1997: 11.5 1998: 10.1 1999: 10.8 Location: Pennsylvania Survey Year 1981: 12.3 1982: 11.5 1983: 10.0 1984: 11.3 1985*b: 11.1 1986: 10.5 1987: 11.0 1988: 10.5 1989: 10.8 1990: 9.8 1991: 10.2 1992: 11.5 1993: 11.2 1994*b: 11.0 1995: 11.9 1996: 12.5 1997: 12.2 1998: 11.5 1999: 10.9 Location: Rhode Island Survey Year 1981: 13.7 1982: 14.0 1983: 13.4 1984: 14.5 1985*b: 12.5 1986: 11.3 1987: 11.6 1988: 12.7 1989: 10.9 1990: 9.3 1991: 11.2 1992: 11.0 1993: 11.6 1994*b: 11.6 1995: 11.9 1996: 13.8 1997: 13.2 1998: 12.5 1999: 9.6 Location: South Carolina Survey Year 1981: 12.3 1982: 10.3 1983: 11.9 1984: 11.4 1985*b: 11.7 1986: 11.0 1987: 11.9 1988: 10.2 1989: 9.4 1990: 11.3 1991: 10.9 1992: 12.2 1993: 12.5 1994*b: 12.1 1995: 13.5 1996: 12.8 1997: 11.6 1998: 11.5 1999: 11.3 Location: South Dakota Survey Year 1981: 8.3 1982: 9.8 1983: 10.1 1984: 8.7 1985*b: 8.1 1986: 10.6 1987: 8.9 1988: 8.6 1989: 10.0 1990: 11.2 1991: 10.7 1992: 9.0 1993: 12.4 1994*b: 11.3 1995: 9.3 1996: 10.4 1997: 10.3 1998: 11.7 1999: 9.2 Location: Tennessee Survey Year 1981: 10.2 1982: 12.4 1983: 15.2 1984: 13.5 1985*b: 13.1 1986: 15.0 1987: 13.7 1988: 12.3 1989: 13.2 1990: 13.4 1991: 11.6 1992: 14.6 1993: 16.2 1994*b: 17.0 1995: 15.1 1996: 13.5 1997: 17.9 1998: 14.5 1999: 12.7 Location: Texas Survey Year 1981: 10.3 1982: 8.3 1983: 9.1 1984: 9.2 1985*b: 9.0 1986: 8.5 1987: 9.5 1988: 10.0 1989: 9.3 1990: 10.1 1991: 9.3 1992: 10.7 1993: 9.6 1994*b: 10.3 1995: 9.7 1996: 9.8 1997: 8.8 1998: 10.1 1999: 9.9 Location: United States Survey Year 1981: 10.8 1982: 10.8 1983: 10.3 1984: 10.2 1985*b: 10.2 1986: 10.3 1987: 10.1 1988: 10.1 1989: 10.1 1990: 10.2 1991: 10.6 1992: 10.7 1993: 10.7 1994*b: 11.5 1995: 11.3 1996: 11.3 1997: 11.3 1998: 11.0 1999: 10.8 Location: Utah Survey Year 1981: 8.8 1982: 8.3 1983: 9.2 1984: 8.5 1985*b: 8.9 1986: 7.9 1987: 7.7 1988: 5.9 1989: 7.0 1990: 9.7 1991: 8.2 1992: 8.3 1993: 8.4 1994*b: 10.0 1995: 9.9 1996: 9.4 1997: 8.0 1998: 10.1 1999: 8.7 Location: Vermont Survey Year 1981: 12.1 1982: 11.0 1983: 11.2 1984: 10.3 1985*b: 10.9 1986: 9.7 1987: 9.2 1988: 9.6 1989: 9.0 1990: 7.7 1991: 10.8 1992: 13.5 1993: 12.0 1994*b: 11.9 1995: 11.6 1996: 10.9 1997: 11.0 1998: 12.0 1999: 9.4 Location: Virginia Survey Year 1981: 9.9 1982: 9.0 1983: 9.7 1984: 8.1 1985*b: 9.7 1986: 9.9 1987: 10.2 1988: 10.2 1989: 9.1 1990: 9.4 1991: 10.6 1992: 9.1 1993: 8.6 1994*b: 9.2 1995: 10.7 1996: 11.3 1997: 11.8 1998: 10.9 1999: 9.0 Location: Washington Survey Year 1981: 14.1 1982: 10.9 1983: 10.7 1984: 9.4 1985*b: 10.7 1986: 11.7 1987: 12.4 1988: 10.2 1989: 9.3 1990: 11.1 1991: 13.4 1992: 13.1 1993: 8.6 1994*b: 11.6 1995: 12.3 1996: 12.5 1997: 12.2 1998: 9.3 1999: 11.8 Location: West Virginia Survey Year 1981: 15.4 1982: 15.1 1983: 15.9 1984: 15.6 1985*b: 14.1 1986: 13.2 1987: 12.9 1988: 14.3 1989: 14.4 1990: 15.2 1991: 13.7 1992: 14.2 1993: 17.1 1994*b: 17.2 1995: 18.8 1996: 16.6 1997: 19.5 1998: 16.3 1999: 15.0 Location: Wisconsin Survey Year 1981: 9.6 1982: 10.1 1983: 8.9 1984: 9.9 1985*b: 10.1 1986: 7.4 1987: 9.0 1988: 8.4 1989: 9.6 1990: 10.5 1991: 10.4 1992: 10.2 1993: 11.3 1994*b: 11.8 1995: 9.7 1996: 9.8 1997: 11.4 1998: 13.0 1999: 12.4 Location: Wyoming Survey Year 1981: 8.5 1982: 9.8 1983: 11.0 1984: 8.8 1985*b: 9.4 1986: 10.1 1987: 12.1 1988: 11.1 1989: 11.3 1990: 10.9 1991: 8.1 1992: 11.3 1993: 10.2 1994*b: 10.8 1995: 10.5 1996: 10.5 1997: 12.1 1998: 11.1 1999: 11.5 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a work disability fall into one of the following categories, each of which is related to a question on the CPS: (1) they have a work limitation, (2) they did not work in the previous year because they were ill or disabled and unable to work, (3) they retired or left a job for health reasons, (4) they received veterans' benefits due to a service-contracted disability in the previous year, (5) they received workers' compensation benefits or other benefits in the previous year as a result of job-related injury or illness, (6) they received Supplemental Security Income benefits and were less than 65 years old in the previous year, and/or (7) they received Medicare and were less than 65 years in the previous year. b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Please note that Table 5 is described here twice: First in alphabetical order by location, then by rank order for each of the survey year periods Table 5. Estimated Percentages of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 with a Work Disability for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia Averaged over Various Periods , Percentage Changes for these Periods, and Corresponding State Rankingsa Location Alabama Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 8 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.9 Rank*c: 24 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 12.7 Rank*c: 10 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 15.9** Rank*c: 8 Location Alaska Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 40 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 36 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 10.7 Rank*c: 33 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 14.3** Rank*c: 14 Location Arizona Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 27 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.0 Rank*c: 21 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 10.6 Rank*c: 35 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -3.7 Rank*c: 47 Location Arkansas Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 14.5 Rank*c: 2 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 15.3 Rank*c: 1 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 15.1 Rank*c: 3 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -1.2 Rank*c: 41 Location California Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 10.7 Rank*c: 25 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.9 Rank*c: 23 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 10.8 Rank*c: 31 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -1.4 Rank*c: 43 Location Colorado Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 9.5 Rank*c: 38 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 45 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 9.5 Rank*c: 43 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 8.5 Rank*c: 24 Location Connecticut Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 51 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 51 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 47 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 12.5 Rank*c: 16 Location Delaware Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 9.6 Rank*c: 36 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.1 Rank*c: 28 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 38 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 0.2 Rank*c: 38 Location District of Columbia Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 13 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 12.8 Rank*c: 6 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 12.5 Rank*c: 11 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -2.3 Rank*c: 45 Location Florida Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 22 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.5 Rank*c: 16 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 15 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 3.4 Rank*c: 33 Location Georgia Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 11.9 Rank*c: 12 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 11 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 16 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 0.5 Rank*c: 36 Location Hawaii Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 43 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.1 Rank*c: 29 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 51 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -21.5** Rank*c: 51 Location Idaho Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 19 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.7 Rank*c: 14 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.4 Rank*c: 23 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -2.5 Rank*c: 46 Location Illinois Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 9.1 Rank*c: 42 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 46 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 9.7 Rank*c: 39 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 14.4** Rank*c: 13 Location Indiana Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 9.7 Rank*c: 35 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.8 Rank*c: 32 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 36 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 7.2 Rank*c: 26 Location Iowa Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 46 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.0 Rank*c: 48 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 45 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 11.4 Rank*c: 19 Location Kansas Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 45 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 50 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 10.6 Rank*c: 34 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 29.9** Rank*c: 1 Location Kentucky Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 13.9 Rank*c: 5 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.7 Rank*c: 12 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 15.7 Rank*c: 2 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 28.6** Rank*c: 2 Location Louisiana Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 13.1 Rank*c: 6 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 12.2 Rank*c: 7 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 13.6 Rank*c: 7 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 10.3 Rank*c: 20 Location Maine Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 12.8 Rank*c: 7 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.7 Rank*c: 13 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 14.1 Rank*c: 6 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 18.6** Rank*c: 5 Location Maryland Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 44 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 44 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 48 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 0.0 Rank*c: 39 Location Massachusetts Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 10.0 Rank*c: 32 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.5 Rank*c: 34 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 28 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 15.2** Rank*c: 10 Location Michigan Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 10 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 9 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.5 Rank*c: 21 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -5.1 Rank*c: 48 Location Minnesota Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 41 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.1 Rank*c: 39 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 