1
00:00:03,880 --> 00:00:09,080
I tried to put a somewhat 
provocative title on my talk.

2
00:00:09,080 --> 00:00:16,160
It's about Spanish Manila, it's about a
trans-pacific maritime enterprise,

3
00:00:16,160 --> 00:00:22,940
and perhaps the least expected of all is
about America's first Chinatown.

4
00:00:29,980 --> 00:00:36,400
And it all happened in the Ming Dynasty 
and I'm talking about the 16th century.

5
00:00:36,400 --> 00:00:43,920
Now hold your tongue if something I say
really outrages you, just hold it because

6
00:00:43,920 --> 00:00:47,860
you can charm me afterwards and I
wanna hear, and I have heard plenty.

7
00:00:47,860 --> 00:00:52,800
So people have told me they don't agree
with me which is fine because I am

8
00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:57,900
trying to be somewhat provocative.
I'm working this all out myself.

9
00:00:57,900 --> 00:01:02,960
I'm continuously revising my own thinking
and adding to it because I hear from

10
00:01:02,960 --> 00:01:05,220
people like all of you. Okay?

11
00:01:06,060 --> 00:01:11,900
All right, so why am I studying 
this topic? No? The Chinese in

12
00:01:11,909 --> 00:01:18,180
the global Spanish Empire, which took
shape by the 16th, century was a notable

13
00:01:18,180 --> 00:01:23,360
presence that has been largely
overlooked in Latin America as well as

14
00:01:23,360 --> 00:01:27,440
East Asian history.
Are there any Latin Americaners

15
00:01:27,440 --> 00:01:30,680
here today? Anybody teaching 
Latin America? Okay. Do you

16
00:01:30,680 --> 00:01:32,780
teach about the Chinese in Manila?

17
00:01:32,780 --> 00:01:35,700
>> [unintelligible]

18
00:01:35,700 --> 00:01:38,080
>> That's great.

19
00:01:38,080 --> 00:01:41,980
>> I don't teach but [unintelligible]

20
00:01:41,980 --> 00:01:45,720
>> Well you know I'm just making this point okay.

21
00:01:47,540 --> 00:01:55,760
But it's also missing in East Asian history. 
It's not actually missing, I don't know your syllabi,

22
00:01:55,760 --> 00:02:01,440
I'm not making a charge against any one of you
specifically but I'm just saying in general,

23
00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:06,320
certainly in my own formation as
a Latin Americanist I didn't even know

24
00:02:06,320 --> 00:02:08,760
there were Asians in 
Latin America until I travel

25
00:02:08,760 --> 00:02:12,460
to Brazil and Peru and Mexico
and I see them with my own eyes.

26
00:02:12,460 --> 00:02:15,980
And I say why are they missing from my textbooks?

27
00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:25,060
Another reason. The Chinese in Spanish Manila formed
the first large permanent Chinese community overseas

28
00:02:25,060 --> 00:02:30,980
that is outside of China thus marking
the beginning of the Chinese diaspora.

29
00:02:30,980 --> 00:02:35,000
Now who makes the kind of assertion
that the Chinese diaspora

30
00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:39,140
began in Spanish Manila?
That's what I'm asserting today.

31
00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:48,140
And it began with Hokkien-speaking Chinese
from Minnan which is southern Fujian,

32
00:02:48,150 --> 00:02:53,040
sweeping across Southeast Asia,
starting with Manila,

33
00:02:53,040 --> 00:03:00,010
moving on to Batavia which is today's
Jakarta in the Dutch Empire, Indonesia,

34
00:03:00,010 --> 00:03:06,900
then on to the Straits colonies
Singapore Malaya in the British Empire.

35
00:03:06,900 --> 00:03:14,960
This fact has been largely glossed over
in the history of the Chinese diaspora.

36
00:03:14,960 --> 00:03:20,079
So you can get mad at me because I'm
making this assertion that if we want to

37
00:03:20,080 --> 00:03:24,800
study the Chinese diaspora, which is what
I have been doing for 30 years,

38
00:03:24,800 --> 00:03:34,460
begin with Spanish Manila. How about that?
And the significance of the Chinese in Manila.

39
00:03:34,460 --> 00:03:40,680
Manila was Spain's gateway to
China which Spain was unable to

40
00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:47,319
seriously penetrate in the Ming Dynasty.
Chinese merchants and traders in Manila

41
00:03:47,319 --> 00:03:54,489
were China's first large source of
American silver which China desperately

42
00:03:54,489 --> 00:04:02,200
needed to underwrite the transition of
the Chinese monetary system from paper to silver.

43
00:04:03,860 --> 00:04:08,739
The formation of the Parián,
Parián is the name in Manila for what we

44
00:04:08,739 --> 00:04:15,129
call the Chinatown, or a barrio Chino.
When Legazpi, who we'll meet again soon,

45
00:04:15,129 --> 00:04:19,080
built Manila as a colonial capital among

46
00:04:19,080 --> 00:04:26,280
a settled population of largely Muslim Filipinos
he immediately attracted the attention

47
00:04:26,280 --> 00:04:35,000
of Hokkien junk traders, junk is a small ship,
who began arriving in large numbers from a handful,

48
00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:40,240
literally 5 or 6 in the beginning,
to as many as 60 or more

49
00:04:40,240 --> 00:04:45,680
during the spring-summer trading
season, not system, I meant season.

50
00:04:45,680 --> 00:04:54,160
That number ballooned quickly to as many as
20 to 30 thousand by the 1590s,

51
00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:59,400
and I will come back to that. 
These Chinese in the Philippines

52
00:04:59,400 --> 00:05:05,520
were called Sangley, and I'll explain that too,
but the Sangley were restricted to a space

53
00:05:05,520 --> 00:05:12,449
outside the Spanish city wall.
You know typically in those days Spanish cities

54
00:05:12,449 --> 00:05:18,480
were surrounded by a wall and the
Spanish lived inside the wall, intramuros,

55
00:05:18,480 --> 00:05:22,440
which is still used in the
Philippines today, but they relegated

56
00:05:22,440 --> 00:05:28,320
the Chinese to live extramuros,
just outside the city wall, and it was called

57
00:05:28,320 --> 00:05:33,630
Parián which we think is a word that
comes from Tagalog. Not everybody agrees

58
00:05:33,630 --> 00:05:39,300
of the origin of this word but sometimes,
and this is interesting too because it

59
00:05:39,300 --> 00:05:45,120
also links earlier to Spanish history,
this so-called Chinatown which was

60
00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:51,640
a commercial space was also called
the alcayceria, which is as you can see

61
00:05:51,640 --> 00:05:56,980
a good Arabic term for a
big silk bazaar or silk market.

62
00:05:58,960 --> 00:06:06,840
So one more reason, and this is my gesture to Asian American studies and an important one,

63
00:06:06,840 --> 00:06:15,980
an estimated 40,000 to 100,000 Asians from
Manila migrated to New Spain or Mexico

64
00:06:15,990 --> 00:06:24,300
in the 16th to 18th century. Most of them
were probably native Filipinos although

65
00:06:24,300 --> 00:06:29,040
there were some Chinese and
some Japanese. Many went as slaves

66
00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:34,220
who were bought in Manila 
or Indian Ocean and then went

67
00:06:34,220 --> 00:06:39,590
across the Pacific with their masters.
Others went as free migrants to seek

68
00:06:39,590 --> 00:06:45,620
their fortune, to ply their trade, many of
them for example were barbers,

69
00:06:45,620 --> 00:06:52,080
and who deserted the galleons after
working as sailors and rowers.

70
00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:58,640
Thus we have to revise the timeline
for the history of Asian Americans

71
00:06:58,640 --> 00:07:02,980
or Asians in America considering
how Asians were travelling,

72
00:07:02,980 --> 00:07:11,680
living, working, forming families and
communities in America which we take,

73
00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:16,000
I take many of us are beginning to take
seriously America should be a

74
00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:24,240
hemispheric America, no? Anyway my point
is that the history of Asians in America

75
00:07:24,240 --> 00:07:31,160
or Asian Americans needs to be peeled
back far earlier than the 19th century

76
00:07:31,160 --> 00:07:36,060
which is usually when we begin talking
about Asian American history.

77
00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:44,080
So here let me show you this map. 
This was the Spanish Empire by the end

78
00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:48,280
of the sixteenth century.
Truly the world's first global Empire.

79
00:07:48,280 --> 00:07:52,560
Look from Spain they went across the Atlantic

80
00:07:52,560 --> 00:07:58,100
and colonized what we call New
Spain, which actually if you know your

81
00:07:58,100 --> 00:08:03,169
history included half of the United States.
Half of the United States

82
00:08:03,169 --> 00:08:09,000
consists of land taken from New Spain
and Mexico in the middle of the 19th century

83
00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:13,430
so we're talking about California,
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and

84
00:08:13,430 --> 00:08:19,440
even Utah. A very big Empire and of
course all of South America.

85
00:08:19,440 --> 00:08:24,940
So that's the transatlantic but later on we
remember that we need to also talk about

86
00:08:24,950 --> 00:08:31,729
the South Atlantic because of the
Atlantic slave trade. Millions of people

87
00:08:31,729 --> 00:08:38,180
uprooted from their homes in the South
Atlantic in Africa that is they too crossed the Pacific.

88
00:08:38,180 --> 00:08:44,680
But from New Spain or
Mexico they soon found a way to

89
00:08:44,690 --> 00:08:52,339
East Asia to Manila and then later on
we will see that they would also go back

90
00:08:52,339 --> 00:09:00,050
across the Pacific to return to Mexico.
It went from Mexico and then returned to

91
00:09:00,050 --> 00:09:06,699
Mexico and then from Mexico back to Europe.
This is a global circuit that included

92
00:09:06,700 --> 00:09:12,100
every inhabited part of the world except for Australia.

93
00:09:15,820 --> 00:09:17,380
So how did it all begin?

94
00:09:17,380 --> 00:09:22,960
Just very quickly, 1492 Columbus tried to
reach what was then called in Europe

95
00:09:22,960 --> 00:09:27,960
Las Indias, or the Indies, which is a
generic term for Asia.

96
00:09:27,960 --> 00:09:32,800
And course we know that he quote
"discovered" America instead.

97
00:09:32,800 --> 00:09:39,980
But in 1497 Vasco da Gama sailed
from Portugal to India by going around

98
00:09:39,980 --> 00:09:46,560
Africa into the Indian Ocean and then
from there into the Pacific Southeast Asia

99
00:09:46,560 --> 00:09:54,139
China. In 1519-22 Magellan and
Elcano circumnavigated the globe.