46 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -1.8 Rank*c: 44 Location Mississippi Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 13.9 Rank*c: 4 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 14.2 Rank*c: 3 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 14.3 Rank*c: 5 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 0.4 Rank*c: 37 Location Missouri Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 29 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.3 Rank*c: 26 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 26 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 8.7 Rank*c: 23 Location Montana Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 11.7 Rank*c: 14 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.4 Rank*c: 25 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 12.8 Rank*c: 9 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 20.3** Rank*c: 4 Location Nebraska Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 49 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 47 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 9.6 Rank*c: 42 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 15.3 Rank*c: 9 Location Nevada Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 39 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 41 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 9.6 Rank*c: 41 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 9.0 Rank*c: 22 Location New Hampshire Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 30 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.1 Rank*c: 30 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 10.9 Rank*c: 30 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 7.8 Rank*c: 25 Location New Jersey Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 50 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 42 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 49 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -0.5 Rank*c: 40 Location New Mexico Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 11.7 Rank*c: 15 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.9 Rank*c: 10 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 14 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 1.6 Rank*c: 35 Location New York Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 26 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.0 Rank*c: 31 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 18 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 16.3** Rank*c: 6 Location North Carolina Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 21 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 18 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.4 Rank*c: 22 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 1.9 Rank*c: 34 Location North Dakota Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 8.6 Rank*c: 47 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 49 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 50 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 10.0 Rank*c: 21 Location Ohio Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 10.8 Rank*c: 23 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.9 Rank*c: 22 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.6 Rank*c: 20 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 5.7 Rank*c: 27 Location Oklahoma Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 18 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 27 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 13.0 Rank*c: 8 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 24.2** Rank*c: 3 Location Oregon Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 11.9 Rank*c: 11 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 12.2 Rank*c: 8 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.3 Rank*c: 24 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -7.9 Rank*c: 49 Location Pennsylvania Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 20 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 17 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 17 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 4.9 Rank*c: 31 Location Rhode Island Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 9 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 13.6 Rank*c: 4 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 12.2 Rank*c: 12 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -10.9 Rank*c: 50 Location South Carolina Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 11.6 Rank*c: 16 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.5 Rank*c: 15 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 13 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 5.4 Rank*c: 28 Location South Dakota Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 9.9 Rank*c: 33 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 40 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 37 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 12.2 Rank*c: 18 Location Tennessee Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 14.0 Rank*c: 3 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 12.9 Rank*c: 5 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 14.7 Rank*c: 4 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 13.5 Rank*c: 15 Location Texas Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 9.6 Rank*c: 37 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.2 Rank*c: 38 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 9.7 Rank*c: 40 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 5.1 Rank*c: 29 Location United States Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 10.7 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 6.4** Rank*c: - Location Utah Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 8.6 Rank*c: 48 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 43 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 9.2 Rank*c: 44 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 4.9 Rank*c: 30 Location Vermont Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 10.7 Rank*c: 24 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 20 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.0 Rank*c: 29 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: -1.2 Rank*c: 42 Location Virginia Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 9.8 Rank*c: 34 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 37 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 10.7 Rank*c: 32 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 14.5 Rank*c: 12 Location Washington Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 11.3 Rank*c: 17 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 19 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.6 Rank*c: 19 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 3.8 Rank*c: 32 Location West Virginia Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 15.5 Rank*c: 1 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 15.2 Rank*c: 2 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 17.2 Rank*c: 1 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 12.5** Rank*c: 17 Location Wisconsin Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 31 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.7 Rank*c: 33 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 25 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 14.6 Rank*c: 11 Location Wyoming Period Survey Years: 1981-1999*b Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 28 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985*b Average: 9.5 Rank*c: 35 Period Survey Years: 1995-1999*b Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 27 Period Survey Years: 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Percentage Change*d: 15.9** Rank*c: 7 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a work disability fall into one of the following categories, each of which is related to a question on the CPS: (1) they have a work limitation, (2) they did not work in the previous year because they were ill or disabled and unable to work, (3) they retired or left a job for health reasons, (4) they received veterans' benefits due to a service-contracted disability in the previous year, (5) they received workers' compensation benefits or other benefits in the previous year as a result of job-related injury or illness, (6) they received Supplemental Security Income benefits and were less than 65 years old in the previous year, and/or (7) they received Medicare and were less than 65 years in the previous year. b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. c. Looking at the percentages, some states appear to be tied and thus should have the same rank. However, the rankings are based on three decimal places. There were no ties. d. The percentage change is the difference between the two averages divided by the average of the two averages multiplied by 100. Asterisks (*) note locations where the absolute change in the percentage with disabilities from period to period is statistically different from zero, assuming a 90 percent confidence level. Table 5. Estimated Percentages of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 with a Work Disability for the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia Averaged over Various Periods , Percentage Changes for these Periods, and Corresponding State Rankingsa Period Survey Years 1981-1999 Location West Virginia Average: 15.5 Rank*c: 1 Location Arkansas Average: 14.5 Rank*c: 2 Location Tennessee Average: 14.0 Rank*c: 3 Location Mississippi Average: 13.9 Rank*c: 4 Location Kentucky Average: 13.9 Rank*c: 5 Location Louisiana Average: 13.1 Rank*c: 6 Location Maine Average: 12.8 Rank*c: 7 Location Alabama Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 8 Location Rhode Island Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 9 Location Michigan Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 10 Location Oregon Average: 11.9 Rank*c: 11 Location Georgia Average: 11.9 Rank*c: 12 Location District of Columbia Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 13 Location Montana Average: 11.7 Rank*c: 14 Location New Mexico Average: 11.7 Rank*c: 15 Location South Carolina Average: 11.6 Rank*c: 16 Location Washington Average: 11.3 Rank*c: 17 Location Oklahoma Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 18 Location Idaho Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 19 Location Pennsylvania Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 20 Location North Carolina Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 21 Location Florida Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 22 Location Ohio Average: 10.8 Rank*c: 23 Location Vermont Average: 10.7 Rank*c: 24 Location California Average: 10.7 Rank*c: 25 Location New York Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 26 Location Arizona Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 27 Location Wyoming Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 28 Location Missouri Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 29 Location New Hampshire Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 30 Location Wisconsin Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 31 Location Massachusetts Average: 10.0 Rank*c: 32 Location South Dakota Average: 9.9 Rank*c: 33 Location Virginia Average: 9.8 Rank*c: 34 Location Indiana Average: 9.7 Rank*c: 35 Location Delaware Average: 9.6 Rank*c: 36 Location Texas Average: 9.6 Rank*c: 37 Location Colorado Average: 9.5 Rank*c: 38 Location Nevada Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 39 Location Alaska Average: 9.4 Rank*c: 40 Location Minnesota Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 41 Location Illinois Average: 9.1 Rank*c: 42 Location Hawaii Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 43 Location Maryland Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 44 Location Kansas Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 45 Location Iowa Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 46 Location North Dakota Average: 8.6 Rank*c: 47 Location Utah Average: 8.6 Rank*c: 48 Location Nebraska Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 49 Location New Jersey Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 50 Location Connecticut Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 51 Location United States Average: 10.7 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years 1981-1985 Location Arkansas Average: 15.3 Rank*c: 1 Location West Virginia Average: 15.2 Rank*c: 2 Location Mississippi Average: 14.2 Rank*c: 3 Location Rhode Island Average: 13.6 Rank*c: 4 Location Tennessee Average: 12.9 Rank*c: 5 Location District of Columbia Average: 12.8 Rank*c: 6 Location Louisiana Average: 12.2 Rank*c: 7 Location Oregon Average: 12.2 Rank*c: 8 Location Michigan Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 9 Location New Mexico Average: 11.9 Rank*c: 10 Location Georgia Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 11 Location Kentucky Average: 11.7 Rank*c: 12 Location Maine Average: 11.7 Rank*c: 13 Location Idaho Average: 11.7 Rank*c: 14 Location South Carolina Average: 11.5 Rank*c: 15 Location Florida Average: 11.5 Rank*c: 16 Location Pennsylvania Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 17 Location North Carolina Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 18 Location Washington Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 19 Location Vermont Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 20 Location Arizona Average: 11.0 Rank*c: 21 Location Ohio Average: 10.9 Rank*c: 22 Location California Average: 10.9 Rank*c: 23 Location Alabama Average: 10.9 Rank*c: 24 Location Montana Average: 10.4 Rank*c: 25 Location Missouri Average: 10.3 Rank*c: 26 Location Oklahoma Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 27 Location Delaware Average: 10.1 Rank*c: 28 Location Hawaii Average: 10.1 Rank*c: 29 Location New Hampshire Average: 10.1 Rank*c: 30 Location New York Average: 10.0 Rank*c: 31 Location Indiana Average: 9.8 Rank*c: 32 Location Wisconsin Average: 9.7 Rank*c: 33 Location Massachusetts Average: 9.5 Rank*c: 34 Location Wyoming Average: 9.5 Rank*c: 35 Location Alaska Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 36 Location Virginia Average: 9.3 Rank*c: 37 Location Texas Average: 9.2 Rank*c: 38 Location Minnesota Average: 9.1 Rank*c: 39 Location South Dakota Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 40 Location Nevada Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 41 Location New Jersey Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 42 Location Utah Average: 8.8 Rank*c: 43 Location Maryland Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 44 Location Colorado Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 45 Location Illinois Average: 8.4 Rank*c: 46 Location Nebraska Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 47 Location Iowa Average: 8.0 Rank*c: 48 Location North Dakota Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 49 Location Kansas Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 50 Location Connecticut Average: 7.9 Rank*c: 51 Location United States Average: 10.5 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years 1995-1999 Location West Virginia Average: 17.2 Rank*c: 1 Location Kentucky Average: 15.7 Rank*c: 2 Location Arkansas Average: 15.1 Rank*c: 3 Location Tennessee Average: 14.7 Rank*c: 4 Location Mississippi Average: 14.3 Rank*c: 5 Location Maine Average: 14.1 Rank*c: 6 Location Louisiana Average: 13.6 Rank*c: 7 Location Oklahoma Average: 13.0 Rank*c: 8 Location Montana Average: 12.8 Rank*c: 9 Location Alabama Average: 12.7 Rank*c: 10 Location District of Columbia Average: 12.5 Rank*c: 11 Location Rhode Island Average: 12.2 Rank*c: 12 Location South Carolina Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 13 Location New Mexico Average: 12.1 Rank*c: 14 Location Florida Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 15 Location Georgia Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 16 Location Pennsylvania Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 17 Location New York Average: 11.8 Rank*c: 18 Location Washington Average: 11.6 Rank*c: 19 Location Ohio Average: 11.6 Rank*c: 20 Location Michigan Average: 11.5 Rank*c: 21 Location North Carolina Average: 11.4 Rank*c: 22 Location Idaho Average: 11.4 Rank*c: 23 Location Oregon Average: 11.3 Rank*c: 24 Location Wisconsin Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 25 Location Missouri Average: 11.2 Rank*c: 26 Location Wyoming Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 27 Location Massachusetts Average: 11.1 Rank*c: 28 Location Vermont Average: 11.0 Rank*c: 29 Location New Hampshire Average: 10.9 Rank*c: 30 Location California Average: 10.8 Rank*c: 31 Location Virginia Average: 10.7 Rank*c: 32 Location Alaska Average: 10.7 Rank*c: 33 Location Kansas Average: 10.6 Rank*c: 34 Location Arizona Average: 10.6 Rank*c: 35 Location Indiana Average: 10.5 Rank*c: 36 Location South Dakota Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 37 Location Delaware Average: 10.2 Rank*c: 38 Location Illinois Average: 9.7 Rank*c: 39 Location Texas Average: 9.7 Rank*c: 40 Location Nevada Average: 9.6 Rank*c: 41 Location Nebraska Average: 9.6 Rank*c: 42 Location Colorado Average: 9.5 Rank*c: 43 Location Utah Average: 9.2 Rank*c: 44 Location Iowa Average: 9.0 Rank*c: 45 Location Minnesota Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 46 Location Connecticut Average: 8.9 Rank*c: 47 Location Maryland Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 48 Location New Jersey Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 49 Location North Dakota Average: 8.7 Rank*c: 50 Location Hawaii Average: 8.2 Rank*c: 51 Location United States Average: 11.2 Rank*c: - Period Survey Years 1981-1985 to 1995-1999 Location Kansas Percentage Change*d: 29.9** Rank*c: 1 Location Kentucky Percentage Change*d: 28.6** Rank*c: 2 Location Oklahoma Percentage Change*d: 24.2** Rank*c: 3 Location Montana Percentage Change*d: 20.3** Rank*c: 4 Location Maine Percentage Change*d: 18.6** Rank*c: 5 Location New York Percentage Change*d: 16.3** Rank*c: 6 Location Wyoming Percentage Change*d: 15.9** Rank*c: 7 Location Alabama Percentage Change*d: 15.9** Rank*c: 8 Location Nebraska Percentage Change*d: 15.3 Rank*c: 9 Location Massachusetts Percentage Change*d: 15.2** Rank*c: 10 Location Wisconsin Percentage Change*d: 14.6 Rank*c: 11 Location Virginia Percentage Change*d: 14.5 Rank*c: 12 Location Illinois Percentage Change*d: 14.4** Rank*c: 13 Location Alaska Percentage Change*d: 14.3** Rank*c: 14 Location Tennessee Percentage Change*d: 13.5 Rank*c: 15 Location Connecticut Percentage Change*d: 12.5 Rank*c: 16 Location West Virginia Percentage Change*d: 12.5** Rank*c: 17 Location South Dakota Percentage Change*d: 12.2 Rank*c: 18 Location Iowa Percentage Change*d: 11.4 Rank*c: 19 Location Louisiana Percentage Change*d: 10.3 Rank*c: 20 Location North Dakota Percentage Change*d: 10.0 Rank*c: 21 Location Nevada Percentage Change*d: 9.0 Rank*c: 22 Location Missouri Percentage Change*d: 8.7 Rank*c: 23 Location Colorado Percentage Change*d: 8.5 Rank*c: 24 Location New Hampshire Percentage Change*d: 7.8 Rank*c: 25 Location Indiana Percentage Change*d: 7.2 Rank*c: 26 Location Ohio Percentage Change*d: 5.7 Rank*c: 27 Location South Carolina Percentage Change*d: 5.4 Rank*c: 28 Location Texas Percentage Change*d: 5.1 Rank*c: 29 Location Utah Percentage Change*d: 4.9 Rank*c: 30 Location Pennsylvania Percentage Change*d: 4.9 Rank*c: 31 Location Washington Percentage Change*d: 3.8 Rank*c: 32 Location Florida Percentage Change*d: 3.4 Rank*c: 33 Location North Carolina Percentage Change*d: 1.9 Rank*c: 34 Location New Mexico Percentage Change*d: 1.6 Rank*c: 35 Location Georgia Percentage Change*d: 0.5 Rank*c: 36 Location Mississippi Percentage Change*d: 0.4 Rank*c: 37 Location Delaware Percentage Change*d: 0.2 Rank*c: 38 Location Maryland Percentage Change*d: 0.0 Rank*c: 39 Location New Jersey Percentage Change*d: -0.5 Rank*c: 40 Location Arkansas Percentage Change*d: -1.2 Rank*c: 41 Location Vermont Percentage Change*d: -1.2 Rank*c: 42 Location California Percentage Change*d: -1.4 Rank*c: 43 Location Minnesota Percentage Change*d: -1.8 Rank*c: 44 Location District of Columbia Percentage Change*d: -2.3 Rank*c: 45 Location Idaho Percentage Change*d: -2.5 Rank*c: 46 Location Arizona Percentage Change*d: -3.7 Rank*c: 47 Location Michigan Percentage Change*d: -5.1 Rank*c: 48 Location Oregon Percentage Change*d: -7.9 Rank*c: 49 Location Rhode Island Percentage Change*d: -10.9 Rank*c: 50 Location Hawaii Percentage Change*d: -21.5** Rank*c: 51 Location United States Percentage Change*d: 6.4** Rank*c: - Appendix Table 1. Estimated Population of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 in the United States, and for Each State and the District of Columbia, Survey Years 1981 through 1999 (in thousands)*a Location: United States Survey Year 1981: 101,787 1982: 103,693 1983: 105,496 1984: 107,610 1985*b: 109,659 1986: 112,111 1987: 114,095 1988: 116,021 1989: 118,067 1990: 119,876 1991: 121,582 1992: 123,233 1993: 125,024 1994*b: 126,986 1995: 128,358 1996: 130,278 1997: 132,192 1998: 133,590 1999: 134,769 Location: Alabama Survey Year 1981: 1,676 1982: 1,703 1983: 1,754 1984: 1,803 1985*b: 1,784 1986: 1,899 1987: 1,903 1988: 1,852 1989: 1,881 1990: 1,952 1991: 1,975 1992: 1,998 1993: 1,985 1994*b: 1,981 1995: 2,008 1996: 2,020 1997: 2,065 1998: 2,169 1999: 2,138 Location: Alaska Survey Year 1981: 175 1982: 181 1983: 209 1984: 230 1985*b: 247 1986: 257 1987: 253 1988: 242 1989: 241 1990: 249 1991: 257 1992: 263 1993: 268 1994*b: 302 1995: 311 1996: 316 1997: 330 1998: 330 1999: 315 Location: Arizona Survey Year 1981: 1,193 1982: 1,207 1983: 1,232 1984: 1,274 1985*b: 1,382 1986: 1,507 1987: 1,580 1988: 1,665 1989: 1,643 1990: 1,644 1991: 1,679 1992: 1,743 1993: 1,716 1994*b: 1,893 1995: 1,961 1996: 1,959 1997: 2,164 1998: 2,143 1999: 2,293 Location: Arkansas Survey Year 1981: 972 1982: 969 1983: 926 1984: 959 1985*b: 1,014 1986: 1,030 1987: 1,057 1988: 1,107 1989: 1,116 1990: 1,096 1991: 1,091 1992: 1,107 1993: 1,081 1994*b: 1,138 1995: 1,188 1996: 1,177 1997: 1,197 1998: 1,170 1999: 1,151 