100
00:09:54,139 --> 00:09:59,810
Magellan himself was actually
killed on the island of Cebu which later

101
00:09:59,810 --> 00:10:05,709
on will become part of the Philippines.
Elcano made his way back to Spain and

102
00:10:05,709 --> 00:10:12,259
in the circumnavigation they crossed all
the great oceans of the world - Atlantic,

103
00:10:12,260 --> 00:10:19,800
Pacific, and don't forget the Indian Ocean.
Really important. So this is how

104
00:10:19,800 --> 00:10:27,220
Vasco da Gama went from Portugal
around Africa into the Indian Ocean

105
00:10:27,220 --> 00:10:34,960
and then into China, Southeast Asia, India,
Arabia, Formosa, Middle East,

106
00:10:34,960 --> 00:10:40,540
what we call Central Asia, and of course
the east coast of Africa as well.

107
00:10:40,540 --> 00:10:46,840
And then just very quickly, circumnavigation,
Magellan actually went around the tip of

108
00:10:46,850 --> 00:10:51,379
South America which is very turbulent
waters very difficult, but this is how

109
00:10:51,380 --> 00:10:56,620
they went around, they hit Cebu in the
Philippines and then they went home this way.

110
00:10:57,980 --> 00:11:05,440
Circumnavigation, went around the world.
From America to Asia 1564 after Colombus,

111
00:11:05,440 --> 00:11:11,080
Spain colonized North America
in 1521 and a few decades later from

112
00:11:11,080 --> 00:11:20,560
New Spain which was Spain's colony, major
colony, in America the Emperor sent

113
00:11:20,560 --> 00:11:29,080
a longtime resident of Mexico, or New Spain,
by the name of Miguel López de Legazpi

114
00:11:29,080 --> 00:11:33,940
dispatched to go back to the
Philippine Islands which Magellan

115
00:11:33,959 --> 00:11:41,519
and Elcano had reported on.
And Legazpi took with him an Augustinian monk

116
00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:47,800
and a brilliant navigator by the name of
Andrés de Urdaneta. They left from

117
00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:57,300
Acapulco, Mexico on the Pacific side,
Acapulco Mexico. And they arrived in Cebu,

118
00:11:57,300 --> 00:12:02,279
the same island where Magellan was
killed by the natives, and they quickly

119
00:12:02,280 --> 00:12:08,680
named this whole archipelago, this huge
chain of islands, after Felipe Segundo

120
00:12:08,680 --> 00:12:14,640
the emperor, they named it
Las Filipinas, always in the plural.

121
00:12:14,640 --> 00:12:20,480
Look at this. This is Acapulco, crossing
the Pacific to Las Filipinas,

122
00:12:20,480 --> 00:12:25,460
and then returning. But here you can see
the whole, much of the world you can see,

123
00:12:25,460 --> 00:12:32,000
how huge the Atlantic was.
The Atlantic is twice as big as - I mean

124
00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:37,740
the Pacific, this is the Pacific is twice as
big as the Atlantic. It was an incredible

125
00:12:37,740 --> 00:12:44,500
feat of navigation to cross and then
come back again, the circumnavigation.

126
00:12:44,500 --> 00:12:50,020
Here's another close-up
leaving Acapulco crossing over

127
00:12:50,020 --> 00:12:57,360
to Manila and then on the return which was
more arduous and longer they had to

128
00:12:57,360 --> 00:13:03,149
follow the coastline of Japan crossing
over and into what would become later on

129
00:13:03,149 --> 00:13:07,200
called California and then going back to Acapulco.

130
00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:14,120
Along the way you see these two islands Guam
and Mariana. They were also colonized

131
00:13:14,120 --> 00:13:20,750
by Spain as refueling stations and today
of course Guam and Mariana, just like the

132
00:13:20,750 --> 00:13:25,720
Philippines, at the end of the 19th
beginning 20th century were taken over

133
00:13:25,720 --> 00:13:30,980
by the United States and the US still
holds on to Guam and Mariana.

134
00:13:30,980 --> 00:13:33,400
Mariana also called Saipan.

135
00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:39,920
Now I want to turn your attention
very briefly to what China was doing.

136
00:13:39,920 --> 00:13:43,620
You know why the Europeans were
exploring? China was awesome.

137
00:13:43,620 --> 00:13:50,660
Actively involved in trade and particularly the
area of Zheng He. Zheng He was a eunuch,

138
00:13:50,660 --> 00:13:57,139
he was a Muslim, he was born in Yunnan province,
then he went to serve the Prince or the

139
00:13:57,139 --> 00:14:02,029
Emperor of China. This is what's important.
In the beginning of the 15th

140
00:14:02,029 --> 00:14:08,740
century for 28 years 1405 to 1433
Zheng He made 7 expeditions.

141
00:14:08,740 --> 00:14:15,840
Look at the territory he covered. Southeast Asia,
Indian Ocean, Red Sea, east coast of Africa,

142
00:14:15,840 --> 00:14:21,110
covering more than 30 countries
and regions collecting what was then

143
00:14:21,110 --> 00:14:27,980
called tributes from these states that all
looked up to China. And these tributes

144
00:14:27,980 --> 00:14:34,100
were in those days a form of trade
because the Chinese emperor also gave

145
00:14:34,100 --> 00:14:40,009
gifts to these countries so there was
an exchange. But Zheng He, this is his

146
00:14:40,009 --> 00:14:46,399
incredible treasure fleet of 300 ships
and I just want to tell you about all

147
00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:52,320
the different ports that Zheng He
ahd his 7 voyages stopped at. You can see

148
00:14:52,320 --> 00:15:01,180
today's Indonesia, you know China, 
the Indian Peninsula, Sri Lanka, also Hormuz

149
00:15:01,180 --> 00:15:08,280
which is Iran, and Arabia up to Yemen,
and of course the east coast of Africa.

150
00:15:08,280 --> 00:15:13,060
This is the Indian Ocean world.
So the Chinese were very knowledgeable

151
00:15:13,060 --> 00:15:18,660
already about this part of the world
when Europe was still struggling to get

152
00:15:18,660 --> 00:15:25,920
their act together. So honestly China and
Asia and the Indian Ocean world were far

153
00:15:25,920 --> 00:15:34,020
more advanced. Here's another wonderful map.
I'm not going to dwell on this too long

154
00:15:34,020 --> 00:15:39,180
but I just wanna show you that
this whole area then after Zheng He

155
00:15:39,180 --> 00:15:45,900
the Fujian what we call junk traders
the boat traders will continue to ply

156
00:15:45,900 --> 00:15:50,980
these waters call at these ports in
small numbers, 1 2 and 3 boats

157
00:15:50,980 --> 00:15:57,460
for short periods of time trading with
the local people. So they would bring

158
00:15:57,460 --> 00:16:03,260
a lot of this knowledge and a lot of the
merchandise from all of these ports in

159
00:16:03,270 --> 00:16:08,210
this vast region to Manila 
when the Spaniards came.

160
00:16:08,210 --> 00:16:17,120
So in 1565 Legazpi went back.
They dispatch a ship to return to Acapulco

161
00:16:17,120 --> 00:16:24,000
across the Pacific laden with Chinese 
goods and Indian Ocean goods and this is

162
00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:31,760
then the circumnavigation. They came across
on a galleon, they returned in 1655.

163
00:16:33,060 --> 00:16:38,820
Now the cities in China that
were involved with this trade in the

164
00:16:38,820 --> 00:16:45,240
Indian Ocean and later on in Manila were
from these cities Fujian, in southern Fujian

165
00:16:45,240 --> 00:16:49,640
there's a city of Zhangzhou which
if you read the Spanish documents they

166
00:16:49,650 --> 00:16:55,140
called it Cincheo. There's Xiamen today which
was called Amoy because in Hokkien

167
00:16:55,140 --> 00:16:59,460
dialect Amoy is the way they pronounce Xiamen.

168
00:16:59,460 --> 00:17:06,520
And then Quanzhou which Marco Polo
in his memoirs called Zaitun.

169
00:17:07,520 --> 00:17:13,880
This is a sketch of a Chinese junk or 船.
This is a Spanish depiction of the

170
00:17:13,880 --> 00:17:20,460
Chinese junk. Then they built, 1571
Legazpi built Manila on the big island

171
00:17:20,460 --> 00:17:24,740
of Luzón to be the capital of Las Filipinas

172
00:17:24,740 --> 00:17:29,620
and then relegated the Chinese to the
Parián outside the city wall.

173
00:17:29,620 --> 00:17:33,559
Now here I took three quotes 
because these are important.

174
00:17:33,560 --> 00:17:39,740
"A Spanish Orient might be made an adjunct
of Spanish America," Mexico.

175
00:17:39,740 --> 00:17:45,260
"The Manila Galleon trade," which is this trade that
will go from Acapulco to Mexico,

176
00:17:45,260 --> 00:17:52,190
I mean to Manila, and that "was
'intercolonial.'" Why is that? Because Manila

177
00:17:52,190 --> 00:18:00,980
and the Philippines was colonized as an
extension of New Spain or Mexico in America.

178
00:18:00,980 --> 00:18:08,020
An extension, not as a separate
colony of Spain. That's important

179
00:18:08,020 --> 00:18:12,800
to remember and here I found this wonderful
map at the John Carter Brown library at Brown.

180
00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:19,300
Well you can see its title
"Description de Las Yndias Occidentale,"

181
00:18:19,300 --> 00:18:24,860
the West Indies. And in their
imagination in the 16th century

182
00:18:24,860 --> 00:18:31,720
the West Indies covered the Philippines.
So in their imagination in their world

183
00:18:31,720 --> 00:18:35,500
this was all the West Indies, America.

184
00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:44,460
Legazpi meet the Chinese. They immediately
call the Chinese Sangley which is a term

185
00:18:44,460 --> 00:18:48,220
they borrowed from the local Filipinos.
The Filipinos call them Sangley.

186
00:18:48,230 --> 00:18:54,500
Why Sangley? It comes from Hokkien's sionglay
which means 常来 in Mandarin, come and

187
00:18:54,500 --> 00:19:02,240
go frequently in Hokkien. The native
Filipinos were called indios. What an irony.

188
00:19:02,240 --> 00:19:07,159
When Columbus got lost and hit
America but insisted he had reached Asia

189
00:19:07,159 --> 00:19:12,890
or Las Yndias he called the 
native peoples in the Caribbean indios.

190
00:19:12,890 --> 00:19:16,640
When they finally arrived in 
Asia in the Phillipines they drop

191
00:19:16,640 --> 00:19:20,760
the same term indios which is 
a misnomer in the first place.

192
00:19:20,760 --> 00:19:28,480
Back to Asia and call the native peoples of the
Philipines indios correctly this time, you might say.