Location: California Survey Year 1981: 11,080 1982: 11,551 1983: 11,809 1984: 12,036 1985*b: 12,355 1986: 12,923 1987: 13,273 1988: 13,738 1989: 13,771 1990: 14,303 1991: 14,661 1992: 15,164 1993: 15,522 1994*b: 15,437 1995: 15,737 1996: 15,822 1997: 16,248 1998: 16,386 1999: 16,577 Location: Colorado Survey Year 1981: 1,402 1982: 1,387 1983: 1,489 1984: 1,578 1985*b: 1,544 1986: 1,631 1987: 1,598 1988: 1,622 1989: 1,583 1990: 1,626 1991: 1,630 1992: 1,725 1993: 1,668 1994*b: 1,796 1995: 1,937 1996: 2,008 1997: 1,950 1998: 2,064 1999: 2,149 Location: Connecticut Survey Year 1981: 1,421 1982: 1,492 1983: 1,568 1984: 1,565 1985*b: 1,584 1986: 1,553 1987: 1,550 1988: 1,508 1989: 1,632 1990: 1,628 1991: 1,622 1992: 1,669 1993: 1,679 1994*b: 1,641 1995: 1,546 1996: 1,621 1997: 1,643 1998: 1,656 1999: 1,693 Location: Delaware Survey Year 1981: 264 1982: 277 1983: 279 1984: 279 1985*b: 283 1986: 296 1987: 307 1988: 310 1989: 330 1990: 338 1991: 352 1992: 354 1993: 381 1994*b: 361 1995: 357 1996: 368 1997: 369 1998: 347 1999: 366 Location: DC Survey Year 1981: 304 1982: 316 1983: 313 1984: 303 1985*b: 303 1986: 306 1987: 318 1988: 307 1989: 303 1990: 294 1991: 298 1992: 281 1993: 286 1994*b: 316 1995: 322 1996: 291 1997: 283 1998: 269 1999: 270 Location: Florida Survey Year 1981: 4,385 1982: 4,402 1983: 4,545 1984: 4,734 1985*b: 4,964 1986: 5,165 1987: 5,321 1988: 5,658 1989: 5,876 1990: 6,001 1991: 6,150 1992: 6,265 1993: 6,563 1994*b: 6,603 1995: 6,689 1996: 6,845 1997: 6,954 1998: 7,076 1999: 6,927 Location: Georgia Survey Year 1981: 2,391 1982: 2,428 1983: 2,493 1984: 2,628 1985*b: 2,685 1986: 2,832 1987: 2,997 1988: 2,920 1989: 3,067 1990: 3,048 1991: 3,248 1992: 3,196 1993: 3,265 1994*b: 3,574 1995: 3,699 1996: 3,695 1997: 3,766 1998: 3,804 1999: 3,963 Location: Hawaii Survey Year 1981: 437 1982: 445 1983: 443 1984: 463 1985*b: 484 1986: 505 1987: 493 1988: 507 1989: 500 1990: 536 1991: 548 1992: 557 1993: 571 1994*b: 573 1995: 555 1996: 552 1997: 561 1998: 548 1999: 548 Location: Idaho Survey Year 1981: 386 1982: 408 1983: 412 1984: 427 1985*b: 445 1986: 434 1987: 434 1988: 426 1989: 440 1990: 469 1991: 477 1992: 484 1993: 482 1994*b: 525 1995: 551 1996: 549 1997: 574 1998: 592 1999: 581 Location: Illinois Survey Year 1981: 5,080 1982: 5,161 1983: 5,253 1984: 5,248 1985*b: 5,346 1986: 5,460 1987: 5,493 1988: 5,519 1989: 5,499 1990: 5,658 1991: 5,788 1992: 5,853 1993: 5,898 1994*b: 5,821 1995: 5,788 1996: 5,910 1997: 5,853 1998: 5,896 1999: 5,996 Location: Indiana Survey Year 1981: 2,383 1982: 2,436 1983: 2,441 1984: 2,458 1985*b: 2,554 1986: 2,558 1987: 2,614 1988: 2,612 1989: 2,732 1990: 2,635 1991: 2,633 1992: 2,714 1993: 2,781 1994*b: 2,764 1995: 2,811 1996: 2,785 1997: 2,818 1998: 2,888 1999: 2,953 Location: Iowa Survey Year 1981: 1,267 1982: 1,239 1983: 1,195 1984: 1,272 1985*b: 1,300 1986: 1,242 1987: 1,306 1988: 1,332 1989: 1,331 1990: 1,358 1991: 1,319 1992: 1,319 1993: 1,394 1994*b: 1,324 1995: 1,301 1996: 1,363 1997: 1,408 1998: 1,373 1999: 1,336 Location: Kansas Survey Year 1981: 981 1982: 958 1983: 1,030 1984: 1,062 1985*b: 1,100 1986: 1,056 1987: 1,066 1988: 1,136 1989: 1,131 1990: 1,160 1991: 1,159 1992: 1,205 1993: 1,220 1994*b: 1,180 1995: 1,149 1996: 1,173 1997: 1,166 1998: 1,187 1999: 1,223 Location: Kentucky Survey Year 1981: 1,588 1982: 1,661 1983: 1,696 1984: 1,753 1985*b: 1,706 1986: 1,687 1987: 1,700 1988: 1,803 1989: 1,652 1990: 1,739 1991: 1,800 1992: 1,746 1993: 1,823 1994*b: 1,832 1995: 1,880 1996: 1,944 1997: 1,909 1998: 1,945 1999: 1,951 Location: Louisiana Survey Year 1981: 1,809 1982: 1,865 1983: 1,916 1984: 1,971 1985*b: 1,867 1986: 1,953 1987: 1,995 1988: 2,003 1989: 2,072 1990: 1,998 1991: 1,936 1992: 1,963 1993: 2,020 1994*b: 2,032 1995: 2,059 1996: 2,105 1997: 2,050 1998: 2,143 1999: 2,055 Location: Maine Survey Year 1981: 487 1982: 513 1983: 528 1984: 550 1985*b: 554 1986: 529 1987: 546 1988: 558 1989: 582 1990: 612 1991: 622 1992: 629 1993: 645 1994*b: 612 1995: 616 1996: 642 1997: 635 1998: 654 1999: 664 Location: Maryland Survey Year 1981: 2,006 1982: 2,057 1983: 2,002 1984: 2,051 1985*b: 2,130 1986: 2,170 1987: 2,257 1988: 2,284 1989: 2,371 1990: 2,387 1991: 2,493 1992: 2,541 1993: 2,584 1994*b: 2,558 1995: 2,604 1996: 2,599 1997: 2,587 1998: 2,678 1999: 2,681 Location: Massachusetts Survey Year 1981: 2,608 1982: 2,689 1983: 2,636 1984: 2,730 1985*b: 2,730 1986: 2,797 1987: 2,812 1988: 2,879 1989: 2,940 1990: 2,921 1991: 2,987 1992: 2,999 1993: 3,037 1994*b: 3,064 1995: 3,089 1996: 3,230 1997: 3,179 1998: 3,122 1999: 3,117 Location: Michigan Survey Year 1981: 4,111 1982: 4,153 1983: 4,148 1984: 4,234 1985*b: 4,263 1986: 4,264 1987: 4,299 1988: 4,367 1989: 4,439 1990: 4,476 1991: 4,564 1992: 4,567 1993: 4,574 1994*b: 4,684 1995: 4,645 1996: 4,699 1997: 4,708 1998: 4,696 1999: 4,801 Location: Minnesota Survey Year 1981: 1,726 1982: 1,813 1983: 1,872 1984: 2,000 1985*b: 1,947 1986: 1,959 1987: 2,035 1988: 2,100 1989: 2,119 1990: 2,041 1991: 2,148 1992: 2,137 1993: 2,183 1994*b: 2,214 1995: 2,295 1996: 2,276 1997: 2,405 1998: 2,384 1999: 2,339 Location: Mississippi Survey Year 1981: 1,031 1982: 1,000 1983: 1,059 1984: 1,077 1985*b: 1,035 1986: 1,097 1987: 1,141 1988: 1,140 1989: 1,124 1990: 1,179 1991: 1,178 1992: 1,180 1993: 1,178 1994*b: 1,168 1995: 1,210 1996: 1,282 1997: 1,317 1998: 1,316 1999: 1,279 Location: Missouri Survey Year 1981: 2,174 1982: 2,205 1983: 2,210 1984: 2,251 1985*b: 2,297 1986: 2,295 1987: 2,345 1988: 2,398 1989: 2,489 1990: 2,459 1991: 2,572 1992: 2,552 1993: 2,483 1994*b: 2,551 1995: 2,430 1996: 2,605 1997: 2,531 1998: 2,535 1999: 2,762 Location: Montana Survey Year 1981: 361 1982: 367 1983: 365 1984: 376 1985*b: 393 1986: 389 1987: 387 1988: 382 1989: 384 1990: 400 1991: 401 1992: 404 1993: 390 1994*b: 405 1995: 401 1996: 403 1997: 432 1998: 444 1999: 443 Location: Nebraska Survey Year 1981: 665 1982: 693 1983: 684 1984: 673 1985*b: 715 1986: 700 1987: 714 1988: 740 1989: 731 1990: 758 1991: 757 1992: 769 1993: 771 1994*b: 739 1995: 765 1996: 752 1997: 783 1998: 769 1999: 799 Location: Nevada Survey Year 1981: 425 1982: 444 1983: 456 1984: 447 1985*b: 456 1986: 500 1987: 521 1988: 534 1989: 592 1990: 600 1991: 600 1992: 625 1993: 659 1994*b: 759 1995: 792 1996: 798 1997: 851 1998: 878 1999: 942 Location: New Hampshire Survey Year 1981: 427 1982: 443 1983: 443 1984: 463 1985*b: 459 1986: 485 1987: 503 1988: 525 1989: 562 1990: 552 1991: 593 1992: 617 1993: 610 1994*b: 582 1995: 574 1996: 582 1997: 616 1998: 589 1999: 627 Location: New Jersey Survey Year 1981: 3,416 1982: 3,361 1983: 3,402 1984: 3,574 1985*b: 3,646 1986: 3,643 1987: 3,750 1988: 3,783 1989: 3,802 1990: 3,895 1991: 3,895 1992: 3,902 1993: 3,955 1994*b: 4,044 1995: 4,036 1996: 3,987 1997: 4,063 1998: 4,125 1999: 4,136 Location: New Mexico Survey Year 1981: 573 1982: 561 1983: 595 1984: 598 1985*b: 648 1986: 652 1987: 677 1988: 670 1989: 674 1990: 727 1991: 728 1992: 726 1993: 739 1994*b: 770 1995: 787 1996: 816 1997: 838 1998: 845 1999: 829 Location: New York Survey Year 1981: 7,806 1982: 7,966 1983: 8,030 1984: 8,115 1985*b: 8,403 1986: 8,507 1987: 8,558 1988: 8,490 1989: 8,625 1990: 8,754 1991: 8,812 1992: 8,839 1993: 8,812 1994*b: 9,114 1995: 8,978 1996: 9,174 1997: 9,143 1998: 8,885 1999: 9,083 Location: North Carolina Survey Year 1981: 2,784 1982: 2,816 1983: 2,832 1984: 2,820 1985*b: 2,867 1986: 2,960 1987: 3,012 1988: 3,050 1989: 3,175 1990: 3,157 1991: 3,208 1992: 3,286 1993: 3,303 1994*b: 3,366 1995: 3,469 1996: 3,589 1997: 3,651 1998: 3,738 1999: 3,760 Location: North Dakota Survey Year 1981: 272 1982: 275 1983: 284 1984: 296 1985*b: 300 1986: 302 1987: 284 1988: 295 1989: 299 1990: 295 1991: 291 1992: 293 1993: 280 1994*b: 277 1995: 284 1996: 291 1997: 288 1998: 284 1999: 291 Location: Ohio Survey Year 1981: 4,819 1982: 4,984 1983: 5,117 1984: 5,007 1985*b: 5,001 1986: 5,035 1987: 5,119 1988: 5,203 1989: 5,197 1990: 5,147 1991: 5,309 1992: 5,380 1993: 5,458 1994*b: 5,428 1995: 5,330 1996: 5,525 1997: 5,509 1998: 5,575 1999: 5,632 Location: Oklahoma Survey Year 1981: 1,268 1982: 1,320 1983: 1,326 1984: 1,382 1985*b: 1,466 1986: 1,492 1987: 1,484 1988: 1,471 1989: 1,515 1990: 1,544 1991: 1,522 1992: 1,534 1993: 1,502 1994*b: 1,599 1995: 1,572 1996: 1,519 1997: 1,547 1998: 1,603 1999: 1,605 Location: Oregon Survey Year 1981: 1,275 1982: 1,280 1983: 1,265 1984: 1,289 1985*b: 1,316 1986: 1,331 1987: 1,351 1988: 1,286 1989: 1,352 1990: 1,401 1991: 1,398 1992: 1,487 1993: 1,541 1994*b: 1,554 1995: 1,601 1996: 1,589 1997: 1,584 1998: 1,737 1999: 1,764 Location: Pennsylvania Survey Year 1981: 5,435 1982: 5,410 1983: 5,434 1984: 5,452 1985*b: 5,378 1986: 5,516 1987: 5,622 1988: 5,671 1989: 5,932 1990: 5,917 1991: 5,750 1992: 5,815 1993: 5,825 1994*b: 5,783 1995: 5,858 1996: 5,922 1997: 6,010 1998: 6,016 1999: 5,980 Location: Rhode Island Survey Year 1981: 419 1982: 420 1983: 412 1984: 445 1985*b: 435 1986: 455 1987: 480 1988: 492 1989: 478 1990: 463 1991: 472 1992: 502 1993: 486 1994*b: 488 1995: 467 1996: 455 1997: 477 1998: 473 1999: 492 Location: South Carolina Survey Year 1981: 1,386 1982: 1,430 1983: 1,462 1984: 1,473 1985*b: 1,575 1986: 1,522 1987: 1,509 1988: 1,629 1989: 1,675 1990: 1,708 1991: 1,704 1992: 1,788 1993: 1,763 1994*b: 1,790 1995: 1,833 1996: 1,840 1997: 1,851 1998: 1,893 1999: 1,970 Location: South Dakota Survey Year 1981: 275 1982: 285 1983: 290 1984: 294 1985*b: 302 1986: 301 1987: 303 1988: 317 1989: 327 1990: 318 1991: 316 1992: 308 1993: 332 1994*b: 331 1995: 334 1996: 332 1997: 326 1998: 304 1999: 322 Location: Tennessee Survey Year 1981: 2,102 1982: 2,022 1983: 2,077 1984: 2,113 1985*b: 2,179 1986: 2,219 1987: 2,192 1988: 2,374 1989: 2,382 1990: 2,375 1991: 2,364 1992: 2,330 1993: 2,480 1994*b: 2,666 1995: 2,621 1996: 2,732 1997: 2,734 1998: 2,837 1999: 2,804 Location: Texas Survey Year 1981: 6,393 1982: 6,618 1983: 6,799 1984: 7,161 1985*b: 7,314 1986: 7,511 1987: 7,795 1988: 7,634 1989: 7,766 1990: 8,174 1991: 8,258 1992: 8,259 1993: 8,524 1994*b: 8,762 1995: 9,046 1996: 9,199 1997: 9,498 1998: 9,724 1999: 9,846 Location: Utah Survey Year 1981: 575 1982: 584 1983: 604 1984: 602 1985*b: 638 1986: 660 1987: 683 1988: 679 1989: 694 1990: 683 1991: 690 1992: 693 1993: 732 1994*b: 838 1995: 806 1996: 838 1997: 855 1998: 899 1999: 911 Location: Vermont Survey Year 1981: 244 1982: 249 1983: 233 1984: 238 1985*b: 251 1986: 259 1987: 257 1988: 263 1989: 271 1990: 281 1991: 281 1992: 292 1993: 317 1994*b: 308 1995: 307 1996: 312 1997: 304 1998: 299 1999: 320 Location: Virginia Survey Year 1981: 2,462 1982: 2,466 1983: 2,596 1984: 2,581 1985*b: 2,720 1986: 2,743 1987: 2,785 1988: 2,915 1989: 2,957 1990: 3,037 1991: 3,115 1992: 3,184 1993: 3,297 1994*b: 3,232 1995: 3,443 1996: 3,239 1997: 3,383 1998: 3,414 1999: 3,327 Location: Washington Survey Year 1981: 1,903 1982: 1,938 1983: 2,070 1984: 2,010 1985*b: 2,072 1986: 2,204 1987: 2,074 1988: 2,213 1989: 2,366 1990: 2,486 1991: 2,505 1992: 2,505 1993: 2,513 1994*b: 2,606 1995: 2,632 1996: 2,772 1997: 2,957 1998: 3,104 1999: 3,056 Location: West Virginia Survey Year 1981: 852 1982: 859 1983: 878 1984: 889 1985*b: 908 1986: 862 1987: 882 1988: 889 1989: 880 1990: 868 1991: 872 1992: 867 1993: 848 1994*b: 867 1995: 907 1996: 884 1997: 885 1998: 878 1999: 842 Location: Wisconsin Survey Year 1981: 2,102 1982: 2,153 1983: 2,147 1984: 2,136 1985*b: 2,083 1986: 2,229 1987: 2,238 1988: 2,299 1989: 2,349 1990: 2,301 1991: 2,323 1992: 2,397 1993: 2,380 1994*b: 2,504 1995: 2,530 1996: 2,651 1997: 2,704 1998: 2,675 1999: 2,621 Location: Wyoming Survey Year 1981: 213 1982: 233 1983: 238 1984: 240 1985*b: 227 1986: 231 1987: 226 1988: 220 1989: 220 1990: 226 1991: 227 1992: 223 1993: 222 1994*b: 228 1995: 246 1996: 241 1997: 234 1998: 233 1999: 241 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. These estimated populations are the denominators of the estimated percentages in Tables 1, 2, and 4. b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 2. Estimated Coefficient of Variation for Each of the Estimated Percentages of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 with a Work Limitation in Table 2a Location: United States Survey Year 1981: 1.5 1982: 1.6 1983: 1.7 1984: 1.6 1985*b: 1.6 1986: 1.6 1987: 1.6 1988: 1.6 1989: 1.7 1990: 1.6 1991: 1.6 1992: 1.6 1993: 1.5 1994*b: 1.5 1995: 1.5 1996: 1.6 1997: 1.6 1998: 1.6 1999: 1.6 Location: Alabama Survey Year 1981: 11.4 1982: 11.5 1983: 12.6 1984: 11.4 1985*b: 15.7 1986: 13.7 1987: 13.9 1988: 14.8 1989: 13.4 1990: 11.5 1991: 11.2 1992: 11.0 1993: 12.6 1994*b: 9.8 1995: 11.6 1996: 11.1 1997: 10.9 1998: 10.7 1999: 11.4 Location: Alaska Survey Year 1981: 3.2 1982: 5.0 1983: 4.7 1984: 4.8 1985*b: 6.5 1986: 6.5 1987: 5.1 1988: 6.1 1989: 5.7 1990: 15.6 1991: 15.1 1992: 13.3 1993: 14.8 1994*b: 11.7 1995: 11.8 1996: 14.3 1997: 13.2 1998: 12.1 1999: 13.9 Location: Arizona Survey Year 1981: 13.6 1982: 13.0 1983: 12.1 1984: 12.5 1985*b: 16.6 1986: 14.3 1987: 13.4 1988: 15.2 1989: 15.2 1990: 13.9 1991: 15.5 1992: 14.7 1993: 12.5 1994*b: 12.2 1995: 13.0 1996: 13.5 1997: 11.1 1998: 13.1 1999: 14.3 Location: Arkansas Survey Year 1981: 9.6 1982: 9.2 1983: 9.5 1984: 9.9 1985*b: 9.4 1986: 8.9 1987: 8.8 1988: 9.2 1989: 8.9 1990: 12.6 1991: 12.0 1992: 11.3 1993: 11.2 1994*b: 10.3 1995: 11.7 1996: 9.8 1997: 10.2 1998: 10.2 1999: 10.9 Location: California Survey Year 1981: 5.1 1982: 5.3 1983: 5.6 1984: 5.8 1985*b: 6.3 1986: 6.1 1987: 6.1 1988: 6.2 1989: 9.6 1990: 5.4 1991: 5.3 1992: 5.4 1993: 4.8 1994*b: 5.0 1995: 4.9 1996: 5.4 1997: 5.4 1998: 5.4 1999: 5.4 Location: Colorado Survey Year 1981: 13.3 1982: 14.6 1983: 12.9 1984: 13.3 1985*b: 15.9 1986: 19.7 1987: 14.4 1988: 15.1 1989: 14.4 1990: 13.9 1991: 15.7 1992: 12.7 1993: 13.1 1994*b: 15.9 1995: 14.2 1996: 12.7 1997: 14.1 1998: 13.7 1999: 12.5 Location: Connecticut Survey Year 1981: 14.9 1982: 17.7 1983: 16.2 1984: 16.5 1985*b: 15.1 1986: 16.3 1987: 19.3 1988: 16.6 1989: 17.4 1990: 22.3 1991: 19.4 1992: 16.8 1993: 16.5 1994*b: 15.2 1995: 19.4 1996: 19.4 1997: 17.2 1998: 14.4 1999: 13.2 Location: Delaware Survey Year 1981: 9.7 1982: 6.1 1983: 7.4 1984: 8.5 1985*b: 7.0 1986: 7.3 1987: 7.4 1988: 8.1 1989: 6.3 1990: 15.1 1991: 17.1 1992: 15.6 1993: 14.0 1994*b: 15.2 1995: 13.7 1996: 14.8 1997: 15.7 1998: 17.0 1999: 17.5 Location: District of Columbia Survey Year 1981: 11.9 1982: 7.2 1983: 7.0 1984: 6.5 1985*b: 5.8 1986: 6.6 1987: 6.5 1988: 6.4 1989: 6.2 1990: 15.0 1991: 12.7 1992: 15.5 1993: 15.2 1994*b: 14.2 1995: 13.7 1996: 12.0 1997: 12.1 1998: 15.8 1999: 13.8 Location: Florida Survey Year 1981: 8.0 1982: 9.2 1983: 8.8 1984: 8.8 1985*b: 6.1 1986: 6.2 1987: 6.3 1988: 6.1 1989: 5.6 1990: 6.9 1991: 6.9 1992: 6.2 1993: 6.6 1994*b: 6.1 1995: 5.7 1996: 6.6 1997: 6.4 1998: 6.7 1999: 6.7 Location: Georgia Survey Year 1981: 8.9 1982: 12.4 1983: 12.5 1984: 12.4 1985*b: 15.2 1986: 14.5 1987: 14.6 1988: 15.5 1989: 13.9 1990: 12.1 1991: 12.6 1992: 11.7 1993: 11.6 1994*b: 11.3 1995: 10.6 1996: 10.0 1997: 11.1 1998: 11.4 1999: 10.3 Location: Hawaii Survey Year 1981: 10.1 1982: 8.4 1983: 8.7 1984: 8.3 1985*b: 8.5 1986: 8.9 1987: 8.2 1988: 11.0 1989: 10.5 1990: 15.9 1991: 18.3 1992: 15.4 1993: 14.2 1994*b: 14.5 1995: 14.9 1996: 20.0 1997: 17.2 1998: 16.5 1999: 19.9 Location: Idaho Survey Year 1981: 7.9 1982: 8.4 1983: 7.7 1984: 7.2 1985*b: 6.5 1986: 6.3 1987: 6.9 1988: 6.7 1989: 6.8 1990: 12.3 1991: 12.5 1992: 11.9 1993: 13.2 1994*b: 14.6 1995: 11.3 1996: 11.6 1997: 12.7 1998: 11.4 1999: 14.6 Location: Illinois Survey Year 1981: 8.0 1982: 9.8 1983: 10.3 1984: 9.7 1985*b: 7.8 1986: 8.3 1987: 7.9 1988: 7.8 1989: 7.4 1990: 7.5 1991: 7.4 1992: 8.0 1993: 6.9 1994*b: 6.8 1995: 7.0 1996: 8.2 1997: 7.9 1998: 8.0 1999: 8.1 Location: Indiana Survey Year 1981: 12.0 1982: 11.4 1983: 11.8 1984: 11.9 1985*b: 14.6 1986: 13.7 1987: 12.5 1988: 13.7 1989: 19.1 1990: 16.3 1991: 15.4 1992: 14.4 1993: 15.6 1994*b: 14.7 1995: 12.1 1996: 13.5 1997: 13.5 1998: 13.6 1999: 13.1 Location: Iowa Survey Year 1981: 14.0 1982: 14.3 1983: 16.1 1984: 16.1 1985*b: 13.8 1986: 12.6 1987: 12.0 1988: 13.6 1989: 13.8 1990: 14.1 1991: 14.7 1992: 14.8 1993: 13.2 1994*b: 13.5 1995: 13.3 1996: 15.2 1997: 15.0 1998: 15.2 1999: 16.1 Location: Kansas Survey Year 1981: 13.1 1982: 16.8 1983: 16.3 1984: 15.5 1985*b: 14.8 1986: 12.9 1987: 13.7 1988: 14.0 1989: 13.2 1990: 14.5 1991: 16.1 1992: 16.0 1993: 14.7 1994*b: 13.0 1995: 14.0 1996: 13.5 1997: 13.8 1998: 13.4 1999: 14.1 Location: Kentucky Survey Year 1981: 13.0 1982: 13.2 1983: 14.4 1984: 14.7 1985*b: 14.6 1986: 13.6 1987: 13.1 1988: 12.7 1989: 11.8 1990: 11.7 1991: 9.6 1992: 10.1 1993: 10.1 1994*b: 9.8 1995: 9.1 1996: 9.3 1997: 11.0 1998: 10.4 1999: 10.1 Location: Louisiana Survey Year 1981: 11.0 1982: 9.9 1983: 10.7 1984: 11.2 1985*b: 16.2 1986: 14.2 1987: 14.4 1988: 14.4 1989: 12.8 1990: 11.7 1991: 13.0 1992: 13.9 1993: 12.3 1994*b: 9.7 1995: 11.9 1996: 10.4 1997: 10.9 1998: 12.1 1999: 11.2 Location: Maine Survey Year 1981: 10.2 1982: 8.7 1983: 8.5 1984: 7.9 1985*b: 7.9 1986: 7.4 1987: 7.4 1988: 7.1 1989: 6.7 1990: 13.2 1991: 13.9 1992: 12.3 1993: 10.6 1994*b: 11.5 1995: 9.9 1996: 12.8 1997: 12.7 1998: 11.3 1999: 12.2 Location: Maryland Survey Year 1981: 15.2 1982: 14.0 1983: 13.7 1984: 14.1 1985*b: 13.2 1986: 14.6 1987: 14.9 1988: 15.9 1989: 16.5 1990: 16.0 1991: 15.7 1992: 15.1 1993: 16.2 1994*b: 11.9 1995: 14.2 1996: 14.8 1997: 15.5 1998: 16.5 1999: 15.6 Location: Massachusetts Survey Year 1981: 9.0 1982: 9.8 1983: 11.0 1984: 10.2 1985*b: 5.8 1986: 5.4 1987: 6.3 1988: 5.8 1989: 5.1 1990: 7.3 1991: 6.8 1992: 7.2 1993: 7.4 1994*b: 7.2 1995: 6.7 1996: 8.6 1997: 9.1 1998: 8.8 1999: 10.2 Location: Michigan Survey Year 1981: 8.0 1982: 8.7 1983: 8.8 1984: 8.0 1985*b: 5.4 1986: 5.6 1987: 5.7 1988: 6.1 1989: 5.3 1990: 6.2 1991: 6.4 1992: 6.4 1993: 6.4 1994*b: 6.2 1995: 6.3 1996: 7.9 1997: 7.7 1998: 7.8 1999: 8.1 Location: Minnesota Survey Year 1981: 14.5 1982: 16.3 1983: 15.1 1984: 14.4 1985*b: 16.6 1986: 16.5 1987: 15.9 1988: 15.8 1989: 16.6 1990: 14.9 1991: 14.3 1992: 12.6 1993: 13.6 1994*b: 12.6 1995: 14.7 1996: 16.4 1997: 13.9 1998: 14.5 1999: 15.1 Location: Mississippi Survey Year 1981: 9.3 1982: 9.7 1983: 9.6 1984: 9.2 1985*b: 9.2 1986: 10.3 1987: 9.8 1988: 9.7 1989: 8.6 1990: 10.9 1991: 9.9 1992: 10.1 1993: 11.3 1994*b: 11.3 1995: 11.4 1996: 11.5 1997: 11.2 1998: 11.3 1999: 12.2 Location: Missouri Survey Year 1981: 11.2 1982: 12.5 1983: 13.0 1984: 12.6 1985*b: 14.2 1986: 14.1 1987: 14.2 1988: 14.3 1989: 16.1 1990: 14.1 1991: 13.0 1992: 14.1 1993: 13.0 1994*b: 13.5 1995: 11.8 1996: 15.1 1997: 12.9 1998: 12.8 1999: 13.2 Location: Montana Survey Year 1981: 7.9 1982: 8.8 1983: 6.8 1984: 6.3 1985*b: 6.5 1986: 5.6 1987: 6.0 1988: 5.6 1989: 5.3 1990: 12.1 1991: 12.4 1992: 11.7 1993: 12.8 1994*b: 12.0 1995: 12.3 1996: 11.6 1997: 11.2 1998: 11.1 1999: 10.9 Location: Nebraska Survey Year 1981: 14.8 1982: 11.8 1983: 12.2 1984: 11.8 1985*b: 10.1 1986: 12.5 1987: 10.6 1988: 10.1 1989: 9.8 1990: 16.4 1991: 14.1 1992: 14.7 1993: 15.9 1994*b: 15.2 1995: 15.2 1996: 15.1 1997: 14.6 1998: 14.4 1999: 15.5 Location: Nevada Survey Year 1981: 7.4 1982: 10.9 1983: 9.9 1984: 10.2 1985*b: 10.8 1986: 10.1 1987: 11.0 1988: 8.6 1989: 8.6 1990: 17.5 1991: 15.4 1992: 13.1 1993: 14.0 1994*b: 11.4 1995: 12.2 1996: 14.8 1997: 15.6 1998: 15.0 1999: 14.4 Location: New Hampshire Survey Year 1981: 14.0 1982: 8.1 1983: 8.8 1984: 9.0 1985*b: 11.0 1986: 12.0 1987: 9.8 1988: 11.6 1989: 9.0 1990: 16.9 1991: 16.1 1992: 15.0 1993: 14.3 1994*b: 14.1 1995: 15.2 1996: 15.1 1997: 12.8 1998: 15.0 1999: 14.8 Location: New Jersey Survey Year 1981: 10.4 1982: 10.0 1983: 10.6 1984: 11.7 1985*b: 6.4 1986: 6.5 1987: 6.2 1988: 6.8 1989: 6.7 1990: 9.1 1991: 9.3 1992: 8.9 1993: 8.4 1994*b: 7.6 1995: 7.6 1996: 10.1 1997: 9.1 1998: 9.8 1999: 9.9 Location: New Mexico Survey Year 1981: 8.1 1982: 7.3 1983: 8.6 1984: 8.3 1985*b: 8.3 1986: 9.0 1987: 7.7 1988: 8.2 1989: 7.5 1990: 12.2 1991: 12.2 1992: 12.8 1993: 11.0 1994*b: 10.1 1995: 11.4 1996: 11.4 1997: 11.2 1998: 12.1 1999: 12.8 Location: New York Survey Year 1981: 6.4 1982: 6.6 1983: 7.2 1984: 6.6 1985*b: 4.9 1986: 5.1 1987: 5.5 1988: 5.4 1989: 7.4 1990: 5.7 1991: 5.4 1992: 5.6 1993: 5.3 1994*b: 5.0 1995: 5.0 1996: 5.8 1997: 5.7 1998: 5.8 1999: 5.4 Location: North Carolina Survey Year 1981: 10.3 1982: 10.7 1983: 11.4 1984: 12.2 1985*b: 4.8 1986: 4.7 1987: 5.1 1988: 5.0 1989: 4.6 1990: 6.6 1991: 6.8 1992: 6.6 1993: 6.5 1994*b: 5.9 1995: 5.9 1996: 8.9 1997: 9.5 1998: 8.7 1999: 8.8 Location: North Dakota Survey Year 1981: 7.2 1982: 7.6 1983: 8.6 1984: 7.7 1985*b: 6.3 1986: 6.2 1987: 6.5 1988: 6.0 1989: 5.6 1990: 12.7 1991: 13.0 1992: 14.0 1993: 16.4 1994*b: 15.4 1995: 15.2 1996: 17.8 1997: 15.8 1998: 15.6 1999: 15.4 Location: Ohio Survey Year 1981: 7.0 1982: 8.2 1983: 8.5 1984: 8.0 1985*b: 6.2 1986: 6.7 1987: 6.7 1988: 6.8 1989: 5.9 1990: 6.9 1991: 6.8 1992: 6.6 1993: 6.9 1994*b: 6.4 1995: 6.6 1996: 7.3 1997: 7.7 1998: 8.0 1999: 7.2 Location: Oklahoma Survey Year 1981: 14.8 1982: 12.0 1983: 12.0 1984: 12.2 1985*b: 14.4 1986: 12.8 1987: 13.3 1988: 15.5 1989: 10.7 1990: 12.3 1991: 12.1 1992: 11.4 1993: 13.2 1994*b: 10.9 1995: 11.7 1996: 11.5 1997: 11.7 1998: 10.6 1999: 10.5 Location: Oregon Survey Year 1981: 13.6 1982: 12.0 1983: 12.8 1984: 12.0 1985*b: 14.4 1986: 14.3 1987: 14.0 1988: 13.0 1989: 11.5 1990: 14.5 1991: 13.0 1992: 11.9 1993: 12.7 1994*b: 14.2 1995: 13.5 1996: 12.7 1997: 12.7 1998: 13.2 1999: 13.5 Location: Pennsylvania Survey Year 1981: 6.4 1982: 7.9 1983: 8.7 1984: 7.6 1985*b: 6.4 1986: 6.5 1987: 6.4 1988: 7.0 1989: 6.3 1990: 7.3 1991: 7.0 1992: 6.4 1993: 6.4 1994*b: 6.7 1995: 6.2 1996: 6.9 1997: 6.7 1998: 7.1 1999: 7.2 Location: Rhode Island Survey Year 1981: 11.2 1982: 8.5 1983: 8.4 1984: 8.1 1985*b: 8.9 1986: 8.6 1987: 9.5 1988: 8.8 1989: 7.9 1990: 17.1 1991: 15.1 1992: 14.3 1993: 13.7 1994*b: 14.8 1995: 14.4 1996: 12.7 1997: 13.8 1998: 13.8 1999: 14.8 Location: South Carolina Survey Year 1981: 13.3 1982: 13.5 1983: 12.8 1984: 12.5 1985*b: 10.7 1986: 10.6 1987: 10.3 1988: 11.5 1989: 10.7 1990: 10.3 1991: 10.9 1992: 10.0 1993: 10.4 1994*b: 10.7 1995: 9.4 1996: 12.4 1997: 13.8 1998: 13.1 1999: 11.9 Location: South Dakota Survey Year 1981: 9.0 1982: 7.4 1983: 6.4 1984: 7.7 1985*b: 6.0 1986: 5.1 1987: 6.1 1988: 5.9 1989: 5.1 1990: 12.8 1991: 12.5 1992: 12.7 1993: 10.9 1994*b: 11.9 1995: 12.6 1996: 14.0 1997: 14.2 1998: 14.2 1999: 14.3 Location: Tennessee Survey Year 1981: 12.1 1982: 13.4 1983: 11.2 1984: 12.1 1985*b: 13.4 1986: 