193
00:19:28,480 --> 00:19:35,600
Now the term came from Mexico.
And the term chino was applied to

194
00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:39,640
any and all Asians because 
when they wanted to refer

195
00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:43,320
to Chinese from China
they use the term Sangley.

196
00:19:46,760 --> 00:19:51,780
So here is a wonderful sketch.
This is the intramuros the city of Manila

197
00:19:51,780 --> 00:19:57,059
surrounded by the wall and here is the
Parián and the barrio Chino, the Chinatown

198
00:19:57,059 --> 00:20:01,309
outside of the city wall but very close by.

199
00:20:01,309 --> 00:20:06,539
Up the river up the Pasig River,
here's the river these are the Chinese junks

200
00:20:06,540 --> 00:20:12,920
coming up down the river and going into
the Parián, the Chinese, the Chinatown.

201
00:20:12,920 --> 00:20:19,580
This is the walled city where the Spaniards lived.
Sometimes I use Spaniards Mexicans

202
00:20:19,590 --> 00:20:25,740
interchangeably. Here on the other side
in Acapulco, this is an early picture

203
00:20:25,740 --> 00:20:34,890
of Acapulco, very early 1628. It's a swamp,
it's mosquito, this horrible place is hot,

204
00:20:34,890 --> 00:20:40,470
muggy, tropical place but when the
galleon ship arrived you can see the

205
00:20:40,470 --> 00:20:43,340
galleon is arriving, this is galleon, look up.

206
00:20:43,340 --> 00:20:53,600
Everybody from Peru to all over Mexico would
congregate in Acapulco to get the goods

207
00:20:53,610 --> 00:20:59,429
from the galleon and distribute those
goods all over not only New Spain or

208
00:20:59,429 --> 00:21:04,080
Mexico but all the way down to Peru
which was also prosperous place

209
00:21:04,080 --> 00:21:14,040
because as we will see the silver that underwrote
this trade was mainly produced actually in Peru.

210
00:21:14,040 --> 00:21:20,040
And then of course transship across
the Atlantic back to Sevilla, Spain

211
00:21:20,040 --> 00:21:26,900
and from there all over Europe.
This is a picture of a Spanish galleon.

212
00:21:26,900 --> 00:21:32,119
Remember the Chinese junk, the small ship?
The Spanish galleon, this is what

213
00:21:32,120 --> 00:21:38,500
you know the movie "Pirates of the Carribean"?
No seriously the "Pirates of the Carribbean"

214
00:21:38,500 --> 00:21:43,240
pirate ship is modeled after
a Spanish galleon. So when you see

215
00:21:43,260 --> 00:21:46,720
that you all should be very familiar,
says oh yeah I've seen those before,

216
00:21:46,720 --> 00:21:53,519
yeah you've seen it 'cause you've been to the movies.
Then in Mexico City the goods were

217
00:21:53,520 --> 00:22:01,520
officially sent on the Camino de Chino,
the China Road, from Acapulco

218
00:22:01,520 --> 00:22:07,540
carried by burros and horses and
carts all the way to Mexico City

219
00:22:07,540 --> 00:22:12,539
and this is the Zócalo which you can still
see in Mexico City today, the main square,

220
00:22:12,540 --> 00:22:18,620
the cathedral here, you can still see the
cathedral there, the government buildings,

221
00:22:18,620 --> 00:22:24,660
and this huge Chinese market
in selling all the goods from Manila.

222
00:22:24,660 --> 00:22:32,280
And guess what? This market in the heart of
Mexico City was also called Parián.

223
00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:38,700
And if you travel to Mexico, like I was in
Guadalajara, the market in Guadalajara

224
00:22:38,700 --> 00:22:43,979
is also called a Parián. So the word
Parián in a good part of Mexico has

225
00:22:43,980 --> 00:22:51,000
come to mean a market of luxury goods.
Today it just means a market.

226
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:55,780
So the Manila galleon trade, I already
talked about that, linked the whole world

227
00:22:55,799 --> 00:23:03,299
together except through trade and commerce
and migration and mobility. I want to just

228
00:23:03,299 --> 00:23:07,919
tell you that this part, this is what
the Chinese, this is a Afro-Eurasian

229
00:23:07,919 --> 00:23:12,629
trading network on the eve of Columbus
and da Gama. That is why the Europeans

230
00:23:12,629 --> 00:23:16,499
still figuring out how to get to Asia,
the Asias were already well

231
00:23:16,500 --> 00:23:22,360
connected and circulating among themselves
and exchanging a lot of goods and trade.

232
00:23:22,360 --> 00:23:29,600
It's another one of the Zheng He.
I put this up, especially for those

233
00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:33,800
of you who read Spanish, but even if
you don't I've highlighted the places.

234
00:23:33,809 --> 00:23:37,830
This is a book called Grandeza Mexicana.

235
00:23:37,830 --> 00:23:44,240
It was a best-seller of its day.
Look at the date 1604, very early.

236
00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:51,600
This was the Greatness of Mexico, 
Grandeza Mexicana, and Balbuena, and look at this,

237
00:23:51,600 --> 00:23:58,380
in 1604 Mexico City was already 
such a cosmopolitan place.

238
00:23:58,380 --> 00:24:05,420
This author named all the places that Mexico
was connected to. All these place names.

239
00:24:05,420 --> 00:24:11,940
Filipinas, Macón was another name for Filipinas;
Javas, Java; Sangley mentioned,

240
00:24:11,940 --> 00:24:18,160
specifically the Sangley people; and then
Malabar, these are the Spice Islands;

241
00:24:18,160 --> 00:24:26,420
Persia; Etolia is an old name for Greece;
and finally most of all la gran China,

242
00:24:26,420 --> 00:24:36,020
the great China. Seda de colores,
silk of all colors. piedra, precious stones.

243
00:24:36,020 --> 00:24:40,680
And all these things. So already 
Mexico was in touch

244
00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:47,360
with the entire world through the scope,
the breadth of the Spanish Empire

245
00:24:47,360 --> 00:24:56,040
and all the goods that were coming in
to the Parián in Mexico City. I just love

246
00:24:56,040 --> 00:25:01,300
to imagine what it was like in Mexico in 1604.

247
00:25:03,320 --> 00:25:07,840
Look at this. This is a Jesuit,
Father Colin, 1663.

248
00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:12,940
I again I highlighted all the places.
Now he's talking about Manila is the equal

249
00:25:12,940 --> 00:25:17,740
of other emporium of our monarchy, 
for it is a center to which flow the riches

250
00:25:17,740 --> 00:25:24,580
of the Orient and the Occident, the silver of
Peru and New Spain; the pearls and

251
00:25:24,580 --> 00:25:32,000
precious stones of India; the diamonds of
Narsinga and Goa, also in the Indian Peninsula;

252
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:37,660
the rubies, sapphires, and topazes,
cinnamon of Ceylon, spices,

253
00:25:37,660 --> 00:25:43,200
the pepper of Sumatra; and from
Great China, silks of all kinds,

254
00:25:43,200 --> 00:25:50,580
raw, woven, different kinds, 
so many different kinds of silk

255
00:25:50,580 --> 00:25:57,120
quality material. So many different kinds
because China was already not only

256
00:25:57,120 --> 00:26:03,600
manufacturing silk of all different kinds but
had the capacity to manufacture in huge

257
00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:09,520
quantities. China truly had the most
advanced economy in the world.

258
00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:15,060
Its manufacturing capacity was beyond
anything the Europeans knew.

259
00:26:15,060 --> 00:26:19,420
But besides that there were embroideries
and porcelain and other riches

260
00:26:19,420 --> 00:26:25,260
and curiosities of great value and esteem.
They were just going gaga.

261
00:26:25,260 --> 00:26:28,520
These Europeans and I can
give you many many more of

262
00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:32,800
these descriptions and you can just see
it's like a kid in a toy store

263
00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:37,960
looking at all these beautiful things.
I don't want to [forward] but I want to

264
00:26:37,960 --> 00:26:42,320
mention this guy Antonio de Morga.
He was a judge of the High Court of

265
00:26:42,320 --> 00:26:47,660
the Audiencia. He was in Manila very
early and the most wonderful thing

266
00:26:47,660 --> 00:26:56,720
about Spaniards, I have to say, they're really
verbose people. And thank goodness, you know.

267
00:26:56,720 --> 00:27:01,620
They love to write, right, and they wrote 
long lengthy detailed reports.

268
00:27:04,300 --> 00:27:10,220
And they don't mask their feelings, 
they don't hide their sentiments as you will see.

269
00:27:10,220 --> 00:27:17,540
So Morga, I allude to him quite a lot.
But he was becoming such an expert on silk.

270
00:27:17,540 --> 00:27:22,480
This incredible description of all the
different kinds of silk. I'll give you

271
00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:28,600
some examples soon. And he talked
about something that the Europeans and

272
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:35,080
the Americans did not know one of which
was ivory because there were no elephants in

273
00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:42,140
America or in Europe. And they were just
fascinated by ivory and ivory products.

274
00:27:42,140 --> 00:27:47,840
So you can see so as we see
pearls, rubies, sapphires, crystal

275
00:27:47,840 --> 00:27:53,020
I mean it just went on and on in this
report just long list of all the

276
00:27:53,020 --> 00:27:59,200
incredible products that they [wove him].
But the Chinese were also taking notice.

277
00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:03,180
Those of you who do Chinese history
of this period you must be familiar with

278
00:28:03,180 --> 00:28:09,240
this also important book,
1617, called 东西洋, no?

279
00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:16,080
东洋西洋, The examination of
the East and the West Seas.

280
00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:24,240
So it's really the first commissioned
you could say travel log or travel writing

281
00:28:24,240 --> 00:28:31,440
where 张燮, Chronicles of the Countries of 
the East and West Oceans. He talked about

282
00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:37,160
in his book quite a lot about these Chinese 
who went to Lusong. Lusong is a big island

283
00:28:37,160 --> 00:28:41,740
on which Manila is located.
He said the Chinese who went to Lusong,

284
00:28:41,740 --> 00:28:47,820
吕宋 is the word Chinese use, are consequently many.
Remember I told you how fast the numbers grew.

285
00:28:47,820 --> 00:28:53,400
They often stayed on and
did not return. Very interesting.

286
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:56,140
The Chinese were observing something.

287
00:28:56,140 --> 00:29:03,240
These are not just the old junk traders who go
and come back. Some of them didn'treturn.

288
00:29:03,240 --> 00:29:08,800
They call this 压东 [yadong], pass the winter. 
They stayed together in the 江内 [jiannei],

289
00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:14,280
kan-nei, which is up the river,
meaning the Parián, to make their living

290
00:29:14,280 --> 00:29:19,800
and the numbers gradually rose to
several tens of thousands.

291
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:26,280
One hears, this is also important, that some
cut their hair and produce sons and grandsons.

292
00:29:26,280 --> 00:29:33,840
Cutting their hair was another way of saying
they accepted Christianity. They converted.

293
00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:35,560
And that's why they stayed. You know why?

294
00:29:35,560 --> 00:29:39,200
'Cause the Chinese back in those days in 
the Ming dynasty wore their hair long

295
00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:44,920
they would tie it in a knot. It's not the same as
the Qing dynasty. They would wear it in a cube.

296
00:29:44,920 --> 00:29:49,840
This is a different kind of hair.
They wear it in a knot.

297
00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:54,680
The missionaries force those Chinese
who agree to convert to Christianity

298
00:29:54,680 --> 00:29:57,100
to cut their hair so they look like Europeans.

299
00:29:57,100 --> 00:29:59,140
[inaudible]

300
00:29:59,140 --> 00:30:03,320
But if they cut their hair 
they can't go back to China.

301
00:30:03,320 --> 00:30:09,560
Why? Because it was against the law in China
to exchange your nationality,

302
00:30:09,560 --> 00:30:16,800
to leave your own for good. You could go trade,
you could even spend extended periods of time,

303
00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:22,080
but you're not supposed to desert
your home, your family, your lineage.

304
00:30:22,080 --> 00:30:27,900
And cutting your hair from the Chinese
point of view is a bad sign.

305
00:30:27,900 --> 00:30:30,760
It means you're not
coming home. You've given up.

306
00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:36,600
And it was not only looked down upon
but it was actually a criminal act.

307
00:30:36,600 --> 00:30:44,140
And so what they meant was some of them 
converted and they had sons and grandsons.

308
00:30:44,140 --> 00:30:50,800
What are we talking about anyway?
So this is a copy of 东西洋考 [Dongxiyangkao].

309
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:54,160
There are many many editions.
Brown happens to have a copy of

310
00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:58,640
the first edition so when you come to
visit me in Providence I will take you

311
00:30:58,660 --> 00:31:04,720
to go see the real, the original.
But here I want you to pay attention.

312
00:31:04,720 --> 00:31:09,660
Look what's happening. This is from
de Morga again. Remember he talked

313
00:31:09,660 --> 00:31:16,620
a lot about all the silk, the rubies,
all the precious stones, but he also said,

314
00:31:16,620 --> 00:31:23,760
coming from China, metal basins, copper
kettles, copper and cast iron pots,

315
00:31:23,760 --> 00:31:30,840
nails, sheet-iron, tin, saltpeter, gunpowder.
They supply the Spanish with wheat flour

316
00:31:30,840 --> 00:31:37,860
or bread; preserves made of orange, peach, pear,
nutmeg, and ginger, and other fruits of China;

317
00:31:37,860 --> 00:31:47,660
salt pork, bacon, or pork belly 
as we all know right, and other salt meats;

318
00:31:47,660 --> 00:31:55,060
live fowls, capons, ducks, 
chicken, of breed - capons;

319
00:31:55,060 --> 00:32:00,220
quantities of fresh fruit; chestnuts,
walnuts; fine threads of all kinds, needles;

320
00:32:00,220 --> 00:32:04,240
beds, tables, chairs, and all
kinds of furniture. And of course

321
00:32:04,240 --> 00:32:08,720
they marveled at the caged bird
some of which talk while others sing.

322
00:32:08,720 --> 00:32:15,580
And this is de Morga who said so many things
which if I prefer to list them all I would

323
00:32:15,580 --> 00:32:20,400
never finish or have sufficient paper.
What is he talking about here?

324
00:32:20,400 --> 00:32:28,180
He's talking about everyday goods to sustain life
for the Spanish all came from China.

325
00:32:28,180 --> 00:32:36,720
So now we're beginning to see a fuller picture. It's not just good for the trade to Mexico and [Chinchero].

326
00:32:36,720 --> 00:32:43,640
It's not just fine proudcts and luxury items
and beautiful silk and porcelain, etc.

327
00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:50,760
It's also everyday goods for everyday living.
All that would come from China.

328
00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:55,280
So you see that picture's changing already.

329
00:32:55,280 --> 00:33:02,580
That these Chinese were not just coming
to Manila with merchandise from China

330
00:33:02,580 --> 00:33:10,060
to load onto the galleon ships but they were
coming all year round with all of these

331
00:33:10,060 --> 00:33:16,460
other things to sustain life and as we will
see not just sustain life but to sustain life

332
00:33:16,460 --> 00:33:22,180
pretty much in the Spanish way, in the way the
Spaniards or Mexicans were accustomed to.

333
00:33:24,060 --> 00:33:25,520
So Morga continues

334
00:33:25,520 --> 00:33:31,440
"Without these Sangleys, the city 
would not be able to survive and sustain itself,

335
00:33:31,440 --> 00:33:36,900
because they are the master of all crafts,
hardworking people," and this I love,

336
00:33:36,900 --> 00:33:41,420
we're gonna keep seeing this,
"and charge reasonable prices."

337
00:33:42,940 --> 00:33:49,020
They make that remark a lot.
Not only do they bring a lot of things,

338
00:33:49,020 --> 00:33:55,320
they make a lot of things of good quality,
they don't charge very much. It's cheap.

339
00:34:00,300 --> 00:34:06,080
This is another informant. The first bishop
of Manila, Morga's contemporary,

340
00:34:06,080 --> 00:34:10,960
Fray Domingo Salazar. He adds
to what I just shared with you.

341
00:34:10,960 --> 00:34:15,260
He says, "These articles,"
all those everyday consumer items,

342
00:34:15,260 --> 00:34:20,900
"have already begun to be manufactured
here, as quickly and with

343
00:34:20,910 --> 00:34:25,620
better finish than in China . . . perfecting
themselves in things which they are not

344
00:34:25,620 --> 00:34:30,140
wont to produce in China," meaning these
these artisans and craftsmen are coming

345
00:34:30,140 --> 00:34:37,900
to Manila and make things for us according to
our demands, our needs, our design, our desires.

346
00:34:37,900 --> 00:34:44,360
There are not nicer that they make in China.
They're coming to make things for us.

347
00:34:44,360 --> 00:34:47,960
"In this Parián are to be found workmen of

348
00:34:47,960 --> 00:34:52,460
all trades and handicrafts of a nation,
and many of them in each occupation.

349
00:34:52,460 --> 00:34:57,880
They make much prettier articles
than are made in Spain," listen,

350
00:34:57,880 --> 00:35:02,920
and sometimes so cheap that
I am ashamed to mention it."

351
00:35:03,840 --> 00:35:11,380
I want to tell you this because isn't that what we'll be saying about Chinese from then on until today?

352
00:35:11,380 --> 00:35:16,880
That the Chinese make anything you want them to make and they make them cheap.

353
00:35:19,500 --> 00:35:26,600
So we begin to see this. 1590 these
characteristics, these observations

354
00:35:26,610 --> 00:35:32,870
about the Chinese overseas or
the Chinese diaspora. And the bishop noted,

355
00:35:32,870 --> 00:35:38,520
"The handicrafts pursued by Spaniards
have all dried out, because people buy

356
00:35:38,520 --> 00:35:44,120
their clothes and shoes from the Sangleys,
who are very good craftsmen in Spanish fashion,

357
00:35:44,120 --> 00:35:50,450
and make everything," again, "at a
low cost." So they are making clothes

358
00:35:50,450 --> 00:35:57,580
suitable to our styles. They're not making us
wear those funny Chinese clothes.

359
00:35:57,580 --> 00:36:01,820
They make what we like to wear.
"They are so skilled and clever that,

360
00:36:01,820 --> 00:36:09,180
as soon as they see any object made by a Spanish workman, they reproduce it with exactness."

361
00:36:09,180 --> 00:36:14,460
1590 they are already observing this.
So what's new, huh?

362
00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:25,060
Talk to your students about Asian Americans. Remember, they were observing the Chinese.

363
00:36:25,060 --> 00:36:29,960
So what I'm really trying to say, 
what Morga and Salazar are telling us

364
00:36:29,960 --> 00:36:35,480
is it's not just the traders and the merchants
who came. Artisians and craftsmen came.

365
00:36:35,480 --> 00:36:41,620
And they come they up shop. They set up shop,
they set up their businesses. They are not just

366
00:36:41,620 --> 00:36:45,360
bringing these things from China.
They are making them here.

367
00:36:46,600 --> 00:36:52,380
We're beginning to see why
this community grew so big and so fast.

368
00:36:53,580 --> 00:37:00,440
And of course, good quality 
and low price. I love it.

369
00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:10,360
"The Parián of the Sangleys has so adorned
the city [of Manila] that I do not hesitate

370
00:37:10,360 --> 00:37:16,340
to affirm to your Majesty that no other 
known city in Spain possesses everything

371
00:37:16,340 --> 00:37:21,680
as well worth seeing as this; for in it
can be found the whole trade of China

372
00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:25,560
with all kinds of good and curious things
which come from that country."

373
00:37:28,700 --> 00:37:34,960
So Salazar actually lived
in Chinatown practically.

374
00:37:34,960 --> 00:37:40,320
He was going there all the time
and he made a really detailed list

375
00:37:40,320 --> 00:37:44,900
of all the businesses that he found
in the Parián. What did he find?

376
00:37:44,900 --> 00:37:50,400
He found doctors and apothecaries.
This is important because oftentimes

377
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:56,480
the Spaniards and other Europeans started
going to Chinatown to the herbal doctors.

378
00:37:56,480 --> 00:38:01,660
When we say doctors and apothecaries we're talking
about Chinese medicine. Herbal doctors.

379
00:38:01,660 --> 00:38:07,600
Probably things like acupuncture.
Because they found it worthwhile,

380
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:13,100
or effective maybe, maybe cheaper,
maybe they just [want doctors for that].

381
00:38:13,100 --> 00:38:19,100
So, and this is what I love, eating houses
where Sangleys and Spaniards eat.

382
00:38:19,100 --> 00:38:26,140
The ubiquitous Chinese restaurant.
Happened there. They all love to go.

383
00:38:26,140 --> 00:38:30,580
Haven't we all said that, let's go eat in Chinatown.

384
00:38:30,580 --> 00:38:32,080
[unintelligible]

385
00:38:32,080 --> 00:38:37,380
Cheap, good, lots of it, and everybody having a good time.

386
00:38:37,380 --> 00:38:42,220
Clothes and shoes in
Spanish fashion and low prices.

387
00:38:42,220 --> 00:38:46,660
Silversmiths and painters who
furnish the homes and churches

388
00:38:46,660 --> 00:38:50,220
with religious images copied from Spaniards.