11.8 1987: 12.2 1988: 13.6 1989: 11.7 1990: 10.9 1991: 11.8 1992: 10.7 1993: 9.1 1994*b: 8.8 1995: 9.5 1996: 11.1 1997: 9.4 1998: 10.5 1999: 12.3 Location: Texas Survey Year 1981: 7.1 1982: 9.9 1983: 9.7 1984: 8.8 1985*b: 9.1 1986: 9.1 1987: 8.3 1988: 8.5 1989: 7.9 1990: 6.8 1991: 7.2 1992: 6.9 1993: 7.2 1994*b: 6.6 1995: 6.7 1996: 7.1 1997: 7.6 1998: 6.7 1999: 6.9 Location: Utah Survey Year 1981: 9.5 1982: 11.0 1983: 10.3 1984: 11.5 1985*b: 11.6 1986: 11.3 1987: 12.6 1988: 13.9 1989: 10.9 1990: 15.1 1991: 18.0 1992: 17.1 1993: 17.5 1994*b: 13.5 1995: 14.2 1996: 14.8 1997: 16.0 1998: 14.1 1999: 15.2 Location: Vermont Survey Year 1981: 6.9 1982: 6.4 1983: 6.7 1984: 6.6 1985*b: 7.1 1986: 7.0 1987: 6.6 1988: 6.7 1989: 6.5 1990: 16.6 1991: 14.2 1992: 12.5 1993: 12.2 1994*b: 12.5 1995: 13.6 1996: 15.1 1997: 13.9 1998: 13.1 1999: 14.6 Location: Virginia Survey Year 1981: 12.1 1982: 18.2 1983: 17.0 1984: 20.3 1985*b: 15.3 1986: 15.0 1987: 15.4 1988: 14.6 1989: 13.9 1990: 12.0 1991: 11.9 1992: 11.7 1993: 12.6 1994*b: 13.0 1995: 11.1 1996: 11.5 1997: 11.5 1998: 12.0 1999: 13.3 Location: Washington Survey Year 1981: 10.2 1982: 15.0 1983: 14.9 1984: 16.0 1985*b: 17.0 1986: 14.7 1987: 15.1 1988: 17.1 1989: 17.2 1990: 12.8 1991: 11.0 1992: 12.3 1993: 14.6 1994*b: 12.2 1995: 10.8 1996: 12.9 1997: 12.5 1998: 14.4 1999: 12.9 Location: West Virginia Survey Year 1981: 10.3 1982: 7.6 1983: 7.4 1984: 7.5 1985*b: 8.2 1986: 9.2 1987: 9.0 1988: 8.4 1989: 7.7 1990: 10.6 1991: 11.6 1992: 11.1 1993: 9.9 1994*b: 9.4 1995: 9.0 1996: 9.0 1997: 7.9 1998: 9.2 1999: 9.8 Location: Wisconsin Survey Year 1981: 13.2 1982: 17.2 1983: 18.3 1984: 17.8 1985*b: 15.6 1986: 18.2 1987: 17.5 1988: 17.7 1989: 14.7 1990: 12.9 1991: 13.7 1992: 14.0 1993: 12.2 1994*b: 11.7 1995: 13.0 1996: 14.0 1997: 12.6 1998: 11.9 1999: 12.6 Location: Wyoming Survey Year 1981: 6.4 1982: 7.3 1983: 6.8 1984: 7.2 1985*b: 7.4 1986: 6.3 1987: 6.5 1988: 6.5 1989: 6.0 1990: 15.2 1991: 17.4 1992: 14.8 1993: 16.2 1994*b: 15.4 1995: 15.6 1996: 12.7 1997: 12.4 1998: 13.8 1999: 13.2 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a work limitation are defined as those who report having (or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 3. Estimated Coefficient of Variation for Each of the Estimated Percentages of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 with a Work Disability in Table 4*a Location: United States Survey Year 1981: 1.3 1982: 1.4 1983: 1.4 1984: 1.4 1985*b: 1.4 1986: 1.3 1987: 1.3 1988: 1.3 1989: 1.4 1990: 1.3 1991: 1.3 1992: 1.3 1993: 1.3 1994*b: 1.2 1995: 1.2 1996: 1.3 1997: 1.3 1998: 1.3 1999: 1.4 Location: Alabama Survey Year 1981: 10.1 1982: 9.9 1983: 11.2 1984: 10.1 1985*b: 13.3 1986: 12.2 1987: 12.4 1988: 12.6 1989: 11.0 1990: 9.8 1991: 9.2 1992: 10.0 1993: 10.8 1994*b: 8.3 1995: 10.0 1996: 9.5 1997: 10.2 1998: 9.4 1999: 10.6 Location: Alaska Survey Year 1981: 2.5 1982: 3.7 1983: 3.7 1984: 3.7 1985*b: 4.8 1986: 5.1 1987: 4.4 1988: 5.0 1989: 4.5 1990: 12.8 1991: 11.8 1992: 10.5 1993: 11.1 1994*b: 9.5 1995: 9.7 1996: 11.1 1997: 11.0 1998: 9.6 1999: 11.0 Location: Arizona Survey Year 1981: 11.5 1982: 10.6 1983: 10.8 1984: 11.4 1985*b: 13.9 1986: 12.1 1987: 12.4 1988: 12.5 1989: 13.3 1990: 11.8 1991: 12.8 1992: 12.3 1993: 10.8 1994*b: 10.4 1995: 11.1 1996: 11.1 1997: 9.8 1998: 10.1 1999: 11.2 Location: Arkansas Survey Year 1981: 8.6 1982: 8.1 1983: 8.3 1984: 8.3 1985*b: 8.4 1986: 8.1 1987: 7.7 1988: 8.0 1989: 8.0 1990: 11.0 1991: 10.3 1992: 9.7 1993: 9.7 1994*b: 8.7 1995: 10.2 1996: 8.6 1997: 8.7 1998: 8.5 1999: 10.0 Location: California Survey Year 1981: 4.0 1982: 4.3 1983: 4.6 1984: 4.7 1985*b: 5.3 1986: 5.0 1987: 5.2 1988: 5.1 1989: 7.8 1990: 4.3 1991: 4.2 1992: 4.3 1993: 4.0 1994*b: 3.9 1995: 4.0 1996: 4.4 1997: 4.4 1998: 4.4 1999: 4.4 Location: Colorado Survey Year 1981: 10.1 1982: 12.2 1983: 11.2 1984: 10.9 1985*b: 13.5 1986: 15.7 1987: 12.4 1988: 13.4 1989: 12.0 1990: 11.2 1991: 12.6 1992: 10.4 1993: 10.9 1994*b: 12.5 1995: 12.0 1996: 10.8 1997: 12.0 1998: 11.3 1999: 11.1 Location: Connecticut Survey Year 1981: 12.8 1982: 14.4 1983: 13.8 1984: 13.8 1985*b: 12.5 1986: 13.9 1987: 14.5 1988: 14.1 1989: 14.6 1990: 17.3 1991: 14.0 1992: 14.2 1993: 13.2 1994*b: 13.3 1995: 16.3 1996: 15.2 1997: 13.3 1998: 13.2 1999: 11.6 Location: Delaware Survey Year 1981: 8.4 1982: 5.5 1983: 6.1 1984: 7.0 1985*b: 6.0 1986: 5.9 1987: 5.8 1988: 7.3 1989: 5.3 1990: 11.9 1991: 13.6 1992: 13.5 1993: 12.2 1994*b: 12.4 1995: 11.5 1996: 12.4 1997: 12.3 1998: 13.5 1999: 13.0 Location: District of Columbia Survey Year 1981: 10.0 1982: 5.9 1983: 6.3 1984: 5.4 1985*b: 4.8 1986: 5.0 1987: 5.9 1988: 5.5 1989: 5.0 1990: 13.6 1991: 11.4 1992: 14.0 1993: 12.7 1994*b: 11.8 1995: 11.7 1996: 10.3 1997: 9.7 1998: 12.7 1999: 11.1 Location: Florida Survey Year 1981: 6.7 1982: 7.9 1983: 7.5 1984: 7.7 1985*b: 5.4 1986: 5.2 1987: 5.5 1988: 5.1 1989: 4.7 1990: 5.8 1991: 5.7 1992: 5.3 1993: 5.6 1994*b: 5.2 1995: 4.8 1996: 5.5 1997: 5.5 1998: 5.8 1999: 5.7 Location: Georgia Survey Year 1981: 7.8 1982: 10.8 1983: 10.8 1984: 10.7 1985*b: 13.7 1986: 12.7 1987: 13.1 1988: 13.2 1989: 11.9 1990: 10.9 1991: 10.4 1992: 9.5 1993: 9.9 1994*b: 10.0 1995: 9.2 1996: 8.6 1997: 9.3 1998: 9.9 1999: 8.9 Location: Hawaii Survey Year 1981: 8.1 1982: 7.0 1983: 6.9 1984: 6.5 1985*b: 7.6 1986: 7.7 1987: 6.9 1988: 8.9 1989: 7.4 1990: 12.8 1991: 14.3 1992: 11.5 1993: 12.2 1994*b: 11.6 1995: 12.8 1996: 14.9 1997: 14.2 1998: 13.9 1999: 17.6 Location: Idaho Survey Year 1981: 6.5 1982: 7.5 1983: 6.2 1984: 5.9 1985*b: 5.3 1986: 5.4 1987: 6.0 1988: 5.9 1989: 5.3 1990: 10.7 1991: 10.7 1992: 9.6 1993: 11.9 1994*b: 10.7 1995: 9.8 1996: 9.3 1997: 10.4 1998: 9.7 1999: 11.8 Location: Illinois Survey Year 1981: 6.8 1982: 8.4 1983: 8.6 1984: 8.5 1985*b: 7.0 1986: 6.9 1987: 6.9 1988: 6.6 1989: 6.1 1990: 6.1 1991: 6.4 1992: 6.5 1993: 5.9 1994*b: 6.0 1995: 6.0 1996: 6.7 1997: 6.7 1998: 7.0 1999: 7.0 Location: Indiana Survey Year 1981: 9.5 1982: 9.8 1983: 9.8 1984: 10.2 1985*b: 12.5 1986: 11.8 1987: 11.5 1988: 11.1 1989: 16.5 1990: 13.5 1991: 13.2 1992: 12.0 1993: 12.8 1994*b: 11.3 1995: 10.1 1996: 11.6 1997: 11.0 1998: 12.0 1999: 10.9 Location: Iowa Survey Year 1981: 11.8 1982: 12.5 1983: 14.6 1984: 13.9 1985*b: 11.5 1986: 11.1 1987: 10.6 1988: 11.1 1989: 11.4 1990: 12.1 1991: 11.5 1992: 11.9 1993: 11.6 1994*b: 11.7 1995: 11.7 1996: 12.8 1997: 12.6 1998: 12.1 1999: 13.2 Location: Kansas Survey Year 1981: 11.8 1982: 14.2 1983: 13.2 1984: 12.3 1985*b: 12.4 1986: 10.8 1987: 11.3 1988: 11.5 1989: 10.8 1990: 12.6 1991: 12.7 1992: 13.9 1993: 11.8 1994*b: 11.2 1995: 11.2 1996: 10.8 1997: 11.6 1998: 11.5 1999: 12.4 Location: Kentucky Survey Year 1981: 11.0 1982: 11.0 1983: 12.5 1984: 12.5 1985*b: 12.9 1986: 11.9 1987: 11.8 1988: 11.2 1989: 10.3 1990: 9.6 1991: 8.5 1992: 9.2 1993: 8.8 1994*b: 8.6 1995: 8.2 1996: 8.4 1997: 9.1 1998: 9.1 1999: 9.0 Location: Louisiana Survey Year 1981: 9.6 1982: 8.8 1983: 9.2 1984: 9.1 1985*b: 14.1 1986: 13.1 1987: 12.9 1988: 12.4 1989: 11.0 1990: 9.8 1991: 11.0 1992: 11.6 1993: 10.7 1994*b: 8.7 1995: 9.7 1996: 8.7 1997: 9.1 1998: 10.2 1999: 9.5 Location: Maine Survey Year 1981: 8.5 1982: 6.7 1983: 6.7 1984: 6.5 1985*b: 6.9 1986: 6.5 1987: 6.3 1988: 6.1 1989: 5.7 1990: 10.6 1991: 11.7 1992: 10.1 1993: 9.2 1994*b: 9.8 1995: 8.4 1996: 11.2 1997: 10.7 1998: 9.3 1999: 10.5 Location: Maryland Survey Year 1981: 13.0 1982: 11.8 1983: 11.7 1984: 11.7 1985*b: 11.7 1986: 12.2 1987: 12.1 1988: 12.9 1989: 14.0 1990: 14.0 1991: 12.5 1992: 13.2 1993: 13.3 1994*b: 10.0 1995: 12.3 1996: 12.4 1997: 12.7 1998: 13.5 1999: 12.7 Location: Massachusetts Survey Year 1981: 7.2 1982: 7.8 1983: 8.6 1984: 8.0 1985*b: 4.8 1986: 4.4 1987: 5.1 1988: 4.8 1989: 4.1 1990: 6.2 1991: 5.6 1992: 5.9 1993: 6.2 1994*b: 6.1 1995: 5.6 1996: 7.4 1997: 7.5 1998: 7.9 1999: 8.7 Location: Michigan Survey Year 1981: 6.7 1982: 7.4 1983: 7.5 1984: 7.0 1985*b: 4.8 1986: 4.9 1987: 4.9 1988: 5.0 1989: 4.5 1990: 5.2 1991: 5.2 1992: 5.3 1993: 5.6 1994*b: 5.2 1995: 5.2 1996: 6.7 1997: 6.7 1998: 6.7 1999: 6.9 Location: Minnesota Survey Year 1981: 12.1 1982: 13.6 1983: 12.5 1984: 12.5 1985*b: 15.4 1986: 13.9 1987: 13.9 1988: 14.1 1989: 13.9 1990: 12.8 1991: 12.4 1992: 11.4 1993: 12.5 1994*b: 10.7 1995: 12.2 1996: 13.0 1997: 11.3 1998: 11.5 1999: 12.2 Location: Mississippi Survey Year 1981: 7.8 1982: 8.6 1983: 8.2 1984: 8.1 1985*b: 8.3 1986: 9.4 1987: 8.7 1988: 8.3 1989: 7.2 1990: 9.7 1991: 8.6 1992: 8.6 1993: 9.7 1994*b: 9.6 1995: 8.8 1996: 8.6 1997: 9.6 1998: 9.7 1999: 10.0 Location: Missouri Survey Year 1981: 9.5 1982: 10.5 1983: 10.8 1984: 11.2 1985*b: 12.8 1986: 13.0 1987: 12.8 1988: 11.9 1989: 13.8 1990: 12.2 1991: 11.1 1992: 12.6 1993: 11.0 1994*b: 11.3 1995: 10.2 1996: 12.5 1997: 10.5 1998: 11.1 1999: 11.9 Location: Montana Survey Year 1981: 6.7 1982: 6.7 1983: 5.7 1984: 5.4 1985*b: 5.6 1986: 4.8 1987: 5.3 1988: 4.9 1989: 4.7 1990: 10.2 1991: 10.9 1992: 10.0 1993: 10.0 1994*b: 10.0 1995: 9.9 1996: 9.6 1997: 9.9 1998: 10.0 1999: 9.3 Location: Nebraska Survey Year 1981: 12.6 1982: 10.3 1983: 10.5 1984: 10.1 1985*b: 8.4 1986: 10.0 1987: 9.2 1988: 9.1 1989: 7.6 1990: 12.4 1991: 11.2 1992: 12.3 1993: 12.8 1994*b: 12.1 1995: 11.4 1996: 13.7 1997: 11.7 1998: 11.9 1999: 12.0 Location: Nevada Survey Year 1981: 6.3 1982: 7.9 1983: 8.0 1984: 8.3 1985*b: 9.1 1986: 8.6 1987: 8.7 1988: 7.0 1989: 7.2 1990: 12.6 1991: 12.3 1992: 11.1 1993: 11.1 1994*b: 9.6 1995: 10.2 1996: 12.1 1997: 13.0 1998: 11.4 1999: 11.4 Location: New Hampshire Survey Year 1981: 10.9 1982: 6.8 1983: 7.0 1984: 7.9 1985*b: 8.7 1986: 9.2 1987: 8.3 1988: 8.5 1989: 7.1 1990: 12.9 1991: 12.0 1992: 11.7 1993: 11.7 1994*b: 12.4 1995: 13.1 1996: 11.8 1997: 11.5 1998: 12.6 1999: 13.0 Location: New Jersey Survey Year 1981: 8.4 1982: 8.4 1983: 8.9 1984: 9.8 1985*b: 5.6 1986: 5.4 1987: 5.2 1988: 5.3 1989: 5.3 1990: 7.2 1991: 7.1 1992: 7.1 1993: 6.6 1994*b: 5.9 1995: 6.4 1996: 8.0 1997: 7.5 1998: 7.9 1999: 8.2 Location: New Mexico Survey Year 1981: 7.0 1982: 6.7 1983: 7.5 1984: 7.5 1985*b: 6.7 1986: 7.5 1987: 6.9 1988: 6.9 1989: 6.4 1990: 10.5 1991: 10.6 1992: 10.9 1993: 9.8 1994*b: 9.0 1995: 9.9 1996: 9.8 1997: 9.8 1998: 10.5 1999: 10.5 Location: New York Survey Year 1981: 5.2 1982: 5.6 1983: 5.9 1984: 5.5 1985*b: 4.1 1986: 4.2 1987: 4.4 1988: 4.3 1989: 6.1 1990: 4.7 1991: 4.3 1992: 4.5 1993: 4.2 1994*b: 4.1 1995: 4.1 1996: 4.8 1997: 4.6 1998: 4.8 1999: 4.5 Location: North Carolina Survey Year 1981: 9.1 1982: 9.5 1983: 10.0 1984: 10.8 1985*b: 4.4 1986: 4.1 1987: 4.3 1988: 4.1 1989: 3.8 1990: 5.6 1991: 5.5 1992: 5.6 1993: 5.4 1994*b: 5.2 1995: 5.0 1996: 7.8 1997: 8.1 1998: 7.6 1999: 7.6 Location: North Dakota Survey Year 1981: 6.2 1982: 6.7 1983: 7.9 1984: 6.5 1985*b: 5.4 1986: 5.2 1987: 5.5 1988: 5.2 1989: 4.6 1990: 11.0 1991: 10.3 1992: 11.5 1993: 12.3 1994*b: 13.3 1995: 13.2 1996: 12.9 1997: 13.2 1998: 12.4 1999: 13.1 Location: Ohio Survey Year 1981: 6.1 1982: 7.1 1983: 7.3 1984: 7.1 1985*b: 5.4 1986: 5.8 1987: 5.7 1988: 5.6 1989: 5.0 1990: 5.9 1991: 5.8 1992: 5.8 1993: 5.8 1994*b: 5.5 1995: 5.4 1996: 6.4 1997: 6.5 1998: 6.7 1999: 6.3 Location: Oklahoma Survey Year 1981: 11.8 1982: 10.7 1983: 10.5 1984: 11.0 1985*b: 13.0 1986: 11.5 1987: 12.3 1988: 13.1 1989: 8.9 1990: 10.7 1991: 10.5 1992: 10.0 