389
00:38:50,220 --> 00:38:54,880
Remember the Chinese say, oh don't bother us
with conversion. We're not interested.

390
00:38:54,880 --> 00:39:01,080
You want us to make something though?
Give us a sample we'll copy it.

391
00:39:01,080 --> 00:39:05,600
I have some great images to show you.
This is exactly what they did.

392
00:39:07,540 --> 00:39:11,340
Bookbinders. You know how the
Europeans bound the books in leather?

393
00:39:11,340 --> 00:39:15,220
So Salazar tells a story about a bookbinder

394
00:39:15,220 --> 00:39:22,400
who came from Mexico, set up shop and he hired
a young Chinese man to be his assistant.

395
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:28,940
He said that after awhile he had learned
from him the craft of binding books.

396
00:39:28,940 --> 00:39:35,300
And he could do it better and cheaper.
So I'm going back home

397
00:39:35,300 --> 00:39:37,160
because I can't compete with him.
He set up shop next to me

398
00:39:39,660 --> 00:39:46,340
This is also important. Gardeners raising "good vegetables of the kind that grow in Spain and Mexico."

399
00:39:46,340 --> 00:39:51,660
What are we talking about? We're talking about the sweet potato, the camote,

400
00:39:51,660 --> 00:40:01,240
the chili, the maize, all kinds of crops that grow
from Mexico, New Spain or the new world to Asia.

401
00:40:01,240 --> 00:40:07,600
Can you think of China today, the Philippines today,
without the camote or the sweet potato.

402
00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:12,380
You can't. If anybody has been to Beijing,
especially in the wintertime,

403
00:40:12,380 --> 00:40:18,520
you want to warm your hands you want
a quick good snack? Go buy a hot sweet potato

404
00:40:18,520 --> 00:40:25,000
that they roast in the street. But the sweet potato, according to Chinese [unintelligible]

405
00:40:25,000 --> 00:40:33,300
also save the Chinese from famine. And also
contributed to the record rise of Chinese population.

406
00:40:33,300 --> 00:40:40,180
So the sweet potato plays a very important role in China. Nutrition, demographics, behavior.

407
00:40:40,180 --> 00:40:43,700
But that sweet potato came from Mexico.

408
00:40:43,700 --> 00:40:49,260
And they were cultivating it very early. And then
artisans who make chairs, bridles, and stirrups,

409
00:40:49,260 --> 00:40:55,480
"in so good a quality and so
cheaply," again, "that some merchants

410
00:40:55,480 --> 00:41:00,140
wish to load a cargo of these articles for Mexico."
They're not supposed to bring furniture

411
00:41:00,140 --> 00:41:05,500
because they make those in New Spain
but some of the merchants say.

412
00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:10,860
Now here's another important thing I want you
to know. The bakers. Remember I said earlier

413
00:41:10,860 --> 00:41:17,140
that the colonial law says that
Chinese could not live intramuros.

414
00:41:17,140 --> 00:41:21,680
They're not supposed to live inside the
city wall. They could come in during the day

415
00:41:21,680 --> 00:41:28,360
but they have to go back out to the Parián
outside the city wall. But guess what.

416
00:41:28,360 --> 00:41:35,200
This is something wonderful about Spanish history. There are always exceptions to whatever law they have.

417
00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:42,800
This is what I learn about studying Latin American
history. And one of the exceptions is

418
00:41:42,800 --> 00:41:49,700
well let's let the bakers live inside
the city wall with their big ovens.

419
00:41:49,700 --> 00:41:55,400
Why? Because the Spaniards
want their bread hot and early.

420
00:41:56,400 --> 00:42:00,000
So they said okay we'll make
an exception. We'll allow the bakers.

421
00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:04,720
But not only bakers who "make good bread 
and sell it at," guess what, "low prices" again

422
00:42:04,720 --> 00:42:10,060
with wheat flour from China. Moreover,
this is important, they would give bread

423
00:42:10,060 --> 00:42:15,220
to poor soldiers on credit when they
have no money. Without the Chinese

424
00:42:15,220 --> 00:42:21,260
"the poor of this city for had they not found
this refuge, they would suffer want."

425
00:42:21,260 --> 00:42:27,260
Any of us who study the Chinese in the Caribbean,
Professor, I don't know if you've found this,

426
00:42:27,260 --> 00:42:33,560
I've found that the Chinese shopkeepers 
[unintelligible] to the local poor.

427
00:42:33,560 --> 00:42:39,040
They run out of money before the end
of the month, before the next paycheck.

428
00:42:39,040 --> 00:42:43,840
And the Chinese would say, just take
what you need. We need to feed you first.

429
00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:48,220
I'll keep the check. I'll keep a prayer.
They always say that.

430
00:42:48,220 --> 00:42:56,760
But this practice of helping out the poor
was also established very very early on.

431
00:42:58,560 --> 00:43:04,320
Also making bread with flour given
all of the Chinese didn't have ovens.

432
00:43:04,320 --> 00:43:11,060
They learn all this very quickly. Stone masons
who make "good bricks and roof tiles at low cost"

433
00:43:11,060 --> 00:43:16,680
"build houses of hewn stone at low cost."
Chinese artisans of all kinds

434
00:43:16,680 --> 00:43:20,360
who learned to imitate Spanish arts and crafts.

435
00:43:20,360 --> 00:43:25,820
And then they quickly learned also
to repair and then build the galleon ships.

436
00:43:31,040 --> 00:43:39,860
Very quickly the Chinese came and met every demand.
They made things quickly and good quality, low prices

437
00:43:41,220 --> 00:43:44,020
Who can compete with them,
right, isn't that the problem?

438
00:43:46,360 --> 00:43:52,420
So what happened? Nino de Tavora
very early in 1628 he said

439
00:43:52,420 --> 00:43:57,980
"there is no Spaniard, secular or religious,
who obtains his food, clothing, or shoes,

440
00:43:57,980 --> 00:44:02,180
except through [the Chinese]." This is an awkward
translation because it's translated from

441
00:44:02,180 --> 00:44:08,120
the Spanish. So here we have a picture
of the Parián. This is a little bit late

442
00:44:08,120 --> 00:44:13,120
but it still catches, you can see that
besides the Chinese and all the different shops,

443
00:44:13,120 --> 00:44:16,980
there's jewelry-making, shoe-making,
hair-cutting, translation,

444
00:44:16,980 --> 00:44:22,260
writing, printing; selling oil lamps,
fruits, vegetables, even mosquito nets.

445
00:44:22,260 --> 00:44:30,340
You see a lot of no Chinese in the Parián.
So the Parián may be called Chinatown

446
00:44:30,340 --> 00:44:35,160
but don't think that only Chinese
or Sangleys were there.

447
00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:40,600
Everybody came to the Chinatown,
to the Parián to do business.

448
00:44:41,640 --> 00:44:44,560
What kind of business?
What kind of work were they looking for?

449
00:44:45,620 --> 00:44:49,860
Well by the end of the 16th century
I told you there were 30,000.

450
00:44:49,860 --> 00:44:54,700
The Chinese in Manila have made the transition,
in historian Wang Gungwu's words,

451
00:44:54,700 --> 00:45:03,100
of "sojourners turned settlers." They might have
come as sojourners, that is temporary, to trade.

452
00:45:03,100 --> 00:45:08,460
To make a little bit of money, whatever,
but they stayed. They settled.

453
00:45:08,460 --> 00:45:14,660
They built shops, they formed
families, etc. So this is really important.

454
00:45:14,660 --> 00:45:22,720
This is why the Chinese community
grew so fast and to such large numbers.

455
00:45:22,720 --> 00:45:27,800
Because they stayed. Remember the 东西洋考,
the Chinese account, says they cut their hair,

456
00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:30,680
they stay, they have children.

457
00:45:30,680 --> 00:45:40,220
Therefore I am asserting that when the sojourners turned settlers in Manila, they were the first of this

458
00:45:40,220 --> 00:45:47,780
long historical phenomenon process called
the Chinese diaspora. And in Manila there was

459
00:45:47,790 --> 00:45:52,640
a large and diverse population of
Chinese engaged in many occupations

460
00:45:52,640 --> 00:45:59,820
serving not only the Chinese themselves but also
the Spanish, Mexican, European, foreign population.

461
00:45:59,820 --> 00:46:07,020
All told the non-Chinese is only about
a thousand. Not very many.

462
00:46:07,020 --> 00:46:15,599
So I wanna show you the 1689 census of
non-Christian Chinese. So there were

463
00:46:15,599 --> 00:46:19,650
the Christians but remember the numbers
are very small. The vast majority were

464
00:46:19,650 --> 00:46:27,020
non-Christian. Occupations in the Parián
listed almost 60 different occupations

465
00:46:27,020 --> 00:46:33,200
among artisans, manufacturers,
service providers, vendors of all kinds.

466
00:46:33,200 --> 00:46:37,260
Look at the census. I'm not gonna go through this.

467
00:46:37,260 --> 00:46:40,000
There are 60 occupations listed here

468
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:44,120
which shows you this is
a fairly comprehensive community.

469
00:46:44,120 --> 00:46:52,700
Some of these, you see silk vendors,
very important, silk vendors. Umbrella makers,

470
00:46:52,700 --> 00:46:59,700
boatmen to Pampanga, Pampanga is other regions
of Lusong, of the big island, they have the boatmen.

471
00:46:59,700 --> 00:47:06,140
Tea dealers, winemakers, noodlemakers,
you know what buyo is?

472
00:47:08,760 --> 00:47:11,320
You know what buyo is.

473
00:47:11,320 --> 00:47:12,360
>> Do I know?
>> Yeah.

474
00:47:12,360 --> 00:47:14,120
>> I don't know what it is.
>> Do you know what betel nut is?

475
00:47:14,120 --> 00:47:15,560
>> Yes I do.
>> It's the same thing.

476
00:47:15,560 --> 00:47:16,100
>> Same thing.

477
00:47:16,100 --> 00:47:18,240
>> So please tell everybody what is betel nut.

478
00:47:18,240 --> 00:47:23,840
>> It's a kind of stimulant, a tobacco like
substance you wrap in a leaf

479
00:47:23,840 --> 00:47:26,820
and put some lime juice, it wakes you.

480
00:47:26,820 --> 00:47:28,700
>> And then what happens to your teeth?

481
00:47:28,700 --> 00:47:29,880
>> They turn red.

482
00:47:29,880 --> 00:47:33,020
>> They turn red cause it's a dye too.
>> And you spit red out.

483
00:47:33,020 --> 00:47:42,480
>> Yeah. Kind of a nasty kind of thing.
But women in particular chewed buyo.

484
00:47:42,480 --> 00:47:45,960
And to this day. You know something
about that? Have you tried it?

485
00:47:45,960 --> 00:47:51,800
>> I haven't but I'm told that my grandmother
would always but she had 10 kids.

486
00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:52,660
>> Where are you from?

487
00:47:52,660 --> 00:47:57,380
>> She's from, well she's
first generation Chinese born in China.

488
00:47:57,380 --> 00:48:01,460
>> From China? So she must be Qingzhou

489
00:48:01,460 --> 00:48:05,780
>> Yes, my whole family is. Yeah.
>> You just give me one little fact about it.

490
00:48:08,620 --> 00:48:11,360
I'm not always right but I'm 80% right.

491
00:48:12,980 --> 00:48:14,980
She used to chew betel nut right?

492
00:48:14,980 --> 00:48:16,100
>> Yes.
>> Or buyo.

493
00:48:16,100 --> 00:48:18,020
Similar?
>> Yeah.

494
00:48:18,020 --> 00:48:20,780
>> Hey. I tried it. It's a lot of fun.

495
00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:29,140
Try it. Try it. Try it, come on give it a try.
When you go to Peru what do you have to do?

496
00:48:29,140 --> 00:48:32,480
You have to drink some . . .

497
00:48:32,480 --> 00:48:36,420
the tea, no? Anyway.

498
00:48:38,100 --> 00:48:48,520
Unless you will kill me I try what's the local thing.
Oh I can't tell you how many things -

499
00:48:48,520 --> 00:48:52,040
what about that strange coffee
that comes out from an animal?

500
00:48:52,040 --> 00:48:55,060
[unintelligible]

501
00:48:55,060 --> 00:49:00,980
I was in Indonesia once, there's a coffee?
Remember that? What is it called?

502
00:49:02,360 --> 00:49:08,340
It comes about - it's coffee, these animals eat the coffee
and it comes out of the behind and then they roast it.

503
00:49:09,500 --> 00:49:13,280
A cup of coffee. I forget what it's called.

504
00:49:15,820 --> 00:49:20,480
So anyway you can see silversmith,
fisherman, shoemaker, netmakers.

505
00:49:20,480 --> 00:49:26,120
You can see ceramic dealers. All of these.
Chicken dealers, rice dealers.

506
00:49:26,120 --> 00:49:32,380
People selling all kinds of things,
making all kinds of things.

507
00:49:32,380 --> 00:49:38,720
So who was a Chinese. Now I'm wrapping up,
okay, so give me a little more time.

508
00:49:38,720 --> 00:49:44,740
So have you heard of the Boxer Codex?
It's a wonderful thing. You just Google.

509
00:49:44,740 --> 00:49:50,700
Charles Boxer is a great great historian
of the Spanish and Portuguese empire.

510
00:49:50,700 --> 00:49:55,220
He paid a lot of attention actually
to Southeast Asia and to the Philippines.

511
00:49:55,220 --> 00:49:58,980
And he discovered in some market,
you know we should all be so lucky.

512
00:49:58,980 --> 00:50:06,080
He found this manuscript. One of a kind.
One of a kind. With 300 illustrations in color,

513
00:50:06,080 --> 00:50:14,780
in perfect condition. Go and Google Boxer Codex
University of Indiana Indianapolis. All digitized.

514
00:50:14,780 --> 00:50:18,820
It's all digitized. If you wanna
see something extraordinary.

515
00:50:21,680 --> 00:50:27,980
There's a picture of a Chinese couple. In the
Boxer Codex because we think the artist,

516
00:50:27,980 --> 00:50:32,280
it's all anonymous, we don't know
who wrote the text, who drew the paintings,

517
00:50:32,280 --> 00:50:34,540
but we think it was a Chinese artist.

518
00:50:34,540 --> 00:50:39,400
And this is a Chinese couple and up
here, you can't see very clearly,

519
00:50:39,400 --> 00:50:45,960
here's a Sangley and here are the two
characters 常来. Sionglay.

520
00:50:47,020 --> 00:50:54,820
And here's the image you saw in the poster
for this lecture. Chinese hawkers, street hawkers.

521
00:50:54,820 --> 00:50:59,380
You know we all know about
hawker stands, if you've spent any time

522
00:50:59,380 --> 00:51:03,500
in Singapore or Malaysia today
everybody knows about the hawkers.

523
00:51:03,500 --> 00:51:08,140
Hawker stand meaning food sellers.
This is a wonderful early picture you can,

524
00:51:08,140 --> 00:51:14,640
you know, noodles, whatever you want to eat.
Street food vendors is what they are.

525
00:51:14,640 --> 00:51:21,080
And here we have a Christian Chinese
with his haircut wearing a Western hat

526
00:51:21,080 --> 00:51:27,240
and Western clothing. And they were
encouraged to marry local women, the indias,

527
00:51:27,240 --> 00:51:31,900
and permitted to live outside the Parián,
still outside the city wall

528
00:51:31,900 --> 00:51:36,519
but in a separate quarter called the Binondo.
Today if you go to Manila the Binondo

529
00:51:36,520 --> 00:51:42,440
is the Chinatown. It's called Binondo. 
Numbering no more than 3 or 4 thousand,

530
00:51:42,440 --> 00:51:48,660
that's maximum, they produce
new generations of multiracial Filipinos

531
00:51:48,660 --> 00:51:56,829
called, guess what, mestizo. Another term
borrowed from New Spain. Race mixture

532
00:51:56,829 --> 00:52:03,309
in the india. And Fray Domingo said
"what arouses my wonder most is that when

533
00:52:03,309 --> 00:52:07,260
I arrived here the Sangley
hardly knew how to paint anything,

534
00:52:07,260 --> 00:52:12,400
but now they have so perfected
themselves in this art that they produce

535
00:52:12,400 --> 00:52:18,160
marvelous work with both the brush and the chisel."
You can see this painting in Manila today

536
00:52:18,160 --> 00:52:23,200
in the church in Binondo.
Nuestra Senora del Pronto Socorrow

537
00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:30,719
in the Binondo Church and we think
it was painted in about 1585.

538
00:52:30,720 --> 00:52:36,360
Anonymous, oil, a metal sheet, gold and
diamond appliques. This is clearly

539
00:52:36,360 --> 00:52:49,440
a Western painting but is painted by a Chinese artist.
But guess what you know the story

540
00:52:49,449 --> 00:53:00,099
cannot go on without problems.
So all was not well. By 1590, noting the

541
00:53:00,100 --> 00:53:04,420
record rise of the Chinese population,
we're talking about more Morga again,

542
00:53:04,420 --> 00:53:12,920
he started turning sour on the Chinese.
He started saying not so nice things about them.

543
00:53:12,920 --> 00:53:15,180
He says "from this a lot of trouble arises

544
00:53:15,189 --> 00:53:19,709
because with so many infidels," unconverted,

545
00:53:19,709 --> 00:53:29,240
"there could be little security in the land;
[for] they are bad and vicious people."

546
00:53:29,240 --> 00:53:33,760
So he had a premonition of trouble
to come. And this is what I love.

547
00:53:33,760 --> 00:53:37,960
"Moreover, with so many of them
being big eaters, we are short

548
00:53:37,960 --> 00:53:40,080
of food because of what they consume."

549
00:53:43,480 --> 00:53:47,960
Never mind it's the Chinese who bring the food,
who grow the food, whatever.

550
00:53:47,960 --> 00:53:49,960
They're eating too much.

551
00:53:51,500 --> 00:53:56,180
But what he's doing is he's looking for fault.
He's looking for reasons.

552
00:53:59,440 --> 00:54:04,300
And here too talk about race. This is the ethnic studies

553
00:54:04,300 --> 00:54:12,000
looking for racial or racialization.
Because who do these Chinese white.

554
00:54:13,760 --> 00:54:19,380
"They are white." I think he meant they are
light complexion. "Tall with little facial hair,"

555
00:54:19,380 --> 00:54:24,300
likely just struck him. "Strong, good
workers, and skilled in arts and crafts."

556
00:54:24,300 --> 00:54:29,849
But he hastened to add, so he said all
these things, good workers, blah blah blah.

557
00:54:29,849 --> 00:54:35,520
And then he says what, they're "phlegmatic,"
they are "people of low energy," they are

558
00:54:35,520 --> 00:54:43,440
"traitorous and cruel . . . and very greedy."
So ambivalence. Ambivalence, in the

559
00:54:43,440 --> 00:54:50,130
same breath. He was speaking.
What happened is that the Parián was

560
00:54:50,130 --> 00:54:59,849
destroyed, the occupants, the Chinese, were massacred
and expelled. Starting in huge massacre

561
00:54:59,849 --> 00:55:07,100
and expulsion in 1603, another one 1639.
Look at this. About every 30 years

562
00:55:07,100 --> 00:55:15,340
there would be what one Spanish historians call,
frankly, some form of ethnic cleansing.

563
00:55:15,340 --> 00:55:21,660
Let's clean up Manila of all the Chinese.
Burn the buildings because the buildings

564
00:55:21,660 --> 00:55:28,900
were made of wood, very easy to burn.
Kick them out of town, expel them.

565
00:55:30,080 --> 00:55:38,440
Why was there - why? Here are
some possible explanations.

566
00:55:38,440 --> 00:55:43,740
First time 1603 the Dutch were forcing
their way into Manila. The Portuguese

567
00:55:43,740 --> 00:55:49,160
were also hanging around. The Chinese
deeply resented heavy and arbitrary taxes

568
00:55:49,160 --> 00:55:56,120
and fees imposed only on them. When the
Chinese in Manila protested the Spanish

569
00:55:56,120 --> 00:56:01,200
destroyed the Parián, massacred,
according to the records, about 25,000

570
00:56:01,200 --> 00:56:06,060
and deporting the rest. Now I don't think
so many were killed. How did they dispose

571
00:56:06,060 --> 00:56:11,620
of the bodies if they killed so many?
I think a lot of these Chinese either fled back,

572
00:56:11,620 --> 00:56:19,220
cause they do come from China, they also fled to
the other islands, fled to other parts of Lusong.

573
00:56:19,220 --> 00:56:24,720
They ran away. They did. But they also
fought back. They also fought back.

574
00:56:24,720 --> 00:56:29,840
They were not passive.
They were not. They resisted.

575
00:56:31,320 --> 00:56:38,480
So this is Manuel Ollé a Spanish historian who says
says that "Manila would have been absolutely unviable

576
00:56:38,480 --> 00:56:42,640
city without the presence of Chinese."
We know that. "But at the same time

577
00:56:42,640 --> 00:56:47,680
the Spanish hated the Chinese, feared
them and denigrated them." So he's the first

578
00:56:47,680 --> 00:56:54,260
one to say maybe. But I have another,
I think I have another explanation

579
00:56:54,260 --> 00:57:03,080
or additional explanation. The missionaries
were continually frustrated in their inability

580
00:57:03,080 --> 00:57:07,400
to convert significant numbers
of Sangley in Manila.