1993: 11.7 1994*b: 9.6 1995: 10.1 1996: 9.7 1997: 10.2 1998: 9.0 1999: 8.9 Location: Oregon Survey Year 1981: 11.6 1982: 10.0 1983: 10.5 1984: 9.8 1985*b: 12.5 1986: 12.1 1987: 11.8 1988: 11.0 1989: 9.6 1990: 12.1 1991: 10.8 1992: 10.0 1993: 10.5 1994*b: 11.2 1995: 10.9 1996: 10.5 1997: 11.2 1998: 11.5 1999: 11.0 Location: Pennsylvania Survey Year 1981: 5.5 1982: 6.6 1983: 7.1 1984: 6.6 1985*b: 5.7 1986: 5.8 1987: 5.6 1988: 5.7 1989: 5.0 1990: 5.9 1991: 5.8 1992: 5.4 1993: 5.5 1994*b: 5.6 1995: 5.3 1996: 5.8 1997: 5.8 1998: 6.0 1999: 6.2 Location: Rhode Island Survey Year 1981: 9.7 1982: 6.7 1983: 6.9 1984: 6.3 1985*b: 7.2 1986: 7.4 1987: 7.1 1988: 6.7 1989: 6.7 1990: 13.6 1991: 12.1 1992: 11.8 1993: 11.7 1994*b: 11.7 1995: 11.7 1996: 11.1 1997: 11.1 1998: 11.5 1999: 13.1 Location: South Carolina Survey Year 1981: 10.8 1982: 11.1 1983: 10.1 1984: 10.3 1985*b: 9.0 1986: 9.5 1987: 9.1 1988: 9.5 1989: 9.1 1990: 9.6 1991: 9.8 1992: 9.0 1993: 9.0 1994*b: 9.0 1995: 8.4 1996: 10.6 1997: 11.2 1998: 11.1 1999: 10.9 Location: South Dakota Survey Year 1981: 6.9 1982: 5.7 1983: 5.6 1984: 6.0 1985*b: 5.0 1986: 4.3 1987: 4.8 1988: 4.8 1989: 3.9 1990: 9.9 1991: 10.3 1992: 11.4 1993: 9.2 1994*b: 9.7 1995: 10.8 1996: 11.5 1997: 11.7 1998: 11.2 1999: 12.5 Location: Tennessee Survey Year 1981: 10.3 1982: 11.1 1983: 9.7 1984: 10.3 1985*b: 11.7 1986: 10.7 1987: 11.4 1988: 11.6 1989: 10.2 1990: 9.3 1991: 10.1 1992: 8.9 1993: 8.1 1994*b: 7.6 1995: 8.3 1996: 9.7 1997: 8.2 1998: 9.1 1999: 9.9 Location: Texas Survey Year 1981: 5.9 1982: 8.4 1983: 7.8 1984: 7.6 1985*b: 7.7 1986: 7.8 1987: 7.2 1988: 7.1 1989: 6.7 1990: 5.8 1991: 6.1 1992: 5.6 1993: 5.9 1994*b: 5.6 1995: 5.7 1996: 6.0 1997: 6.3 1998: 5.7 1999: 5.8 Location: Utah Survey Year 1981: 7.8 1982: 9.4 1983: 8.8 1984: 9.2 1985*b: 9.4 1986: 9.9 1987: 9.9 1988: 11.5 1989: 9.4 1990: 12.5 1991: 13.6 1992: 13.5 1993: 13.1 1994*b: 11.1 1995: 11.4 1996: 12.2 1997: 13.2 1998: 11.2 1999: 12.2 Location: Vermont Survey Year 1981: 6.0 1982: 5.2 1983: 5.3 1984: 5.5 1985*b: 5.5 1986: 5.8 1987: 6.0 1988: 5.8 1989: 5.5 1990: 14.6 1991: 12.1 1992: 10.4 1993: 10.7 1994*b: 10.9 1995: 11.1 1996: 11.8 1997: 12.0 1998: 11.5 1999: 12.8 Location: Virginia Survey Year 1981: 10.8 1982: 15.6 1983: 14.6 1984: 16.2 1985*b: 13.0 1986: 12.8 1987: 12.5 1988: 12.3 1989: 11.9 1990: 10.5 1991: 9.7 1992: 10.4 1993: 10.6 1994*b: 10.3 1995: 9.1 1996: 10.3 1997: 9.9 1998: 10.3 1999: 11.6 Location: Washington Survey Year 1981: 9.0 1982: 12.8 1983: 12.5 1984: 13.6 1985*b: 14.1 1986: 13.0 1987: 13.0 1988: 14.0 1989: 13.1 1990: 10.5 1991: 9.4 1992: 9.5 1993: 12.0 1994*b: 10.0 1995: 9.6 1996: 10.6 1997: 10.4 1998: 11.8 1999: 10.4 Location: West Virginia Survey Year 1981: 8.8 1982: 6.8 1983: 6.5 1984: 6.5 1985*b: 7.1 1986: 7.6 1987: 7.6 1988: 7.1 1989: 6.6 1990: 9.1 1991: 9.6 1992: 9.5 1993: 8.6 1994*b: 8.5 1995: 7.9 1996: 8.0 1997: 7.3 1998: 8.1 1999: 8.7 Location: Wisconsin Survey Year 1981: 10.8 1982: 14.2 1983: 15.1 1984: 14.4 1985*b: 13.0 1986: 14.9 1987: 13.3 1988: 13.6 1989: 11.6 1990: 10.7 1991: 10.7 1992: 10.6 1993: 10.0 1994*b: 9.6 1995: 10.6 1996: 11.1 1997: 10.1 1998: 9.4 1999: 9.8 Location: Wyoming Survey Year 1981: 5.2 1982: 5.5 1983: 5.0 1984: 5.7 1985*b: 6.0 1986: 5.7 1987: 5.2 1988: 5.5 1989: 5.0 1990: 12.7 1991: 14.9 1992: 12.6 1993: 13.3 1994*b: 12.8 1995: 12.5 1996: 11.3 1997: 10.6 1998: 11.1 1999: 10.7 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. Persons with a work disability fall into one of the following categories, each of which is related to a question on the CPS: (1) they have a work limitation, (2) they did not work in the previous year because they were ill or disabled and unable to work, (3) they retired or left a job for health reasons, (4) they received veterans' benefits due to a service-contracted disability in the previous year, (5) they received workers' compensation benefits or other benefits in the previous year as a result of job-related injury or illness, (6) they received Supplemental Security Income benefits and were less than 65 years old in the previous year, and/or (7) they received Medicare and were less than 65 years in the previous year. b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 4. Sample Sizes used to Calculate Each of the Estimated Percentages of Non-Institutionalized Civilians Aged 25 through 61 with a Work Limitation or a Work Disability in Tables 1, 2, and 4 Location: United States Survey Year 1981: 80,878 1982: 73,341 1983: 74,062 1984: 73,886 1985*b: 74,659 1986: 73,569 1987: 73,065 1988: 73,872 1989: 68,788 1990: 75,610 1991: 76,030 1992: 75,147 1993: 74,755 1994*b: 72,509 1995: 72,431 1996: 63,269 1997: 64,257 1998: 64,624 1999: 65,141 Location: Alabama Survey Year 1981: 1,232 1982: 1,112 1983: 1,151 1984: 1,126 1985*b: 928 1986: 723 1987: 910 1988: 880 1989: 834 1990: 887 1991: 927 1992: 937 1993: 878 1994*b: 836 1995: 885 1996: 784 1997: 803 1998: 839 1999: 818 Location: Alaska Survey Year 1981: 982 1982: 1,008 1983: 1,137 1984: 1,152 1985*b: 1,220 1986: 1,288 1987: 1,114 1988: 1,016 1989: 1,090 1990: 1,038 1991: 1,078 1992: 1,101 1993: 1,091 1994*b: 978 1995: 894 1996: 750 1997: 786 1998: 752 1999: 783 Location: Arizona Survey Year 1981: 1,270 1982: 1,025 1983: 959 1984: 951 1985*b: 871 1986: 764 1987: 782 1988: 850 1989: 816 1990: 854 1991: 836 1992: 797 1993: 767 1994*b: 803 1995: 947 1996: 950 1997: 1,047 1998: 1,077 1999: 1,123 Location: Arkansas Survey Year 1981: 1,131 1982: 881 1983: 895 1984: 869 1985*b: 881 1986: 792 1987: 865 1988: 943 1989: 940 1990: 906 1991: 935 1992: 916 1993: 885 1994*b: 845 1995: 818 1996: 828 1997: 801 1998: 778 1999: 745 Location: California Survey Year 1981: 7,186 1982: 7,289 1983: 7,300 1984: 7,292 1985*b: 7,198 1986: 6,453 1987: 6,409 1988: 6,531 1989: 3,814 1990: 6,839 1991: 7,102 1992: 7,042 1993: 6,956 1994*b: 6,564 1995: 6,466 1996: 6,183 1997: 6,440 1998: 6,455 1999: 6,438 Location: Colorado Survey Year 1981: 1,323 1982: 1,325 1983: 1,375 1984: 1,365 1985*b: 1,057 1986: 860 1987: 837 1988: 815 1989: 823 1990: 827 1991: 848 1992: 924 1993: 911 1994*b: 885 1995: 930 1996: 937 1997: 1,001 1998: 1,029 1999: 1,064 Location: Connecticut Survey Year 1981: 927 1982: 809 1983: 848 1984: 857 1985*b: 852 1986: 868 1987: 757 1988: 715 1989: 667 1990: 705 1991: 691 1992: 682 1993: 735 1994*b: 696 1995: 622 1996: 631 1997: 631 1998: 693 1999: 708 Location: Delaware Survey Year 1981: 877 1982: 680 1983: 706 1984: 735 1985*b: 750 1986: 678 1987: 668 1988: 700 1989: 713 1990: 726 1991: 685 1992: 651 1993: 654 1994*b: 607 1995: 590 1996: 641 1997: 645 1998: 629 1999: 628 Location: DC Survey Year 1981: 869 1982: 692 1983: 684 1984: 683 1985*b: 716 1986: 708 1987: 730 1988: 717 1989: 670 1990: 720 1991: 676 1992: 622 1993: 618 1994*b: 600 1995: 638 1996: 605 1997: 610 1998: 610 1999: 564 Location: Florida Survey Year 1981: 2,381 1982: 2,359 1983: 2,406 1984: 2,385 1985*b: 2,860 1986: 3,095 1987: 3,298 1988: 3,466 1989: 3,649 1990: 3,684 1991: 3,633 1992: 3,424 1993: 3,408 1994*b: 3,367 1995: 3,184 1996: 3,099 1997: 3,023 1998: 3,068 1999: 3,110 Location: Georgia Survey Year 1981: 1,386 1982: 1,283 1983: 1,374 1984: 1,319 1985*b: 1,068 1986: 871 1987: 876 1988: 886 1989: 878 1990: 840 1991: 854 1992: 782 1993: 799 1994*b: 889 1995: 1,636 1996: 1,044 1997: 1,074 1998: 1,107 1999: 1,063 Location: Hawaii Survey Year 1981: 945 1982: 813 1983: 807 1984: 827 1985*b: 763 1986: 748 1987: 697 1988: 725 1989: 714 1990: 725 1991: 680 1992: 689 1993: 710 1994*b: 661 1995: 630 1996: 649 1997: 635 1998: 552 1999: 575 Location: Idaho Survey Year 1981: 1,001 1982: 780 1983: 838 1984: 898 1985*b: 931 1986: 905 1987: 888 1988: 869 1989: 873 1990: 955 1991: 978 1992: 899 1993: 877 1994*b: 967 1995: 872 1996: 866 1997: 897 1998: 955 1999: 955 Location: Illinois Survey Year 1981: 2,887 1982: 2,786 1983: 2,678 1984: 2,715 1985*b: 2,932 1986: 3,077 1987: 2,959 1988: 2,972 1989: 2,997 1990: 3,107 1991: 3,061 1992: 3,123 1993: 3,110 1994*b: 2,981 1995: 3,082 1996: 2,642 1997: 2,646 1998: 2,693 1999: 2,737 Location: Indiana Survey Year 1981: 1,459 1982: 1,404 1983: 1,364 1984: 1,325 1985*b: 1,170 1986: 1,111 1987: 1,049 1988: 1,043 1989: 866 1990: 834 1991: 805 1992: 796 1993: 843 1994*b: 822 1995: 689 1996: 768 1997: 796 1998: 862 1999: 850 Location: Iowa Survey Year 1981: 1,264 1982: 1,071 1983: 1,045 1984: 1,090 1985*b: 977 1986: 836 1987: 882 1988: 887 1989: 849 1990: 885 1991: 938 1992: 926 1993: 968 1994*b: 861 1995: 756 1996: 775 1997: 785 1998: 796 1999: 744 Location: Kansas Survey Year 1981: 1,049 1982: 797 1983: 808 1984: 863 1985*b: 900 1986: 841 1987: 845 1988: 853 1989: 819 1990: 898 1991: 902 1992: 897 1993: 942 1994*b: 852 1995: 786 1996: 751 1997: 717 1998: 750 1999: 747 Location: Kentucky Survey Year 1981: 1,213 1982: 1,013 1983: 1,047 1984: 1,022 1985*b: 887 1986: 830 1987: 851 1988: 861 1989: 762 1990: 772 1991: 833 1992: 850 1993: 881 1994*b: 839 1995: 799 1996: 791 1997: 812 1998: 802 1999: 834 Location: Louisiana Survey Year 1981: 1,093 1982: 1,064 1983: 1,034 1984: 992 1985*b: 880 1986: 817 1987: 743 1988: 756 1989: 769 1990: 727 1991: 708 1992: 736 1993: 711 1994*b: 693 1995: 800 1996: 781 1997: 816 1998: 824 1999: 841 Location: Maine Survey Year 1981: 1,058 1982: 908 1983: 911 1984: 954 1985*b: 834 1986: 700 1987: 727 1988: 726 1989: 747 1990: 785 1991: 761 1992: 755 1993: 753 1994*b: 729 1995: 628 1996: 660 1997: 654 1998: 681 1999: 705 Location: Maryland Survey Year 1981: 1,274 1982: 1,295 1983: 1,295 1984: 1,314 1985*b: 1,222 1986: 1,109 1987: 1,034 1988: 1,019 1989: 726 1990: 787 1991: 792 1992: 762 1993: 778 1994*b: 693 1995: 730 1996: 736 1997: 728 1998: 764 1999: 721 Location: Massachusetts Survey Year 1981: 1,670 1982: 1,638 1983: 1,683 1984: 1,729 1985*b: 2,329 1986: 2,842 1987: 2,794 1988: 2,875 1989: 2,796 1990: 2,828 1991: 2,890 1992: 2,836 1993: 2,851 1994*b: 2,867 1995: 2,961 1996: 1,501 1997: 1,495 1998: 1,526 1999: 1,548 Location: Michigan Survey Year 1981: 2,495 1982: 2,357 1983: 2,384 1984: 2,304 1985*b: 2,688 1986: 2,965 1987: 2,898 1988: 2,948 1989: 2,899 1990: 3,028 1991: 3,092 1992: 3,105 1993: 3,039 1994*b: 2,982 1995: 3,047 1996: 2,139 1997: 2,157 1998: 2,072 1999: 2,142 Location: Minnesota Survey Year 1981: 1,205 1982: 1,215 1983: 1,276 1984: 1,458 1985*b: 1,131 1986: 892 1987: 827 1988: 825 1989: 785 1990: 735 1991: 771 1992: 776 1993: 833 1994*b: 821 1995: 818 1996: 877 1997: 917 1998: 923 1999: 862 Location: Mississippi Survey Year 1981: 1,173 1982: 933 1983: 941 1984: 929 1985*b: 846 1986: 909 1987: 870 1988: 906 1989: 876 1990: 930 1991: 912 1992: 901 1993: 950 1994*b: 880 1995: 747 1996: 752 1997: 785 1998: 732 1999: 699 Location: Missouri Survey Year 1981: 1,359 1982: 1,306 1983: 1,325 1984: 1,277 1985*b: 1,229 1986: 1,080 1987: 990 1988: 988 1989: 829 1990: 807 1991: 816 1992: 803 1993: 834 1994*b: 777 1995: 645 1996: 734 1997: 737 1998: 706 1999: 727 Location: Montana Survey Year 1981: 1,136 1982: 956 1983: 989 1984: 1,026 1985*b: 932 1986: 974 1987: 960 1988: 953 1989: 942 1990: 990 1991: 1,002 1992: 913 1993: 909 1994*b: 906 1995: 888 1996: 790 1997: 823 1998: 875 1999: 901 Location: Nebraska Survey Year 1981: 1,130 1982: 963 1983: 894 1984: 860 1985*b: 916 1986: 856 1987: 