581
00:57:07,400 --> 00:57:13,360
The Chinese on the mainland
also resisted to Christianity.

582
00:57:13,360 --> 00:57:17,460
So they sent missionaries on the mainland,
they look like those in Manila

583
00:57:17,460 --> 00:57:23,020
they know that the families were connected
because most of them have relationships

584
00:57:23,020 --> 00:57:29,240
at home. So in the situation,
this is where things fell apart.

585
00:57:30,620 --> 00:57:41,440
In New Spain, in Peru they very quickly managed to convert the large population of indigenous people.

586
00:57:44,480 --> 00:57:50,140
But in Manila they found
themselves for the first time

587
00:57:50,140 --> 00:58:06,180
in an uncomfortable and untellable
situation of living among infidels.

588
00:58:07,840 --> 00:58:13,500
In trying, in Manila they found
themselves in this situation

589
00:58:13,500 --> 00:58:17,920
where the Chinese population
was growing very large and very fast

590
00:58:17,920 --> 00:58:22,620
and most of them refused to
become Catholic, refused to convert.

591
00:58:24,200 --> 00:58:29,900
So what do they do? Remember they already
have this experience in south of Spain.

592
00:58:29,900 --> 00:58:36,040
They already tried convivencia with the Chinese
hoping they would force them to convert

593
00:58:36,040 --> 00:58:40,680
and so they could all live as Catholics
and the Chinese refused.

594
00:58:41,620 --> 00:58:49,060
So this is reminiscent in a way of what happened.
However, the difference is that

595
00:58:49,060 --> 00:58:55,700
in Spain they did not call the Jews
and the Muslims back. But what did they do

596
00:58:55,700 --> 00:59:00,000
in Manila. Remember 1000 of
them at the most. Right after

597
00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:04,280
each massacre each expulsion they said
to the Chinese, they said please come back,

598
00:59:04,280 --> 00:59:09,540
please come back. We need you. And the Chinese
come back. But I have to tell you

599
00:59:09,540 --> 00:59:15,440
it's not the same Chinese. It's not those
who have been severely punished and severely abused.

600
00:59:15,440 --> 00:59:17,980
Hey guess what, China's big you know.

601
00:59:20,220 --> 00:59:23,600
Chinese from another part
of Fujian province would come.

602
00:59:23,600 --> 00:59:30,260
That's what we think. We search for to track down
some primary sources to be able to -

603
00:59:30,260 --> 00:59:36,640
But anyway, after the massacre
they would tell them to come back

604
00:59:36,640 --> 00:59:41,700
and then after 30 years
there will be another violent

605
00:59:41,700 --> 00:59:49,140
confrontation, what we call massacres
meeting mass killings, and expulsions.

606
00:59:49,140 --> 00:59:54,960
But it was also I think another way
of looking at it is this close

607
00:59:54,960 --> 00:59:59,940
and intimate daily interaction between
Chinese and Spanish in every facet of

608
00:59:59,940 --> 01:00:05,190
normal life that provoked intense
Spanish feel of this high degree of

609
01:00:05,190 --> 01:00:10,589
Chinese penetration into the lives and
material interests. So the Spanish

610
01:00:10,589 --> 01:00:15,600
response to their anxiety
was to shut down the Parián.

611
01:00:15,600 --> 01:00:21,980
The Parián was destroyed and built
many many times over.

612
01:00:21,980 --> 01:00:28,280
Now I mentioned this too because this
kind of, well in Chinese we say 排华,

613
01:00:28,280 --> 01:00:34,300
or anti-Chinese persecution [is a
recurring theme in the Chinese history].

614
01:00:34,300 --> 01:00:38,960
It would happen in [intelligible].
It would happen in Singapore.

615
01:00:38,960 --> 01:00:44,540
It would happen all over the Caribbean.
It happened in Jamaica. It happened in Trinidad

616
01:00:44,540 --> 01:00:49,900
It happened in Mexico, Mexico in 1930s.
All the Chinese are expelled.

617
01:00:49,900 --> 01:00:56,740
So, again, we saw this theme
very early on. The exact reasons

618
01:00:56,740 --> 01:01:02,820
and relationship might be
differently detailed. But this phenomenon,

619
01:01:02,820 --> 01:01:08,020
this relationship of what we might call 
codependent, economically codependent,

620
01:01:08,020 --> 01:01:12,140
because the Chinese [intelligible] better there.
They wouldn't have come back to Manila

621
01:01:12,140 --> 01:01:17,380
if they didn't get a lot of silver,
they weren't making money,

622
01:01:17,380 --> 01:01:24,240
if they weren't doing well in the family life.
So they kept coming back.

623
01:01:26,020 --> 01:01:28,780
Very quickly I want to tell you
how much silver.

624
01:01:28,780 --> 01:01:35,680
For 1597 estimated 12 million pesos
or 307,000 kilograms

625
01:01:35,680 --> 01:01:41,460
of silver flown to China. For 1600
the amount sent to China was estimated

626
01:01:41,460 --> 01:01:45,150
6 million pesos. During the
late Ming that is until

627
01:01:45,150 --> 01:01:51,480
about 1640 an estimated annual average
of 5 million pesos were smuggled out

628
01:01:51,480 --> 01:01:56,340
of Mexico in trade with China in Manila.
And we're only talking about what the

629
01:01:56,340 --> 01:02:01,200
records tell us. There were a lot of
smuggling going on and underreporting

630
01:02:01,200 --> 01:02:07,710
going on both ways. So the legal
trade combined with a contraband trade

631
01:02:07,710 --> 01:02:13,370
is estimated to average 2 million
pesos or 50 tons of pure silver

632
01:02:13,370 --> 01:02:21,700
throughout the 17th century. That is to the end of
the Ming and the beginning of the Qin dynasty.

633
01:02:21,700 --> 01:02:26,320
Some economic historians
now estimate that more than

634
01:02:26,320 --> 01:02:33,670
half of all the silver produced in Spain -
in America in Spanish America - ended up

635
01:02:33,670 --> 01:02:42,550
in China. Not all through Manila because later
on as we will see everybody who traded

636
01:02:42,550 --> 01:02:50,920
with China needed to use Spanish American silver.
Why? Because Spanish American silver

637
01:02:50,920 --> 01:02:56,920
the way it went across the Pacific
was not just in pure silver ingots.

638
01:02:56,920 --> 01:03:02,420
It's always coin silver
because Mexico had a huge mint.

639
01:03:02,420 --> 01:03:10,000
So it's always silver dollars that went across.
Silver dollars. In Chinese my mother would say

640
01:03:10,000 --> 01:03:18,020
大银钱, big silver dollar.
If you go to Amazon or these things

641
01:03:18,020 --> 01:03:22,260
you can find these silver dollars for sale.
You can buy one these days.

642
01:03:22,260 --> 01:03:25,280
For not too much money.
Why? Because so much,

643
01:03:25,280 --> 01:03:32,800
so much was sent to China.
They're readily available I was told.

644
01:03:32,800 --> 01:03:37,980
So American silver became so
important that the world economy

645
01:03:37,980 --> 01:03:43,840
in China, in the world economy, that the
Mexican peso, the Spanish another word is

646
01:03:43,840 --> 01:03:52,020
a Spanish dog, became the world currency
up through all the way into the 20th century.

647
01:03:52,020 --> 01:03:56,320
It's the US dollar essentially. Anybody -

648
01:03:56,320 --> 01:04:01,750
the New England traders, the British
traders, the European traders - all of them.

649
01:04:01,750 --> 01:04:06,490
I even found records in Singapore when
I was there about contract signed in

650
01:04:06,490 --> 01:04:11,820
Singapore in the 19th century.
They stipulated payment in Spanish dollars.

651
01:04:11,820 --> 01:04:17,180
So this is important. And here
I show you a picture of Potosi,

652
01:04:17,180 --> 01:04:24,380
the great silver mine of southern Peru
today Bolivia. This is the single biggest

653
01:04:24,380 --> 01:04:29,500
source of silver. And these are the
silver we're talking about.

654
01:04:29,500 --> 01:04:37,880
Now again I go back to the the pirate movies.
How many of you have seen those pirate movies?

655
01:04:37,880 --> 01:04:42,040
Do you ever hear them talk about pieces of eight?
Pieces of eight. That's what it is.

656
01:04:42,040 --> 01:04:47,820
They are ocho. Because these big silver dollars
were always cut into 8 pieces

657
01:04:47,820 --> 01:04:53,220
because each one is worth 8 regardless.
And you can sometimes pay people

658
01:04:53,220 --> 01:04:58,960
by cutting up a dollar and giving
an eighth or two eighth.

659
01:04:58,960 --> 01:05:01,660
So here's the pieces of eight.

660
01:05:05,420 --> 01:05:13,440
Here's another one. You can see. So what am
I talking about? Manila. Manila was a port

661
01:05:13,440 --> 01:05:19,680
or entrepôt. Port between two places.
But it was also a border.

662
01:05:19,680 --> 01:05:26,880
It's also a contact and exchange zone.
It's a contact zone. It's an exchange zone as well.

663
01:05:26,880 --> 01:05:31,860
Trading and commerce took place
but language and culture were exchanged.

664
01:05:31,870 --> 01:05:37,730
Intellectual, there were lots of
intellectual ideas. Material and visual

665
01:05:37,730 --> 01:05:41,480
and others. So I'm gonna show you
very quickly on our end.

666
01:05:41,480 --> 01:05:48,280
First the Chinese brought the book publishing skills.
We have Tomás Pinpin who's a Filipino Chinese

667
01:05:48,290 --> 01:05:52,910
printer using Chinese woodblock
technique and published books in Manila.

668
01:05:52,910 --> 01:05:57,500
What kind of books? With the missionaries
they publish dictionaries I'm gonna send

669
01:05:57,500 --> 01:06:04,020
Andrea and if you're interested in you can find out
either from [unintelligible] or contact me.

670
01:06:04,020 --> 01:06:21,480
I have a Spanish Chinese issue 1607 [unintelligible]

671
01:06:21,480 --> 01:06:26,600
Let me show you a couple of other books. 
We have this at the John Carter Brown Library

672
01:06:26,600 --> 01:06:30,840
at Brown. Look at this. "Arte y Reglas
de la Lengua Tagala."Do you know why

673
01:06:30,840 --> 01:06:34,080
missionaries study so much? Cause they
gotta preach. They are converting.

674
01:06:34,080 --> 01:06:37,190
They are the first linguist
and they were highly educated.

675
01:06:37,190 --> 01:06:42,180
They were the best educated peoples
of their times. They're great linguists.

676
01:06:42,180 --> 01:06:49,100
So this is a Tagalog dictionary and these are
all different kinds of religious texts

677
01:06:49,100 --> 01:06:54,560
that the missionaries who are the first
to learn Chinese first to do translation,

678
01:06:54,560 --> 01:06:59,560
see it's a different text, some in Spanish
some in Chinese. You see this one.

679
01:06:59,560 --> 01:07:04,760
It's entirely in Chinese. I wanna show you
very quickly. I just don't have time

680
01:07:04,760 --> 01:07:09,580
to go over this this. 明心寶鑑.
These are the books that they wrote.

681
01:07:09,580 --> 01:07:13,500
Juan Cobo was one of their
earliest Dominican missionaries.

682
01:07:13,500 --> 01:07:19,080
He started translating and writing books
and he translated this book by 范立本

683
01:07:19,080 --> 01:07:24,260
first written in 1393 and
it's called the 明心寶鑑,

684
01:07:24,260 --> 01:07:29,500
The Precious Mirror of the Clear Heart.
And guess what. He produced,

685
01:07:29,500 --> 01:07:38,740
Pinpin helped him produce a bilingual edition
in Manila. Spanish, Spanish and Chinese.

686
01:07:38,740 --> 01:07:46,920
It's got the original Chinese and then he produce
the Spanish. Isn't that cool? Bilingual book.

687
01:07:46,920 --> 01:07:52,920
And then these other books. And here is this book
and this is very interesting because the missionaries

688
01:07:52,920 --> 01:08:02,480
which wanna convince the Chinese.
It is in Portuguese I mean in Filipino.

689
01:08:03,080 --> 01:08:11,380
They would say [Spanish] the educated, the gentry.
Try to convince them first to convert.

690
01:08:11,380 --> 01:08:15,760
And they know if they convert them first 
the others will also. Same technique

691
01:08:15,760 --> 01:08:21,020
they used in New Spain. Let's convert
their [Spanish] first, their local leaders first,

692
01:08:21,020 --> 01:08:24,780
and then the people will follow.
So to do that he had to write

693
01:08:24,780 --> 01:08:34,880
these intellectual texts to try to persuade 
the Chinese that Western doctrinal texts

694
01:08:34,880 --> 01:08:44,160
are perfectly compatible with Chinese philosophy.
So these books are still available. You can get

695
01:08:44,170 --> 01:08:51,480
present modern copies of this.
But look at these. These are the kind of

696
01:08:51,480 --> 01:08:58,420
titles of these books. These are biology,
talk about vegetables, animals, what they

697
01:08:58,420 --> 01:09:06,280
should drink, a little bit of botany, a little bit of zoology,
a little bit of religion, a little bit of philosophy.

698
01:09:06,280 --> 01:09:12,180
And very importantly included some science
in that because in this book he wanted

699
01:09:12,180 --> 01:09:16,960
to prove to the Chinese something the
Chinese were not talking about that

700
01:09:16,960 --> 01:09:28,520
the Earth was not flat. So this is a little bit of math.
This idea of science, of Western science,

701
01:09:28,520 --> 01:09:32,780
he also introduced that. A little geometry.

702
01:09:34,360 --> 01:09:43,460
And finally I wanna close with this because
I want you to know that [intelligible].

703
01:09:43,460 --> 01:09:47,180
I want you to know all the good stuff
that came across the Pacific.

704
01:09:47,180 --> 01:09:49,500
[intelligible]

705
01:09:50,200 --> 01:09:57,420
'Cause Chinese goods are why there's such
huge volumes of 250 years

706
01:09:57,420 --> 01:10:04,520
of this trans-Pacific trade in the huge
galleon ships. Just imagine how much stuff

707
01:10:04,520 --> 01:10:08,520
came across the Pacific
over these 250 years.

708
01:10:08,520 --> 01:10:13,480
And this is where the material culture
has come from. And many of these things,

709
01:10:13,480 --> 01:10:16,480
these are things we found today.
We don't know how much this was.

710
01:10:16,480 --> 01:10:23,460
How much was on the way. These are things
that you find today in museums, in churches,

711
01:10:23,460 --> 01:10:30,060
and in private collections all over Latin America.
Okay so here we have a lacquer tray.

712
01:10:33,220 --> 01:10:34,100
Look at this.

713
01:10:34,100 --> 01:10:39,720
This is in New York City in the Hispanic Society.
What is it? It's a resting writing desk

714
01:10:39,730 --> 01:10:46,340
but with Chinese motifs. This is the desk
lacquered made by a Chinese craftsman

715
01:10:46,340 --> 01:10:50,380
for the export market.
Isn't that beautiful.

716
01:10:54,100 --> 01:11:00,780
These are private oratories. This is I found
in Brazil. Another religious painting.

717
01:11:00,780 --> 01:11:06,040
These Chinese were not religious. Remember
they didn't convert. But they have no problem

718
01:11:06,040 --> 01:11:14,100
copying religious paintings. I love this.
This you can find in the Franz Meyer museum.

719
01:11:14,100 --> 01:11:19,520
Mexico City has this great private
art museum called Franz Meyer.

720
01:11:19,520 --> 01:11:26,220
F-R-A-N-Z. Meyer M-E-Y-E-R.
He was a collector. All his artwork is in

721
01:11:26,220 --> 01:11:31,680
this great private museum.
And you can find this washbasin.

722
01:11:31,680 --> 01:11:37,540
Because in those days they didn't have a bathroom.
In the middle class have a big washbasin

723
01:11:37,540 --> 01:11:41,420
you put water you wash the face in
the morning. So we this washbasin

724
01:11:41,420 --> 01:11:45,480
you say okay so what's so special.

725
01:11:45,480 --> 01:11:53,860
This is the white and blue, which is very
typical, and then you see oh yeah Chinese,

726
01:11:53,860 --> 01:12:01,120
a little pavilion over a river, very Chinese.
But look what he put in the back. What's that?

727
01:12:04,480 --> 01:12:10,900
It's a Catholic church. It's a cathedral.
So we think that this actually

728
01:12:10,900 --> 01:12:18,200
was made by probably a Mexican artisan
who was taught how to make this porcelain

729
01:12:18,200 --> 01:12:25,780
by a Chinese master artisan because we know, remember the 40,000 100,000 people came over.

730
01:12:25,780 --> 01:12:30,640
Among them were master artisans who came
and taught local artisans how

731
01:12:30,640 --> 01:12:34,840
how to make a lot of things.
So here is a Catholic church.

732
01:12:34,840 --> 01:12:40,860
So the local artisan wanted to put his
own personal touch. These are other kinds

733
01:12:40,860 --> 01:12:46,640
of porcelain. Look at this. This is the tiles
and of course these are European figures

734
01:12:46,640 --> 01:12:54,560
but here we have a Japanese figure.
These are Europeans to illustrate but they're

735
01:12:54,570 --> 01:13:01,380
also just beautiful examples of fine
pottery. These are all found

736
01:13:01,380 --> 01:13:05,320
in private homes. Then what did they do
with the broken dishes? You know

737
01:13:05,320 --> 01:13:13,520
in a ship in those days you've got to worry about
the weight. So the weight at the bottom of the ship

738
01:13:13,520 --> 01:13:19,620
was made up of cheap plates. Why cheap plates?
Because the slaves have to use cheap plates.

739
01:13:19,620 --> 01:13:23,070
But what happened when you break a
cheap plate? You don't just throw away

740
01:13:23,070 --> 01:13:28,320
you use it to decorate the steeple.
This is found in Brazil.

741
01:13:28,320 --> 01:13:34,600
A bunch of cheap broken shards. Okay the silk.

742
01:13:34,610 --> 01:13:42,060
Wow okay I'm almost done. The silk.
This is an example of Chinese silk made

743
01:13:42,060 --> 01:13:48,000
into a Western dress. And you can find
these pigments in every art museum

744
01:13:48,000 --> 01:13:53,720
if you know where to look. Bedspread.
The clothing paintings. These are all

745
01:13:53,730 --> 01:13:58,070
Chinese material. Men, women -
this is in the Denver Art Museum.

746
01:13:58,070 --> 01:14:05,140
Men, women. Okay. Tapestry.
Finally a collection of ivory

747
01:14:05,140 --> 01:14:10,940
religious figures. I guarantee you in every
major Church in Mexico and Latin America

748
01:14:10,940 --> 01:14:14,780
you're gonna find ivory religious figures
that came over the galleon.

749
01:14:14,780 --> 01:14:20,960
This is found I think there's one at Harvard I was told.
I haven't seen the one but hundreds

750
01:14:20,960 --> 01:14:25,100
if not thousands of these Christ on the
cross were made. The archbishop.

751
01:14:25,100 --> 01:14:32,120
This is an anatomically correct baby Jesus.
Very popular. And Santa Rosa de Lima

752
01:14:32,120 --> 01:14:40,340
who's very popular. We think thousands of these
were made. But look at the beautiful fine craftsmanship.

753
01:14:40,340 --> 01:14:45,340
Ivory. Remember ivory. Other things.

754
01:14:45,340 --> 01:14:49,720
So we also find shards to prove
that these goods went all there.

755
01:14:49,740 --> 01:14:54,940
This is found in New Mexico. Went with
the colonial officials all the way up to the frontier

756
01:14:54,940 --> 01:15:02,020
of New Spain. And then paintings. Finally guess what.
We have something called syncretism.

757
01:15:02,020 --> 01:15:04,840
When cultures meet
they produce something new.

758
01:15:04,840 --> 01:15:10,820
Here is Guanyin and the Madonna. What did
the Chinese do. They say oh Madonna that's like

759
01:15:10,820 --> 01:15:15,620
our Guanyin but wait a minute the Madonna
always carries the baby Jesus so we'll put

760
01:15:15,620 --> 01:15:22,580
a baby Jesus in the hands 
of Guanyin. So this is Guanyin.

761
01:15:22,580 --> 01:15:33,600
Okay this is very old in Taiwan.
And the last one I promise. A contract.

762
01:15:33,600 --> 01:15:38,239
Look at the date.
1634 signed in Guadalajara

763
01:15:38,239 --> 01:15:45,320
between a Japanese called Luis de Encio
in hiragana and kanji and this

764
01:15:45,320 --> 01:15:53,400
is a contract with his Mexican partner
to make what. What do you make in Guadalajara?

765
01:15:53,400 --> 01:15:56,060
>> Tequila.
>> Tequila.

766
01:15:58,080 --> 01:16:00,460
This is to make tequila.

767
01:16:00,460 --> 01:16:03,040
Okay thank you very much.