879 1988: 885 1989: 852 1990: 906 1991: 923 1992: 943 1993: 972 1994*b: 899 1995: 865 1996: 768 1997: 798 1998: 800 1999: 835 Location: Nevada Survey Year 1981: 1,465 1982: 887 1983: 818 1984: 800 1985*b: 728 1986: 704 1987: 707 1988: 773 1989: 812 1990: 839 1991: 899 1992: 906 1993: 838 1994*b: 829 1995: 818 1996: 745 1997: 794 1998: 869 1999: 1,010 Location: New Hampshire Survey Year 1981: 912 1982: 714 1983: 721 1984: 698 1985*b: 635 1986: 577 1987: 616 1988: 670 1989: 640 1990: 663 1991: 603 1992: 607 1993: 663 1994*b: 583 1995: 589 1996: 625 1997: 606 1998: 633 1999: 688 Location: New Jersey Survey Year 1981: 2,157 1982: 2,051 1983: 1,981 1984: 1,977 1985*b: 2,578 1986: 3,114 1987: 3,083 1988: 2,959 1989: 2,955 1990: 3,123 1991: 3,235 1992: 3,290 1993: 3,241 1994*b: 3,271 1995: 3,191 1996: 2,011 1997: 2,066 1998: 2,034 1999: 2,085 Location: New Mexico Survey Year 1981: 1,520 1982: 989 1983: 1,096 1984: 1,123 1985*b: 1,152 1986: 1,031 1987: 1,058 1988: 980 1989: 1,042 1990: 1,151 1991: 1,077 1992: 1,043 1993: 966 1994*b: 938 1995: 1,050 1996: 1,078 1997: 1,174 1998: 1,154 1999: 1,183 Location: New York Survey Year 1981: 4,667 1982: 4,550 1983: 4,626 1984: 4,565 1985*b: 5,074 1986: 5,276 1987: 5,186 1988: 5,081 1989: 3,374 1990: 5,610 1991: 5,664 1992: 5,480 1993: 5,312 1994*b: 5,164 1995: 5,079 1996: 4,334 1997: 4,357 1998: 4,210 1999: 4,181 Location: North Carolina Survey Year 1981: 1,428 1982: 1,288 1983: 1,379 1984: 1,388 1985*b: 2,164 1986: 2,827 1987: 2,827 1988: 2,833 1989: 2,910 1990: 3,026 1991: 2,921 1992: 2,928 1993: 2,960 1994*b: 2,791 1995: 2,515 1996: 1,477 1997: 1,641 1998: 1,580 1999: 1,586 Location: North Dakota Survey Year 1981: 1,121 1982: 871 1983: 878 1984: 880 1985*b: 956 1986: 890 1987: 886 1988: 966 1989: 946 1990: 905 1991: 928 1992: 927 1993: 860 1994*b: 886 1995: 792 1996: 712 1997: 700 1998: 721 1999: 724 Location: Ohio Survey Year 1981: 2,847 1982: 2,796 1983: 2,799 1984: 2,733 1985*b: 2,897 1986: 3,036 1987: 3,089 1988: 3,164 1989: 3,108 1990: 3,117 1991: 3,258 1992: 3,240 1993: 3,272 1994*b: 3,142 1995: 2,983 1996: 2,283 1997: 2,236 1998: 2,331 1999: 2,331 Location: Oklahoma Survey Year 1981: 1,158 1982: 1,010 1983: 1,027 1984: 981 1985*b: 978 1986: 971 1987: 839 1988: 850 1989: 831 1990: 854 1991: 873 1992: 894 1993: 899 1994*b: 960 1995: 928 1996: 864 1997: 891 1998: 926 1999: 916 Location: Oregon Survey Year 1981: 1,307 1982: 1,017 1983: 989 1984: 1,031 1985*b: 892 1986: 694 1987: 743 1988: 694 1989: 729 1990: 761 1991: 768 1992: 813 1993: 821 1994*b: 790 1995: 820 1996: 792 1997: 757 1998: 830 1999: 872 Location: Pennsylvania Survey Year 1981: 3,027 1982: 2,928 1983: 2,920 1984: 2,835 1985*b: 2,947 1986: 3,044 1987: 2,893 1988: 2,999 1989: 3,044 1990: 3,098 1991: 3,098 1992: 3,162 1993: 3,068 1994*b: 2,993 1995: 3,110 1996: 2,648 1997: 2,628 1998: 2,602 1999: 2,657 Location: Rhode Island Survey Year 1981: 931 1982: 662 1983: 661 1984: 747 1985*b: 675 1986: 636 1987: 653 1988: 652 1989: 657 1990: 648 1991: 598 1992: 633 1993: 638 1994*b: 655 1995: 612 1996: 630 1997: 621 1998: 604 1999: 664 Location: South Carolina Survey Year 1981: 914 1982: 824 1983: 819 1984: 785 1985*b: 824 1986: 878 1987: 934 1988: 1,008 1989: 993 1990: 1,058 1991: 999 1992: 993 1993: 960 1994*b: 877 1995: 763 1996: 663 1997: 675 1998: 690 1999: 673 Location: South Dakota Survey Year 1981: 1,121 1982: 1,038 1983: 1,027 1984: 1,010 1985*b: 976 1986: 963 1987: 1,011 1988: 1,036 1989: 993 1990: 970 1991: 928 1992: 922 1993: 1,050 1994*b: 1,018 1995: 940 1996: 815 1997: 779 1998: 711 1999: 718 Location: Tennessee Survey Year 1981: 1,073 1982: 1,044 1983: 1,054 1984: 1,007 1985*b: 953 1986: 830 1987: 836 1988: 876 1989: 888 1990: 863 1991: 869 1992: 916 1993: 938 1994*b: 892 1995: 796 1996: 787 1997: 815 1998: 828 1999: 864 Location: Texas Survey Year 1981: 4,040 1982: 4,023 1983: 3,918 1984: 4,038 1985*b: 4,073 1986: 3,914 1987: 3,885 1988: 3,876 1989: 4,009 1990: 4,114 1991: 4,091 1992: 3,910 1993: 3,909 1994*b: 3,870 1995: 3,765 1996: 3,585 1997: 3,672 1998: 3,706 1999: 3,739 Location: Utah Survey Year 1981: 1,388 1982: 1,035 1983: 1,047 1984: 1,011 1985*b: 817 1986: 717 1987: 784 1988: 793 1989: 778 1990: 796 1991: 819 1992: 754 1993: 762 1994*b: 806 1995: 760 1996: 807 1997: 820 1998: 832 1999: 821 Location: Vermont Survey Year 1981: 942 1982: 730 1983: 747 1984: 726 1985*b: 663 1986: 633 1987: 650 1988: 653 1989: 642 1990: 626 1991: 610 1992: 636 1993: 561 1994*b: 571 1995: 621 1996: 655 1997: 646 1998: 626 1999: 623 Location: Virginia Survey Year 1981: 1,368 1982: 1,331 1983: 1,435 1984: 1,395 1985*b: 1,212 1986: 1,006 1987: 1,077 1988: 1,126 1989: 1,074 1990: 1,135 1991: 1,166 1992: 1,087 1993: 1,090 1994*b: 1,018 1995: 1,585 1996: 920 1997: 972 1998: 958 1999: 944 Location: Washington Survey Year 1981: 1,243 1982: 1,074 1983: 1,147 1984: 1,131 1985*b: 960 1986: 797 1987: 782 1988: 814 1989: 872 1990: 956 1991: 944 1992: 847 1993: 777 1994*b: 773 1995: 824 1996: 820 1997: 845 1998: 921 1999: 928 Location: West Virginia Survey Year 1981: 1,154 1982: 870 1983: 893 1984: 849 1985*b: 869 1986: 822 1987: 836 1988: 840 1989: 854 1990: 879 1991: 872 1992: 882 1993: 815 1994*b: 798 1995: 821 1996: 831 1997: 800 1998: 798 1999: 767 Location: Wisconsin Survey Year 1981: 1,145 1982: 1,142 1983: 1,155 1984: 1,115 1985*b: 933 1986: 960 1987: 986 1988: 990 1989: 985 1990: 1,009 1991: 1,020 1992: 1,023 1993: 1,047 1994*b: 981 1995: 918 1996: 956 1997: 936 1998: 899 1999: 889 Location: Wyoming Survey Year 1981: 975 1982: 705 1983: 771 1984: 744 1985*b: 735 1986: 657 1987: 565 1988: 629 1989: 657 1990: 684 1991: 661 1992: 666 1993: 645 1994*b: 603 1995: 798 1996: 799 1997: 767 1998: 811 1999: 811 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. These sample size are the number of survey participants used to calculate the estimated percentages in Tables 1, 2, and 4. b. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. Appendix Table 5. Estimated Correlation Coefficient of Disability Status from Year to Year in the United States, Survey Years 1981 to 1999*a Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1981 to 1982 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.552 Work Disability*c: 0.578 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1982 to 1983 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.563 Work Disability*c: 0.590 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1983 to 1984 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.557 Work Disability*c: 0.590 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1984 to 1985d Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.550 Work Disability*c: 0.577 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1985 to 1986e Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.568 Work Disability*c: 0.584 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1986 to 1987 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.568 Work Disability*c: 0.584 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1987 to 1988 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.568 Work Disability*c: 0.598 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1988 to 1989 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.550 Work Disability*c: 0.571 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1989 to 1990 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.568 Work Disability*c: 0.606 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1990 to 1991 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.561 Work Disability*c: 0.584 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1991 to 1992 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.577 Work Disability*c: 0.594 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1992 to 1993 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.579 Work Disability*c: 0.599 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1993 to 1994*d Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.597 Work Disability*c: 0.619 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1994 to 1995*e Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.586 Work Disability*c: 0.618 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1995 to 1996 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.586 Work Disability*c: 0.619 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1996 to 1997 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.581 Work Disability*c: 0.619 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1997 to 1998 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.616 Work Disability*c: 0.640 Pair of Consecutive Survey Years: 1998 to 1999 Definition of Disability Work Limitation*b: 0.637 Work Disability*c: 0.639 Source: Author's calculations using the March Current Population Survey, 1981 through 1999. a. In the March CPS of any given year, approximately half of the households were surveyed the previous March, while the remaining households are eligible to be surveyed the following March. These estimated correlation coefficients measure the degree to which a person's disability status in one year is related to their disability status in the next year. b. Persons with a work limitation are defined as those who report having or are reported by the household's respondent as having), at the time of the survey, "a health problem or disability which prevents them from working or which limits the kind or amount of work they can do." c. Persons with a work disability fall into one of the following categories, each of which is related to a question on the CPS: (1) they have a work limitation, (2) they did not work in the previous year because they were ill or disabled and unable to work, (3) they retired or left a job for health reasons, (4) they received veterans' benefits due to a service-contracted disability in the previous year, (5) they received workers' compensation benefits or other benefits in the previous year as a result of job-related injury or illness, (6) they received Supplemental Security Income benefits and were less than 65 years old in the previous year, and/or (7) they received Medicare and were less than 65 years in the previous year. d. In April of survey year 1984, sample weights based on the 1970 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1980 Census and the sample design was changed to increase the accuracy of state estimates. In survey year 1994 there were several changes in the CPS. It moved fully to computer-assisted survey interviews. Sample weights based on the 1980 Census were replaced with sample weights based on the 1990 Census. The Monthly Basic Survey was revised, and three new disability questions were added. It is possible that these changes affected the measurement of the population with a disability either through changes in the sample weights or in the way respondents answered disability questions. e. It is not possible to identify individuals who are in both the March 1985 and March 1986 surveys; therefore estimated correlation coefficients for 1985 to 1986 are not available. A conservative proxy is the larger of the values form 1984 to 1985 and 1986 to 1987. This problem occurs for 1995 to 1996, as well.